INTRODUCTION.

Microcontroller is a microprocessor and microcomputer technology breakthrough. Microcontroller is used to program the device automatically even "Robot", Microcontroller is a vital component (the main raw materials or pictorial). Without Microcontroller, Robot is a tin trashy useless and can not be ordered. Such shaped Microcontroller IC (Chip) small. Microcontroller contains a CPU, RAM, ROM, I / O Ports, Timers, Serial Port are integrated in a single chip. Microcontroller transistor is a semiconductor with a lot more content, but with a small size and can be mass produced (produced in large quantities). Unlike the microprocessor that can handle a wide range of applications, the microcontroller can only be used for one specific application only means only one kind of program that can be stored. Average microcontroller has bit manipulation instructions, access to the I / O directly and easily, and interrupt the process fast and efficient. In other words, the microcontroller is "single chip solution" which drastically reduces the number of components and design costs (prices are relatively low).

A. AT89S51
Microcontroller AT89S51 type is MCS-51 microcontroller family with the exact same configuration AT89C51 quite famous, it's just has a feature AT89S51 ISP (In-System Programmable Flash Memory). This feature allows the microcontroller can be programmed directly in an electronic system without going through the Programmer Board or Board Downloader. Microcontroller can be programmed directly via ISP cable which is connected to the parallel port on a Personal Computer.

The features of the microcontroller AT89S51 are as follows:

1. A CPU (Central Processing Unit) 8 bits including MCS51 family. 2. Internal oscillator and timer circuits, 128 bytes of internal RAM (on chip). 3. Four programmable I / O ports, each of which consists of 8 lines I / O

4. Two 16-bit Timer Counter. 5. Five of the interrupt lines (2 and 3 external interrupts internal interrupts) 6. A serial port with full duplex UART serial control. 7. Ability to execute multiplication, division, and Boolean operations (bit) 8. Speed of execution of instructions per cycle 1 microdetik at 12 MHz clock frequency 9. 4 Kbytes Flash ROM which can be charged and removed up to 1000 times 10. In-System Programmable Flash Memory With the above privileges, making the tool using AT89S51 become more simple and does not require a lot of support ICs. So the microcontroller AT89S51 has a privilege in terms of hardware.

Configuration Pin Microcontroller AT89S51

AT89S51 microcontroller has pins are 40 and generally packaged in DIP (Dual Inline Package). Each pin on the microcontroller AT89S51 has utility as follows: Port 0

Port 0 is a port located on the two functions of AT89S51 pin 32-39. In the design of a simple system this port as port I / O versatile. For more complex designs involving external memory dimultiplek pathway for the data bus and address bus. Port 1

Port 1 is reserved as I / O ports and is on pin 1-8. Some of the pins on this port has a special function that is P1.5 (MOSI), P1.6 (MISO), P1.7 (SCK) is used to track the download program. Port 2

Port 2 (pin 21-28) are the two ports that function as I / O versatile, or as the high byte of the address bus for external memory involving the design.

Port 3

Port 3 is a port of the two functions that are on pins 10-17, the port has multiple functions, ALTERNATE ADDRESS BIT BIT NAME FUNCTION B0H P3.0 RXD Receive Data for serial port B1h P3.1 TXD Transmit Data for serial port B2H P3.2 INT0 External Interrupt 0 B3H P3.3 INT1 External Interrupt 1 B4H T0 P3.4 Timer / counter 0 external input B5h P3.5 T1 Timer / counter 1 external input P3.6 WR B6h External data memory write strobe P3.7 RD B7h External data memory read strobe

PSEN (Program Store Enable)

is an output signal present on the pin 29. Its function is as a control signal to allow a microcontroller to read the program (code) from external memory. Normally this pin is connected to pin EPROM. If the program execution from internal ROM or flash memory (ATMEL AT89SXX), then it will be at their inactive (high). ALE (Address Latch Enable)

ALE signal output on pin 30 which is the same function with ALE on microprocessor INTEL 8085, 8088 or 8086. Demultiplek ALE signal is used for the address bus and data bus.

ALE signal generating pulses at 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and can be used as a clock that can be used in general. EA (External Access)

Input signals are on pin 31 which can be logic low (ground) or logic high (+5 V). If given a logic high then the microcontroller will access the program from internal ROM (EPROM / flash memory). If given a logic low the microcontroller will access the program from external memory. RST (Reset)

Input reset on pin 9 is the master reset for AT89S51. Pulse transition from high to low for 2 cycles will reset the microcontroller. Oscillator

Provided on chip oscillator driven by XTAL connected to pin 18 and pin 19. Stabilizing capacitor required by 30 pF. Great XTAL value of about 3 MHz to 33 MHz. XTAL1 is the input to the oscillator amplifier inversion (inverting oscillator amplifier) and input to the internal clock operating circuit. While XTAL2 is the output of the oscillator amplifier reversal. Power

AT89S51 operated at +5 V supply voltage, Vcc pin is at number 40 and Vss (ground) to pin 20.

Minimum System AT89S91 circuit

In order for the microcontroller to work it requires additional components such as circuit and clock reset. Why need to reset? When the power is turned on, the first instruction is executed by the microcontroller instructions stored in the address 0000H. In order Program Counter (PC) address 0000H can point at the beginning of the microcontroller needs to be reset. The trick is to provide high pulse on the reset pin for at least two machine cycles (if f = 12 MHz crystal then 2MC = 2US). After that, just given the low pulse. This condition can be met by installing the RC circuit that will supply power to the Vcc pin 9 for the charge capacitor charge / charging. Charging time constant can be calculated by multiplying the value of R and C. In the circuit below is: T = RC = (8K2). (10uF) = 82mS. Once the capacitor is fully charged, then pin 9 is low.

CONCLUSION
AT89S51 microcontroller is 8-bit microcontroller with 4 Kbyte In-System Programable Flash Memory and has a limit of a maximum operating frequency of 33 MHz, the microcontroller has additional features such as watchdog timer that is not owned by the previous version

SUGGESTION
I hope the future, to create the smallest possible microcontroller with large memory capacity