1. Exercises-Fixed points of c.c.

maps
(1) Let K be a bounded, open, convex subset of E. Let F : K → E be
completely continuous and be such that F (∂K) ⊂ K. Then F has a fixed
point in K.
Solution 1:(Berton Earnshaw) This solution reduces the exercise to an
application of the Schauder Fixed Point Theorem.
Choose c ∈ K and R > 0, such that the open ball of radius R centered
at c, BR (c) ⊂ K. For each b ∈ ∂BR (c) define
r(b) = {tb + (1 − t)c : t ≥ 0},
the ray starting at c and containing b Since K is bounded, it follows that
r(b) ∩ ∂K 6= ∅,
and equals exactly one point, since K is convex. Call this point p(b). For
each x ∈ r(b), define

F (x), x∈K
F̃ (x) =
F (p(b)), x∈/ K.
Notice that F̃ is continuous and that F̃ (E) ⊂ F (K), implying that F̃ is
completely continuous.
Put

A = co F (K) ∪ K .
Then A is a bounded, closed, and convex set and
F̃ : A → A,
hence by the Schauder Fixed Point Theorem, F̃ has a fixed point in the set
A, call it y. Notice that if y ∈
/ K, then F̃ (y) = F (p(b)), for some b ∈ ∂BR (c),
hence, by hypothesis (F (∂K) ⊂ K) y ∈ K. Thus the fixed point y must lie
in K, but then F̃ (y) = F (y).
Solution 2: Choose c ∈ K and make the change of variables
v = u − c,
then the fixed point equation
u = F (u)
is equivalent to the fixed point equation
v = F (v + c) − c =: G(v),
where G is a completely continuous mapping. Define the set
K̃ := {v = u − c : u ∈ K}.
This set is a bounded open neighborhood of 0 ∈ E and
u ∈ K ⇐⇒ v = u − c ∈ K̃
and
u ∈ ∂K ⇐⇒ v = u − c ∈ ∂ K̃.
We furthermore conclude that
G(∂ K̃) ⊂ K̃.
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If we have that F has a fixed point u ∈ ∂K, then the proof is complete and
G has a fixed point in ∂ K̃. Thus, assume that G has no fixed points in ∂ K̃.
Consider the family of mappings
g(t, v) := v − tG(v), 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
This is a family of completely continuous perturbations of the identity and
for v ∈ ∂ K̃, g(t, v) 6= 0, t ∈ [0, 1]. Thus by the homotopy invariance
principle of the Leray-Schauder degree, we have that
d(g(t, ·), K̃, 0) = d(id, K̃, 0) = 1.
We therefore conclude that the equation
v − G(v) = 0
has a solution in K̃.
We remark that in the above proof the convexity of the set K may be
replaced by the weaker requirement that K be starlike with respect to a
point c ∈ K, i.e. that the ray emenating from c will intersect the boundary
of K in exactly one point.

(2) Let Ω be a bounded open set in E with 0 ∈ Ω. Let F : Ω → E be completely

continuous and satisfy
kx − F (x)k2 ≥ kF (x)k2 − kxk2 , x ∈ ∂Ω.
then F has a fixed point in Ω.
Solution: Let us assume that F has no fixed points in ∂Ω. Consider the
family of c.c. perturbations of the identity
f (t, x) := x − tF (x), 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
This family has no zeros on ∂Ω, for t = 0, 1. If, on the other hand
f (t, x) = 0,
for some t ∈ (0, 1), and some x ∈ ∂Ω, then
x = tF (x),
and the inequality in the exercise becomes
(1 − t)2 kF (x)k2 ≥ (1 − t2 )kF (x)k2 .
But F (x) 6= 0, and thus
(1 − t)2 ≥ 1 − t2 ,
i.e., t ≥ 1, contradicting that t ∈ (0, 1). We hence may conclude, by the
homotopy invariance principle of Leray-Schauder degree that
d(id, Ω, 0) = 1 = d(id − F, Ω, 0).
Which implies that F has a fixed point in Ω. Note a particular case, where
the above condition hold is the following:
kF (x)k ≤ kxk, x ∈ ∂Ω.
As an example, where this condition holds, consider the following:
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Let
F :E→E
be a completely continuous mapping such there exist nonnegative constants
a and b, a < 1, such that
kF (x)k ≤ akxk + b.
Choose R >> 1, so that b ≤ (1 − a)R. Then for kxk ≥ R
kF (x)k ≤ akxk + b ≤ akxk + (1 − a)kxk = kxk.
Thus, for such R, we may choose Ω = BR (0) and apply the above result.