Interaction Envelopes For Limit State Design Of Chimneys

K. S. Babu Narayan a , Subhash C. Yaragal b, and Yukio Tamura c

a&b

Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, PO: Srinivasnagar 575 025, Mangalore, INDIA. c Professor, Department of Architectural Engineering, Tokyo Polytechnic University, 1583, Iiyama, Atsugi, Kanagawa, JAPAN 243-0297

ABSTRACT: Chimneys as an indirect and effective means of air pollution control are popular from time immemorial. Environmental protection agencies have been forced to frame, implement and monitor stringent pollution control policies. With control regulations becoming more stringent, chimneys of heights over 400 meters are being erected and used. Design of reinforced concrete tall stacks for load and wind induced moments by trial and error technique involves rigorous computational efforts. Availability of interaction envelopes helps reduce computational time. This paper presents such design aids for tall stacks. KEYWORDS: Tall stacks, Chimneys, Stability, Interaction Envelopes, Limit State Design

1 INTRODUCTION Chimneys as an indirect means of air pollution control are immensely popular. Owing to the advancements in the field of concrete and construction technology RCC chimneys of staggering heights are being conceived, analyzed, designed, detailed and constructed. The analysis and design of chimneys as a hollow circular RCC section for combined load and moment involves rigorous computational efforts by trial and error approach. The problem offers tremendous scope for computerization and optimization.
This paper presents the development of an interactive user friendly computer package employing rectangular stress block, for the complex problem on hand. The package has great utility in the design office for real time design and also for generation of interaction envelopes for use as and when desired.

2 FUNCTIONAL DESIGN The design of chimney is a two-fold problem of satisfying the functional and structural requirements. The functional design includes stack height determination, effective height, plume rise, maximum downwind concentration, plume rise determination, lapse rate, atmospheric stability, plume rise formulae and wind speed correction. As regards to chimney sizing exit velocity, base dimensions, exit size (top diameter).

3 LOADS, FORCES, STRESSES AND EFFECTS IN CHIMNEY DESIGN Chimney is a wind sensitive structure. Its behavior is essentially considered as that of a vertical cantilever. The loads acting on chimneys are as follows, (a) Self-weight of the chimney acts vertically downwards. Compressive stress at any section is primarily due to its self weight of the shell and that of the lining above that section, which depends on the cross-sectional area and the

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density of the material used. (b) Live load: Live load due to the moment of painters trolley and the men working on it may be taken as 5 kN/m2 on platform used for cleaning and maintenance works etc. (c) Wind load: The wind load exerted at any point on a chimney can be considered as the sum of static and dynamic load component. The dynamic component, which can cause oscillations of a structure, is generated due to the following reasons, (i) Gusts they cause dynamic pressure changes initiating in line oscillations, (ii)Vortex shedding this loads to transverse vibration and (iii) Bufetting a down wind chimney can oscillate due to the bufetting effect of an upstream structure. Magnitude of force exerted by wind is dependent on wind speed, its fluctuations, Reynold,s number etc. Static wind effects Wind exerts a static force on a bluff body obstructing an air stream. The distribution of wind pressure around the circumference of such a body depends on its shape and direction of wind incidence. Such a pressure causes circumferential bending whose magnitude is significant for large diameter chimneys. The drag force acting on a chimney, is correctly estimated by right estimation of drag coefficient which depends on the shape and shear force and bending moments which the chimney fabric has to withstand safely. The circumferential bending as a result of radial distribution of wind pressure on a horizontal section of a chimney depends on Reynold,s number. It is assumed that the along-wind resultant of such pressures is balanced by the resultant of shear forces induced in the structure and these shear forces, in turn, are assumed to vary sinusoidal along the circumference of the chimney. Dynaimic wind effects Dynamic wind problems arise from periodic variations in the pressure distribution on the shell of the chimney. There are three forms of dynamic action namely (i) Inwind oscillations, (ii) Cross-wind oscillations and (iii) Ovalling oscillations. Ocillations (i) and (iii) are small and in most cases may be ignored. Model tests show that in-wind oscillations caused by the oscillating drag force which occurs at around one half of the critical wind speed for cross-wind oscillations. Moreover they are very weak and easily damped out. Cross-wind oscillations are by far the most important and any tall chimney should be checked for the effects of such oscillations. Chimneys, which are of particular concern, are those with low damping, low stiffness and high slenderness. (d) Seismic loads: An earthquake resistant design essentially consists of evaluating the structural response to the ground motion and then calculating the corresponding shear forces and bending moment, which the structure needs to safely resist. Chimney vibration is essentially a dynamic problem of transient nature. For analysis, chimney is treated as a cantilever beam with predominant flexural deformations and is analyzed by one of the following methods, namely (i) Response spectrum method, (ii) Modal analysis technique, and (iii) Time history response analysis. 3.1 Structural Design Consideration Among the advantages claimed for the limit-state approach are the degree of safety of the various parts of a structure is more uniform and that a probabilistic approach to safety is possible. Code of practice requirements for the design of RC chimneys varies from country to country. Most countries have regulations for general RC structural work and some of these have particular clauses relating to chimney design. Some countries like U.S.A, Poland, India, France have particular codes for RC chimneys. The design is difficult involving lengthy, cumbersome and iterative computational effort. All codes of practice have recognized this fact and encourage designers to use time saver techniques like computational algorithm and interaction envelopes to optimize the structural design of chimney.

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4 PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT AND DISCUSSION The program has been organized in two phases. First phase of the program generates, values for plotting interaction diagram. Second phase utilizes values generated for designing. Phase I: With the cover ratio and thickness ratio as in-put data the program determines for the given percentage of steel the distances to the designated 73 rows of reinforcement both from the highly compressed edge and centroid of the section for the given position of neutral axis. The strains in various rows of reinforcement, the corresponding stress, the contribution of concrete and steel to load and moment resistance is computed. Thus one point on the interaction diagram is generated. Varying the position of neutral axis subsequent points are generated, to complete the interaction envelopes. By varying the percentage of steel set of elegant interaction curves are obtained to generate a set of 24 curves and for each curve 30 neutral axis positions have been considered. Interaction envelopes have been generated and presented for thickness ratio ranging from 0.80 to 0.95. Figure 1 presents the interaction a typical envelope.

Figure 1 Interaction envelope for thickness ratio of 0.85 Wherein cover ratio is (D/D), D- cover to reinforcement, D external diameter, thickness ratio (d/D), d inner diameter, PU ultimate load , MU ultimate moment, fck characteristic strength of concrete, p percentage of steel and fy yield stress in steel.

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Phase II: If the user wishes to design a circular chimney section the program receives, cover ratio, thickness ratio, grades of concrete and steel, external diameter, load and moment combination as input-data runs the first phase, interpolates the steel reinforcement required to satisfy the combination of load and moment acting on the section and area of reinforcement is given as output. Applications of the Program (a) For generating interaction envelopes for design of chimneys. (b) To obtain the required area of steel for the given section. (c) For the design of hollow or solid circular section like columns or bridge piers and (d) With little modification can be used for the design of pre-stressed pipes and for the design of caissons. Limit State of Serviceability To ensure satisfactory performance of a structure serviceability check are needed. Main aspects of serviceability are deflection and cracking. Limiting deflections is one of the criteria for design of structure and also to limit crack width. A program is also been developed for computing the deflection of chimneys with height of the chimney, external diameter at top and bottom, thickness ratio, characteristic strength of concrete and wind load intensity at every 5 m intervals as input data. New-Marks numerical method is applied to compute chimney deflections. 5 CONCLUSIONS From the study the following conclusions are drawn; (i) Availability of interaction envelopes and computer algorithm immensely help the designer in expeditiously solving the design problem, (ii) Adoption of rectangular stress block leads to tremendous reduction in computational effort, leads to slight conservatism which is justified vis-a-vis the time saved, (iii) Distribution of reinforcement in more than one layer may be considered while detailing, as results are not affected (iv) Flue openings were not considered in the study for strength, being sensitive to the position and size, and (v) The program developed can be used in structural optimization exercise wherein the total cost can be minimized or the ratio of cost to strength or cost to efficiency can be minimized.

6 REFERENCES
1. Charles E. Rynolds and James C Steedman, Reinforced concrete designers hand book, Ninth edition. 2. Prem Chand, Design of circular RC chimney section subjected to axial load and bending moment, The Indian Concrete Journal, Vol. 68, No. 7, July 1994, pp. 357-364. 3. Gupta S. R. Davalath and Murthy K. S. Madugula, Analyses/design of reinforced concrete circular cross section, ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 85, No. 6, Tital No. 85-s55, Nov-Dec 1988. 4. S. N. Manohar, Tall chimneys design and construction, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited New Delhi and Tor Steel Research Foundation in India, Bangalore 1985. 5. G. M. Pinfold, Reinforced concrete chimneys and towers, A Viewpoint Publication 1975. 6. Mark Fintal, Hand book of reinforced concrete engineering, Second Edition, pp. 565-573. 7. R. Ranganathan and A Muftha, Evaluation of reliability RCC Chimneys, International Journal of Structures, Vol. 17, No. 1, paper No-154, Jan-Jun 1997, pp. 19-35. 8. Wadi S. Rumman and Ru-Tung Sun, Ultimate strength design of reinforced concrete chimneys, ACI Journal, Vol. 74, No. 4, Titalno. 74-18, July-August, pp. 179-184. 9. ACI Committee 307, Standard practice for the design and construction of cast-in-place reinforced concrete chimneys, ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 88, No. 1, Tital no. 88-512, Jan-Feb 1998, pp. 99-101. 10. IS: 4998 (Part I)-1975, Criteria for design of reinforced concrete chimneys, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. 11. IS: 456-1978, Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi. 12. IS: 1893-1984, Criteria for earth quake resistant design of structures, (Fourth Revision), BIS, New Delhi. 13. IS: 875 (Part 3)-1988, Code of practice for design loads (Other than earthquake) for buildings and structures, BIS, New Delhi.

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