Villalobos Eamon Barkhordarian

Period C 3/31/09

Review Questions pg. 376 and 380

Page 376
1. Reading Focus
a. What efforts in the early 1900s were made toward peace?
i. In 1896 the first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens which
hoped to promote “love of peace and respect for life.” Alfred Nobel
regretted the military use of his invention, dynamite, and in his will
he set up the annual Nobel Peace Prize to reward people who
worked for peace. The struggle for women’s suffrage supported the
peace movement. Organizations such as the Women’s International
League for Peace and Freedom promoted pacifism, or opposition to
all war. Governments too, backed peace efforts. In 1899, many
world leaders attended the First Universal Peace Conference in the
Netherlands. They set up a Hague Tribunal, a world court to settle
disputes between nations. The Hague Tribunal could not force
nations to submit their disputes, nor could it enforce its rulings. Still,
it was a step toward keeping the peace.
b. How did nationalism and international rivalries push Europe toward war?
i. Nationalist feelings were strong in both Germany and France.
Germans were proud of their new empire’s military power and
industrial leadership. France longed to regain its position as Europe’s
leading power. The French were especially bitter about their 1871
defeat in the Franco-Prussian War and the German occupation of the
border provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. Patriotic French citizens
yearned for revenge against Germany and to recover the “lost
provinces.” In Eastern Europe, Russia sponsored a powerful form of
nationalism called Pan-Slavism. It held that all Slavic Peoples shared
a common nationality. As the largest Slavic country, Russia felt that
it had a duty to lead and defend all Slavs. By 1914, it stood ready to
support Serbia, a proud young nation that dreamed of creating a
south slave state. Two multinational empires particularly feared
rising nationalism. Austria-Hungary worried that nationalism might
foster rebellion among the many minority populations within its
Empire. Ottoman Turkey felt threatened by new nations on its
borders, such as Serbia and Greece. In 1912, several Balkan states
attacked Turkey. The next year, the Balkan states fought among
themselves over the spoils of war.
c. What were the causes and effects of the European alliance system?
i. Distrust between countries led to the great powers to sign treaties
pledging to defend one another. These alliances were intended to
create powerful combinations that no one would dare attack.
Gradually two huge alliances emerged. Bismarck knew that France
Villalobos Eamon Barkhordarian
Period C 3/31/09

longed to avenge its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. Sure that

France would not attack Germany without help, Bismarck signed
treaties with other powers. In 1882 he formed the Triple Alliance
with Italy and Austria Hungary. When the war did eventually
erupted, Germany and Austria-Hungary fought on the same side, and
this side was known as the Central Powers. In 1904, France and
Britain signed an entente, a nonbinding agreement to follow
common policies. Though not as formal as a treaty, the entente led to
close military and diplomatic ties. Britain later signed a similar
agreement with Russia. When war began these powers became
known as Allies.
2. Identify
a. Hague Tribunal
i. In 1899, many world leaders attended the First Universal Peace
Conference in the Netherlands. They set up a Hague Tribunal, a
world court to settle disputes between nations. The Hague Tribunal
could not force nations to submit their disputes, nor could it enforce
its rulings. Still, it was a step toward keeping the peace.
b. Pan-Slavism
i. In Eastern Europe, Russia sponsored a powerful form of nationalism
called Pan-Slavism. It held that all Slavic Peoples shared a common
nationality. As the largest Slavic country, Russia felt that it had a
duty to lead and defend all Slavs. By 1914, it stood ready to support
Serbia, a proud young nation that dreamed of creating a south slave
state.
c. Central Powers
i. Sure that France would not attack Germany without help, Bismarck
signed treaties with other powers. In 1882 he formed the Triple
Alliance with Italy and Austria Hungary. When the war did
eventually erupted, Germany and Austria-Hungary fought on the
same side, and this side was known as the Central Powers.
d. Allies
i. In 1904, France and Britain signed an entente, a nonbinding
agreement to follow common policies. Though not as formal as a
treaty, the entente led to close military and diplomatic ties. Britain
later signed a similar agreement with Russia. When war began these
powers became known as Allies.
3. Define
a. Pacifism
i. opposition to all war
b. Militarism
i. The glorification of the military.
c. Entente
i. nonbinding agreement to follow common policies
Villalobos Eamon Barkhordarian
Period C 3/31/09

Page 380
1. Reading Focus
a. How did ethnic tensions in the Balkans spark a political assassination?
i. News of the royal visit angered many Serbian nationalists. They
viewed the Austrian as foreign oppressors. Also, the day chosen for
the archduke’s visit, June 28th, was a special date in Serbian history,
when Serbia had been conquered by the ottoman Empire. On the
very same date in 1912, Serbia had at last freed itself from Turkish
rule.
b. How did conflict between Austria Hungary and Serbia widen?
i. Austria sent Serbia a harsh ultimatum with a long list of demands.
Serbia agreed to most, but not all, so this gave Austria the perfect
opportunity to declare war on Serbia. Austria-Hungary might have
not pushed Serbia into war at all had it not been for its ally Germany,
who was horrified at the assassination of a royal heir. Meanwhile,
Serbia asked for support from Russia. Although the plea failed,
Russia began to mobilize its troops and eventually Germany
responded by declaring war on Russia. Russia then went to its ally
France for assistance. Nationalists in France saw this as an
opportunity for revenge from the Franco-Prussian War. Germany
declared war on France as well. Although Italy chose to remain
neutral for some time, Britain had to decide quickly. Germany soon
invaded Belgium, a neutral country by treaty. This act of invading a
neutral country forced Britain to declare war on Germany.
c. How do Historians view the outbreak of World War I?
i. Today, most historians agree that all parties must share blame for a
catastrophe nobody wanted. Each of the great powers believed its
cause was just. Once the machinery of war was set in motion, it
seemed impossible to stop. Although leaders made the decisions,
most people on both sides were equally committed to military action.
2. Identify
a. Francis Ferdinand
i. When crisis began when Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-
Hungry announced that he would visit Sarajevo. News of the royal
visit angered many Serbian nationalists. They viewed the Austrian as
foreign oppressors. Also, the day chosen for the archduke’s visit,
June 28th, was a special date in Serbian history, when Serbia had
been conquered by the Ottoman Empire. On the very same date in
1912, Serbia had at last freed itself from Turkish rule. This
assassination triggered a handful of conflict that eventually led up to
World War I.
b. Gavrilo Princip
Villalobos Eamon Barkhordarian
Period C 3/31/09

i. One conspirator was waiting for the Archduke after he fled once the
bomb was thrown at him. As the car set out for the Archduke to see
the condition of the injured officer form the bomb, this man fired
twice and killed not only the Archduke, but his wife as well.
c. Schlieffen Plan
i. It was designed to avoid a two front war-against France in the West
and Russia to the East. Schlieffen reasoned that Russia’ slumbering
military would be slow to mobilize. Under the Schlieffen plan,
Germany first had to defeat France quickly. Then it would fight
Russia. To ensure a swift victory in the west, the Schlieffen plan
required German armies to march through Belgium.
3. Define
a. Ultimatum
i. Final set of demands
b. Mobilize
i. Prepare military forces for war
c. Neutrality
i. Policy of supporting neither side in a war