Standing Waves Part 1 Drawing Standing Waves Equipment

1. Wave worksheet (found at end of this Exploration) Colored pencils (three different colors) On the top graph of the wave worksheet, draw a wave that has an amplitude of 1 cm and a wavelength of 8 cm. Start the wave with a vertical displacement y = 0 cm at x = 0 cm. Draw this wave in pencil. When you are satisfied that you have drawn it correctly, draw over it with a colored pencil. This will be wave 1 and it will be considered to be moving to the right. Record your color choice in the legend. Using the same colored pencil as you used to draw the wave, indicate the direction of motion of the wave by an arrow on the graph. How far would this wave travel in one period of the wave? __________ How do you know? ____________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Using the same technique, and a second color, draw another wave on the same graph grid that is identical to wave 1 and aligned with wave 1 so that the peaks of wave 1 line up with the peaks of the new wave (draw it right on top!). This second wave will be wave 2, and it will be considered to be moving to the left. Record your color choice in the legend. Using the same colored pencil you used to draw wave 2, indicate the direction of motion of wave 2 by an arrow on the graph. How far would this wave travel in one period of the wave? __________ How do you know? ____________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ When two or more waves are traveling together in the same medium, each wave will try to disturb the medium by the same amount it would if it was the only wave in that medium. That is, if one wave would cause a displacement of 5 cm at some point, and a second wave would cause a displacement of 2 cm at the same point, the total displacement of the medium at that point will be 7 cm. If the two waves you have drawn are traveling together in the same medium, what would be the maximum displacement of the medium at any point? ___________ Using the third colored pencil and on the same graph grid, draw the wave that represents the overall displacement of the medium when the two original waves are traveling in the same medium at the same time. Record your color choice in the legend. What is the amplitude of this resultant

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wave? ____________ How far would the resultant wave travel in one period of the resultant wave? ______________ 5. On the second blank grid on the worksheet, draw the original two waves as they would appear a time equal to one-quarter of a period after the first graph. Use the same color for each wave as you used previously. Remember that wave 1 is moving to the right and wave 2 is moving to the left. On the same grid, use the third colored pencil to draw the resultant wave for this situation. What is the amplitude of the resultant wave in this case? ______________________________________________________ Repeat Step 5, this time showing the original two waves at a time equal to one-half a period later than in the first graph. What is the amplitude of the resultant wave in this case? _____________________________________ Repeat Step 5 one more time, this time showing the original two waves at a time equal to three-quarters of a period later than in the first graph. What is the amplitude of the resultant wave in this case? _____________________ Which of the situations would you categorize as having a constructive effect taking place? _____________________ Why do you think this is so? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Which of the situations would you categorize as having a destructive effect taking place? _____________________ Why do you think this is so? Look at the resultant waves on the series of graphs. Are there any locations where the medium carrying the wave would have a vertical displacement of zero at all times? ______ Locations where there is no vertical motion of the medium carrying a wave are called nodes. In terms of wavelengths, how far apart are the nodes of the resultant wave located? ________________________ Again observe the resultant waves on your graphs. Are there any locations where the medium carrying the wave would oscillate in a vertical direction between maximum positive displacement and maximum negative displacement? _______ Locations where the medium carrying a wave oscillates between maximum positive and negative displacement are called antinodes. In terms of wavelengths, how far apart are the antinodes of the resultant wave located? ____________________________________________________________ In terms of wavelengths, what is the distance between a node and an antinode on the resultant wave ? ___________________________________________________________

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If a wave is oscillating relatively quickly, the position of the wave at all times will appear to be superimposed. Show this on the second wave worksheet drawing all four resultant waves superimposed on each other. How does this compare with the standing wave shown in your text? List the following information for your standing wave: amplitude_____________ wavelength _______________ distance between nodes and antinodes (in terms of wavelengths)_________________

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Does the appearance of the standing wave change over time? If so how? If not, why not? Explain.______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ _________________________________

Wave Worksheet
y (cm) 2 1 t=0s 0 -1 -2 y (cm) 2 1 t = (1/4)T s 0 -1 -2 y (cm) 2 1 t = (1/2)T s 0 -1 -2 y (cm) 2 1 t = (3/4)T s 0 -1 -2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 x (cm) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 x (cm) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 x (cm) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 x (cm)

Wave Worksheet (Standing Wave)

y (cm) all resultant waves 2 1 0 -1 -2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 x (cm)

Legend: Wave 1 moving right Wave 2 moving left Superposition of both waves

Standing Waves Part 2 Standing Waves on A String Objective: Determine the frequencies to make standing waves of different wavelengths Equipment:
Wave resonator, Clamp,support rod, pulley, two types of string, electronic balance, meter stick, 500 gram hooked mass 2 jumper cables, function generator. An example of the apparatus will be set up for you as shown below:

The following information is given for this experiment: L (length between resonator and pulley) = 2.0m. If you are cutting the string, cut about 2.5 m to obtain L = 2.0 m (m/L)1 (thicker white string) = 7.00 x 10-4 kg/m (m/L)2 (thinner white/green string) = 3.15 x 10-4 kg/m 1. Determine the tension on the string (assume the tension is due only to the 500 g mass): T______________ N 2. Calculate the speed of the wave along the String 1 (thicker white string) and String 2 (thinner white/green). Show your work below:

v1 = _______________m/s

v2 = _______________m/s

3. Look at the illustration on page 1. Note that it shows 2 segments making up the length, L, of the string between resonator and pulley. How many wavelengths are shown in this illustration? ______________ 4. Draw a picture below of a standing wave that has only one segment making up L.

How many wavelengths are shown in your illustration? ____________ 5. Based on your answers above, calculate the frequency necessary to generate a standing wave of one segment on the thicker white string. Show your work, below and record value under expected frequency in Data Table 1 below

6. Now do the experiment to check your prediction! Dial in the frequency that generates a standing wave for your string. Fill in the appropriate values and calculate the % difference between experimental value and expected value for frequency.

7. Repeat the procedure for standing waves of 2 and 3 segments. 8. Repeat the procedure for the second, thinner string. Remember to use v 2 in your calculations for expected frequency

DATA TABLE FOR STRING #1 (THICKER)

Number of segments 1 2 3

Wavelength, in terms of L (L/2, L etc)

Expected Frequency (Hz)

Experimental Frequency (Hz)

% Difference

DATA TABLE FOR STRING #2 (THINNER)

Number of segments 1 2 3

Wavelength, in terms of L (L/2, L etc)

Expected Frequency (Hz)

Experimental Frequency (Hz)

% Difference

9. Were the frequencies for the lighter string different that those for the heavier string? If so, why do you think that was so? ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________

Standing Waves Part 3 Standing Waves in a Tube Open at One End

Equipment: resonance tubes, meter stick, tuning forks This lab explores the behavior of standing longitudinal sound waves waves in a tube with one end open (p. 522, Cutnell and Johnson).

Amplitude of a sound wave depends on the pressure (1) For a standing wave in a tube with one end open the length constraint is: L = n(n/4), n = 1,3,5

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(3)

it is easiest to display a standing longitudinal wave in a tube as if it were a transverse wave. Just remember its not! In terms of wavelengths () what is the length of the tube in figure 2?_________ What is the length of the tube in figure 3? _______________ Determine a general formula for the lengths of the tube that will generate a standing wave:

Procedure: Strike a tuning fork and hold it above an open-ended tube. Change the length of the tube until you get a standing wave. When this happens, the tone will get louder. Find 2 lengths of tube that correspond to standing waves. Measure each tube length. Draw an illustration of each. Put your data in the table. Repeat for a 2nd tuning fork. Note: You wont hear the standing wave for n=1. You will hear the first one at n=3. DATA TABLE FOR RESONANCE TUBES
Tuning fork (Hz) 1 1 2 2 n (harmonic) 3 5 3 5 Tube Length (m) Wavelength, m Exp vair (m/s)

Calculate the average wave speed from your data _____________ m/s. What is the accepted value at todays temperature? _____________m/s

Calculate the % difference between your value and the accepted value: Show your work.

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