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Day 2 Coverage

Inheritance
Method Overriding Abstract Class Interface Overview of predefined packages Creating User Defined Packages
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Inheritance, Interface & Abstract Class
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Objectives
Inheritance
Method Overriding Use of super keyword Interface Abstract Class
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Inheritance What is Inheritance

The ability of a class of objects to inherit the properties and methods from another class, called its parent or base class. The class that inherits the data members and methods is known as subclass or child class. The class from which the subclass inherits is known as base / parent class. In Java, a class can only extend one parent.
No Multiple Inheritance In Java

Inheritance (Continued) Inheritance (Example)

Parent Child
Here extends keyword, signaling inheritance
public class Person { private String name; public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public String getName() { return name; } }
public class Employee extends Person { private String eid; public void setEid(String eid) { this.eid=eid; } public String getEid() { return eid; } }
Inheritance (Continued) Types of Inheritance

1. Single Level Inheritance Derives a subclass from a single superclass.
Example
Class Person
Class Employee
Class Student
Inheritance (Continued) Types of Inheritance (Continued)

2. Multilevel Inheritance Inherits the properties of another subclass.
Example
Class Person
Class Employee
Class Regular
Overriding Members Method Overriding

Method overriding is defined as creating a method in the
subclass that has the same return type and signature as a method defined in the superclass.
Signature of a method includes
name
number
sequence
type
of arguments in a method
Overriding Members (Continued) Method Overriding (Continued)

You can override (most) methods in a parent class by defining a method with the same name and parameter list in the child class. This is useful for changing the behavior of a class without changing its interface. You cannot override the static and final methods of a superclass. A subclass must override the abstract methods of a superclass.
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Overriding Members (Continued) Example on Method Overriding

public class Person { private String name; private String ssn; public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public String getName() { return name; } public String getId() { return ssn; } }
public class Employee extends Person { private String empId;
public void setID(String empID) { this.empID=empID; } public String getId() { return empID; } }
getID method is overridde n
Use of super keyword
Allows you to access methods and properties of the parent class,
public class Person { private String name; public Person(String name) { this.name = name; } public String getName() { return name; } }
public class Employee extends Person { private String empID;
Example public Student(String name) {

super(name); // Calls Person constructor } public void setID(String empID){ this.empID=empID; } public String getID(){ return empID; } }
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Restricting Inheritance
Parent
Using final modifier with a class will restrict the inheritance capability of that class
Restricting Inherited capability
Child
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Final Classes: A way for Preventing Classes being extended
We can prevent an inheritance of classes by other classes by

declaring them as final classes.
This is achieved in Java by using the keyword final as follows:

final class Regular
{ // members
} final class Employee extends Person { // members }
Any attempt to inherit these classes will cause an error.
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Final Members: A way for Preventing Overriding of Members in Subclasses

All methods and variables can be overridden by default in subclasses.
This can be prevented by declaring them as final using the keyword final as a modifier. For example: final int marks = 100; final void display();
This ensures that functionality defined in this method cannot be altered any. Similarly, the value of a final variable cannot be altered.
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Interface What is an Interface

A programmers tool for specifying certain behaviors that an object must have in order to be useful for some particular task.
Interface is a conceptual entity. Can contain only constants (final variables) and abstract method (no implementation). Use when a number of classes share a common interface. Each class should implement the interface.
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Interface (Continued) Interface Example
For example, you might specify Driver interface as part of a Vehicle object hierarchy. A human can be a Driver, but so can a Robot.
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Interface (Continued) Interface Declaration

interface InterfaceName public interface Driver {{ Constant/Final Variable Declaration void // turnWheel (double angle); Methods Declaration only method body void // pressBrake (double amount); Syntax for Interface }
Example Declaration
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Interface (Continued) Interface Implementation

Interfaces are used like super-classes who properties are inherited by
classes. This is achieved by creating a class that implements the given interface as follows:
Syntax for Interface Example Implementation

class ClassName implements Interface1, Interface2,., InterfaceN public class BusDriver extends Person implements Driver { { // Body of Class // include each of the two methods from Driver } }
Interface (Continued) More Examples on Interface

<<Interface>> Speaker
speak()
Politician speak()
Priest speak()
Lecturer speak()
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Interface (Continued) Exercise

Declare the Speaker Interface with one method as speak.
Define three class namely, Politician Priest
Lecturer
that implements the Speaker interface and defines the speak method.
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Interface (Continued) Inheriting Interfaces

Like classes, interfaces can also be extended. The new sub-interface will inherit all the members of the super-interface in the manner similar to classes. This is achieved by using the extends keyword.
interface InterfaceName2 extends InterfaceName1 { // Body of InterfaceName2 }
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Abstract Class What is an Abstract Class

An Abstract class is a conceptual class. An Abstract class cannot be instantiated objects cannot be created. Abstract classes provides a common root for a group of classes, nicely tied together in a package. When we define a class to be final, it cannot be extended. In certain situation, we want properties of classes to be always extended and used. Such classes are called Abstract Classes.
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Abstract Class (Continued) Properties of an Abstract Class

A class with one or more abstract methods is automatically
abstract and it cannot be instantiated.
A class declared abstract, even with no abstract methods can

not be instantiated.
A subclass of an abstract class can be instantiated if it overrides

all abstract methods by implementing them.
A subclass that does not implement all of the superclass

abstract methods is itself abstract; and it cannot be instantiated.
We cannot declare abstract constructors or abstract static

methods.
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Abstract Class (Continued) Abstract Class Example
Shape
Circle
Rectangle
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Abstract Class (Continued) Declaration of an Abstract Class

abstract class ClassName {
abstract public class Shape { public abstract double area();
... abstract DataType MethodName1(); DataType Method2() { // method body }

}
Example Syntax
public void move() { // non-abstract method // implementation } }
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Abstract Class (Continued) Question
Is the following statement valid?
Shape sh = new Shape();
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Abstract Class (Continued) Implementation of an Abstract Class

public Circle extends Shape { private double r; private static final double PI =3.1415926535; public Circle() { r = 1.0; } public double area() { return PI * r * r; } } public Rectangle extends Shape { private double l, b; public Rectangle() { l = 0.0; b=0.0; } public double area() { return l * b; } ... }
Exercise
Declare the Train class with the following list of methods: OrgName() TrainNo() TrainName() FromTo()
Define three class namely,
DreamExpress
LiveExpress TimeExpress
that extends from Train class and define the TrainNo(), TrainName and FromTo() method.
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Summary
Inheritance is the concept of extending data members and methods of a superclass in a subclass. You can derive data members and methods from a single superclass that is a subclass of another superclass. Java does not support multiple inheritance directly. You can use the concept of method overriding to override the superclass method with the subclass method having same names. Interface is a concept of creating data members and methods that can be derived by multiple classes in Java. Interfaces also allow you to declare set of constants that can be imported into multiple classes.
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Summary (Continued)
The methods declared in the interface are defined in the class implementing that interface. The methods in an interface are only abstract methods. Abstract classes provides a common root for a group of classes, nicely tied together in a package.
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Test Your Understanding

1. The class that inherits the data members and method is known as _ _ _ _ _ _. a. Abstract Class b. Sub class c. Base class d. Inner class 2. Which keyword is used to define the constants in an interface? a. super b. public c. private d. final
Test Your Understanding (Continued)

3. Which concept of object-oriented programming is used in method overriding? a. Polymorphism b. Abstraction c. Encapsulation d. Inheritance 4. What is the access specifier of the methods declared in an interface? a. Default b. private c. protected d. public
Packages
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Objectives
Packages in Java Overview of java.lang package Overview of java.util package Creating User Defined Package
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Packages in Java Packages in Java

A package is a set of classes that are stored in a directory, which has the same name as the package name. Packages enable you to organize the class files provided by Java.
Java packages are classified into
Java defined / Built in packages

User defined packages
Packages in Java (Continued) Built in Java Packages

Java Package Name
java.lang java.io java.util java.sql
Description
Includes various classes, such as Object, System, Thread etc. Includes all Input-Output Stream related classes. Provides various classes that support Date, Collection. Provides API for Database operation
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Packages in Java (Continued) Built in Java Packages

Java Package Name
java.awt java.applet
Description
Providing Supporting classes for Graphic User Interface components. Provides the Applet class to create web based application. Includes classes that support network programming such as Socket, DatagramSocket.
java.net
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Packages in Java (Continued) Hierarchy of Java Packages
Java
java.lang
java.io
java.util
java.awt
java.applet
java.net
java.sql
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Packages in Java (Continued) Exploring java.lang package

The java.lang package provides various classes and interfaces that are fundamental to Java programming. The java.lang package contains various classes that represent primitive data types, such as int, char, long, and double. Classes provided by the java.lang package:
Class
Object
Description
All the classes in the java.lang package are the subclasses of the Object class. It provides a standard interface to input output and error devices, such as Keyboard & VDU.
System
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Packages in Java (Continued) Exploring java.lang package (Continued)

Class
Class String Integer Math
Description
Supports runtime processing of the class information of an object.
Provides functionality for String manipulation. Provides methods to convert an Integer object to a String object. Provides functions for statistical, exponential operations.
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Packages in Java (Continued) Exploring java.lang.Wrapper Class

Method Name
public int intValue() public float floatValue() public double doubleValue()
Description
Returns the value of an object as the primitive data type int. Returns the value of an object as the primitive data type float. Returns the value of an object as the primitive data type double.
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Packages in Java (Continued) Exploring java.lang.Math Class

Method Name
public static int max (int n1 int n2) public static float max (float n1, float n2) public static double max (double n1,double n2) public static int min (int n1 int n2) public static float min (float n1, float n2) public static double min (double n1,double n2) public static double sqrt (double x) Returns the positive square root of a number passed as an argument. Returns the minimum of two numbers. Returns the maximum of two numbers.
Description
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Packages in Java (Continued) Exploring java.lang.Math Class (Continued)

Method Name
public static int round (float x) public static long round (double x)
Description
Returns the integer value closest to the parameter. Returns the next highest integer of the supplied parameter. Returns the next smallest integer of the supplied parameter.
public static double ceil (double x)
public static double floor (double x)
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Packages in Java (Continued) Exploring java.lang.Math Class (Continued)

Method Name
public static int abs (int n1)
Description
Returns the absolute value of that parameter.
public static float abs (float n1)

public static double abs (double n1)
public static double random()
Accepts no argument and returns a positive, double, value randomly generated, greater than or equal to 0.0 and less than 1.0.
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Packages in Java (Continued) Exploring java.lang.String Class

Method Name
public int length()
Description
Returns the length of a String object. Converts all the characters in the string object in uppercase. Converts all the characters in the string object in lowercase. Returns the String representation of the object.
public String toUpperCase()
public String toLowerCase()
public String toString()
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Packages in Java (Continued) Exploring java.lang.String Class (Continued)

Method Name
public Boolean equals (Object ob)
Description
Returns the length of a String object. Compares current String object with another String object. If the Strings are same the return value is 0 else the return value is non zero. If str1 > str2 then return value is a positive number If str1<str2 then return value is a negative number
public int compareTo (String str2)
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Method Name Description
searches for the first occurrence of a character or a substring in the invoking String and returns the position if found else return -1. searches for the last occurrence of a character or a substring in the invoking String and returns the position if found else return -1.
public int indexOf (String str) public int indexOf (String str, int startindex)
public int lastIndexOf(String str) public int lastIndexOf(String str, int startindex)
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Method Name
public String trim()
Description
Returns a copy of the string, with leading and trailing whitespace omitted. Returns the char value at the specified index. Concatenates the specified String to the end of the String. Returns a new String that is a substring of a String.
public char charAt( int index)
public String concat(String str)
public String subString(int startInd)

public String subString(int startInd, int endInd)

Method Name
public boolean startsWith(String prefix)
Description
Tests if the String starts with the specified prefix. Tests if the String end with the specified suffix. Converts this String to a new character array. Copies characters from this string into the destination character array.
public boolean endsWith(int suffix)
public char[] toCharArray() public void getChars(int scrBegin,int srcEnd,char[] destination,int dstBegin)
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Packages in Java (Continued) Exploring java.util package
The java.util package provides various utility classes and interfaces that support date and calendar operations, String manipulations and Collections manipulations. Classes provided by the java.util package:
Class
Date Calendar
Description
Encapsulates date and time information. Provides support for date conversion. It is a subclass of Calendar class, provides support for standard calendar used worldwide.
GregorianCalendar
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Packages in Java (Continued) Exploring java.util package (Continued)

Class
Random ArrayList
Description
Generated a stream of random numbers. An indexed sequence that grows and shrinks dynamically. An ordered sequence that allows efficient insertions and deletions at any location An unordered collection that rejects duplicates. A data structure that stores key/value associations.
LinkedList
HashSet
HashMap
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Packages in Java (Continued) Exploring java.util package (Continued)

Interface
List Set SortedSet Enumeration Map
Description
An ordered list of elements that may consist of duplicate elements.
A group of objects with no duplication. A sorted group of objects with no duplication. Provides an abstract mechanism for visiting elements in an arbitrary container Provides an object that maps keys to values.
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Packages in Java (Continued) Collection Interface

A collection is an object that contains a group of objects within it. These objects are called the elements of the collection. The elements of a collection descend from a common parent type. Collections have an advantage over arrays that collections can grow to any size unlike arrays.
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Packages in Java (Continued) Hierarchy of Collection Interface

Collection Map
Set
List
HashMap
TreeMap
HashSet SortedSet
ArrayList
LinkedList
Interface Class
TreeSet
Packages in Java (Continued) Legacy Classes & Interfaces
The classes of the java.util package were updated to support the concept of collection framework. These classes are referred to as the legacy classes. The various legacy classes defined by the java.util package are: Vector Stack Hashtable Properties
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User Defined Packages User Defined Packages

When you write a Java program, you create many classes. You can organize these classes by creating your own packages.
The packages that you create are called user-defined packages. A user-defined package contains one or more classes that can be imported in a Java program.
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User Defined Packages (Continued) Syntax & Example
Creating a user-defined package package <package_name> // Class definition package land.vehicle; public class Car {
Syntax public class <classname1>

{
for Creating Example Package // Body of the class.
String brand;
String color; int wheels; }
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User Defined Packages (Continued) Steps To Create User Defined Packages

Create a source file containing the package definition Create a folder having the same name as package name and save the source file within the folder. Compile the source file.
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User Defined Packages (Continued) Importing Packages

You can include a user-defined package or any java API using the import statement. The following syntax shows how to implement the user-defined package, vehicle from land in a class known as MarutiCar import land.vehicle.Car; public class MarutiCar extends Car { // Body of the class. }
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CLASSPATH Variable

The CLASSPATH variable points to the directories in which the classes that are available to import are present. CLASSPATH enables you to put the class files in various directories and notifies the JDK tools of the region of these classes.
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Summary

Packages enable you to organize the class files provide by Java. The various built-in packages of the Java programming language are: java.lang java.util java.io java.applet java.awt java.net The packages created by users are called user-defined packages. The import statement with the package name enables you to inform the compiler about the region of classes. The java.lang package provides a number of classes and interfaces that are fundamental to Java programming.
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Summary (Continued)

Some of the classes defined in the java.lang package are : The various built-in packages of the Java programming language are: Object Class System Wrapper Character Integer Math String The java.util package provides various utility classes and interfaces that support date/calendar operations, String manipulation.
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Summary (Continued)
Some of the classes defined in the java.util package are : Date Calendar GregorianCalendar Random ArrayList LinkedList HashSet TreeSet The various interfaces defined in the java.util package are: Collection List Set SortedSet
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Test Your Understanding

Match Group A with B
Group A
a. Character class b. Integer class c. Math class d. String class e. StringBuffer class
Group B
i. Collection of useful numeric constants.
ii. Supports operations on strings of characters. iii. Used for manipulating strings. iv. Wrapper class for the primitive data type char. v. Wrapper class for the primitive data type int.

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Inheritance, Interface & Abstract Class

Inheritance What is Inheritance

No Multiple Inheritance In Java

Inheritance (Continued) Inheritance (Example)

Here extends keyword, signaling inheritance

Inheritance (Continued) Types of Inheritance

Inheritance (Continued) Types of Inheritance (Continued)

Overriding Members Method Overriding

Signature of a method includes

Overriding Members (Continued) Method Overriding (Continued)

Overriding Members (Continued) Example on Method Overriding

public class Employee extends Person { private String empId;

getID method is overridde n

Use of super keyword

Allows you to access methods and properties of the parent class,

public class Employee extends Person { private String empID;

Example public Student(String name) {

Final Classes: A way for Preventing Classes being extended

We can prevent an inheritance of classes by other classes by

This is achieved in Java by using the keyword final as follows:

Any attempt to inherit these classes will cause an error.

Final Members: A way for Preventing Overriding of Members in Subclasses

Interface What is an Interface

Interface (Continued) Interface Example

Interface (Continued) Interface Declaration

Interface (Continued) Interface Implementation

Syntax for Interface Example Implementation

Interface (Continued) More Examples on Interface

Interface (Continued) Exercise

Interface (Continued) Inheriting Interfaces

interface InterfaceName2 extends InterfaceName1 { // Body of InterfaceName2 }

Abstract Class What is an Abstract Class

Abstract Class (Continued) Properties of an Abstract Class

A class declared abstract, even with no abstract methods can

A subclass of an abstract class can be instantiated if it overrides

A subclass that does not implement all of the superclass

We cannot declare abstract constructors or abstract static

Abstract Class (Continued) Abstract Class Example

Abstract Class (Continued) Declaration of an Abstract Class

abstract public class Shape { public abstract double area();

... abstract DataType MethodName1(); DataType Method2() { // method body }

public void move() { // non-abstract method // implementation } }

Abstract Class (Continued) Question

Is the following statement valid?

Shape sh = new Shape();

Abstract Class (Continued) Implementation of an Abstract Class

Define three class namely,

Test Your Understanding

Test Your Understanding (Continued)

Packages in Java Packages in Java

Java packages are classified into

Java defined / Built in packages

User defined packages

Packages in Java (Continued) Built in Java Packages

Packages in Java (Continued) Built in Java Packages

Packages in Java (Continued) Hierarchy of Java Packages

Packages in Java (Continued) Exploring java.lang package

Packages in Java (Continued) Exploring java.lang package (Continued)

Packages in Java (Continued) Exploring java.lang.Wrapper Class

Packages in Java (Continued) Exploring java.lang.Math Class

Packages in Java (Continued) Exploring java.lang.Math Class (Continued)

public static double ceil (double x)