System Design

System design for energy efficiency and optimal air quality management
Dipl. Ing. Detlef Makulla,
Abstract Clique para editar o estilo

n The efficiency of several air distribution systems n Project example: Office building with floor outlets n The use of combined air-water systems n CFD studies for planning of air ventilation systems in large rooms
Dipl. Ing. Detlef Makulla. | CAVERION GmbH | www.caverion.com | Case Studies: Eficincia nos Sistemas de Difuso
Efficiency of Different Air Distribution Systems
Classification of the air distribution Clique para editar o estilo systems
Air systems in the ceiling Clique para editar oventilation estilo

Type of flow Air-flow pattern max. cooling load in W/m Temp. difference supply/indoor air at 1.1 m height Temp. difference supply/extract air Ventilation effectiveness Type of ATU 60 -3 to -5 -3 to -5 1 tangentially through slot 100 -8 to -12 -8 to -12 1 swirl or high-ind. slot diffuser
MV
according to new VDI 3804
Clique para editar o estilo
Air systems in the floor Clique para editar oventilation estilo

Type of flow Air-flow pattern max. cooling load in W/m Temp. difference supply/indoor air at 1.1 m height Temp. difference supply/extract air Ventilation effectiveness Type of ATU 100 -6 to -8 -8 to -12 1,5 floor swirl diffuser 40 -1 to -3 -2 to -7 2 pedestal or circular floor diffuser
HV
DV
Measuring of the ventilation Clique para editar o estilo efficiency with tracergas
Displacement ventilation
10,00
Konzentration SF6 in ppm
1,00
0,10
0,01 09:30
10:00
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
13:00
13:30
Uhrzeit
Mepunkt 1 Mepunkt 2 Mepunkt 3 Mepunkt 4 Mepunkt 5 Mepunkt 6 (Abluft)
Air ventilation systems nearby Clique para editar o estilo the facade
Type of flow Air-flow pattern max. cooling load in W/m Temp. difference supply/indoor air at 1.1 m height Temp. difference supply/extract air Ventilation effectiveness Type of ATU 60 -4 to -6 -4 to -6 1 80 -6 to -8 -7 to -10 1,2 1,5 40 -1 to -3 -2 to -7 2 large area diffuser
MV
HV
DV
slot or window inductive swirl blow-out unit diffuser
Air systems in the wall Clique para editar oventilation estilo

Type of flow Air-flow pattern max. cooling load in W/m Temp. difference supply/indoor air at 1.1 m height Temp. difference supply/extract air Ventilation effectiveness Type of ATU 60 -4 to -6 -4 to -6 1 corridor-wall slot or grille 60 -6 to -8 -7 to -10 1,2 slot diffuser 40 -1 to -4 -2 to -8 2 large area diffuser
MV
HV
DV
Permitted room temperatures Clique para editar o estilo according to EN ISO 7730
The temperatures are for single or open plan offices and conference rooms and an activity of 70 W per person.
Category
Globe temperature [C] Summer Winter 22.0 6 1.0 22.0 6 2.0 22.0 6 3.0 24.5 6 1.0 24.5 6 1.5 24.5 6 2.5
A B C
Thermal comfort according to EN Clique para editar o estilo ISO 7730
Category A B C
DR [%] < 10 < 20 < 30
Vertical air temperature stratification [K]*) <2 <3 <4
Range of floor surface temperature [C] 19-29 19-29 17-31
Radiant temperature asymmetry [K] Warm Cold Cold Warm ceiling wall ceiling wall <5 < 10 < 14 < 23 <5 <7 < 10 < 13 < 14 < 18 < 23 < 35
*) between 1.1 and 0.1 m over floor.
Draft Risk Index DR according EN Clique para editar o estilo ISO 7730
0,5
0,5
Turbulence intensity
10%
20% 40%
Turbulence intensity 10%

0,4
0,4
20%
Mean air velocity in m/s
60%
0,3
0,2
0,3
40% 60%
0,1
(DR - 30% )
0 18 0 20 22 24 26 28
0,2
0,5
Local air temperature in C
0,4
0,1
0,3
Turbulence intensity 10%

0,2
(DR - 20% )
0
20% 40% 60%
0 18
20
22
24
26
28
0,1
(DR - 10% )
0 18 0 20 22 24 26 28
Evaluation Clique para editar o estilo of thermal comfort
n DR-Draft Risk Index (EN ISO 7730) is used to evaluate the predicted percentage of people dissatisfied due to the annoyance of draught based on local air temperature, local turbulence intensity and local air speed. The equitation is based on investigations by Prof. Fanger, Denmark
n ADPI-Air Diffusion Performance Index (ASHRAE Standard 113) is a means of expressing the comfort performance of diffusers in a space. ADPI is expressed as a percentage from 0% to 100% of the 60 measured test points in the space satisfying the ADPI criteria.
Calculation Clique para editar o estilo of thermal comfort with the DR-Index
< According to EN ISO 7730 Ergonomics of the thermal environment with no restrictions concerning the air distribution system < DR = Draft Risk Index < Category A 10 % B 20 % C 30 % Calculation of the draft risk DR:
DR = (34 - t a,l ) ( na,l - 0,05)0,62 (0,37 na,l Tu + 3,14) For na,l < 0,05 ms -1 is na,l = 0,05 ms -1 For DR > 100% is DR = 100%.
Thereby is:
t a ,l the local air temperature in degree Celsius, 20C up to 26C; na,l the local mean air velocity in meter per second, < 0,5 ms-1;
Tu the local intensity of turbulence (%) in percent, 10 % up to 60 %; if the value is unknown 40 % can be used.
Calculation of thermal comfort with Clique para editar o estilo the ADPI-Index
n ADPI = Air Diffusion Performance Index n According to ASHRAE Standard 113 for turbulent mixing systems in cooling mode n Minimum of ADPI = 80 % should be reached, ADPI > 90 % is a high comfort level n Criteria is the percentage of numbers from 60 measuring points in the range of Ted + 1,1 K - 1,7 K [ Effective draft temperature and local mean air velocity v < 0,35 m/s Calculation of the ADPI-Index Ted Ted T Tavg = (T Tavg) 8.0 ( - 0.15) = Effective draught temperature (K) = Local temperature (C) = Occupied zone average temperature (C) = Local mean air velocity (m/s)
Calculation Clique para editar o estilo of indoor air velocity
The equitation is valid for turbulent mixing systems from the ceiling w = room air velocity
a = 0.044 for room height 3 m

Source: Prof. Dr Fitzner
Project examples Office buildings with different air distribution systems
Comparison DR and ADPI Index in a laboratory test
Test parameter Clique para editar o estilo
n Test room n Supply air flow rate n Supply air temperature n Room design temperature n Cooling load
4,2 x 10,0 m 42 m2 2 x 60 l/s 2,8 l/sm2 10C 22C 40 W/m2
Horizontal cross section of the test Clique para editar o estilo room
Smoke test with 2 x Krantz RA-N 350 Clique para editar o estilo diffusers
Measuring Clique para editar o estilo results

Test result measuring plane 2
Air Diffuser Performance Index ADPI = 100 %
2,50 m
Effective draft temperature in range -1.7K to +1.1K out of range
Centre zone air volume flow rate : 60 l/s supply air temperature : 10,2 C extract air temperature : 22,9 C room air temperature : 21,7 C
1. Mean air velocity in m/s
2. Air temperature in C 3. Draft risk in %
2,00 m
0.09 22.0 9% 0.07 21.9 4% 0.09 22.0 9% 0.12 21.9 11% 0.12 22.0 13%
Height in m
1,50 m
0.11 22.0 12% 0.16 22.0 17% 0.08 21.8 7% 0.16 21.7 15% 0.07 21.9 5% 0.08 21.8 6% 0.11 21.8 10% 0.12 21.8 11% 0.13 22.1 14% 0.12 22.3 12%
1,00 m
0,50 m
0.19 22.1 20% 0.16 21.7 16% 0.13 21.8 12% 0.11 21.9 10% 0.09 22.3 8%
0,00 m 0,00 m
1,00 m
2,00 m
3,00 m
4,00 m
5,00 m X-position in m
6,00 m
7,00 m
8,00 m
9,00 m
10,00 m
Comparison of mixed and upflow Clique para editar o estilo ventilation
n Ceiling twist diffuser
n Floor twist diffuser
Air rates and temperatures Clique para editar o flow estilo
n Specific supply airflow rate n Total supply airflow rate n Airflow each floor outlet n Cooling load n Room air temp. in occupied space
7.5 l/sm 150 l/s 25 l/s 80 W/m 22-23C
Cooling loads Clique para editar o estilo

Source Glazing People Light Equipment Total W/m 46 7 12 15 80 W 1104 168 288 360 1920
Perimeter zone 4.4 x 5.4 m = 24 m

Test room and position Clique para editar o estilo of the 6 outlets
Position of the heat gains and Clique para editar o estilo measuring planes in the test room
Smoke test of 6 rotary floor twist Clique para editar o estilo outlets
Measuring Clique para editar o estilo results in plane 2, TSupply = 16.5C and VOutlet = 25 l/s
3.00 m Top: Mean air velocity in m/s Bottom: Air temperature in C 2.50 m
2.00 m Height in m
0.05 23.8 0.07 24.0 0.08 23.9 0.10 24.1 0.05 23.9 0.07 24.1 0.08 24.0 0.12 24.2
1.50 m
1.00 m
0.12 22.0
0.13 22.5
0.11 22.6
0.12 23.0
0.10 22.6
0.12 23.0
0.15 22.5
0.11 22.8
0.50 m
0.07 21.9 0.05 21.7
0.11 21.9 0.09 22.0
0.10 22.2 0.08 22.2
0.06 22.3 0.06 22.2
0.08 22.1 0.06 22.1
0.13 22.0 0.10 21.8
0.12 22.0 0.07 21.8
0.08 21.8 0.09 21.4
0.00 m 0.00 m 1.00 m 2.00 m 3.00 m X-position in m 4.00 m 5.00 m
Vertical room temperature Clique para editar o estilo stratification with floor twist diffuser
3
2.5
Supply air temperature 16.5C

2
Height in m
Air flow rate per outlet

1.5
25 l/s 27.5 C 21.8 C
Extract air temperature Mean temp 0.1 1.1 m height
0.5
Measuring point 1 Measuring point 2
0 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Air temperature in C
Heat load factor m for the Clique para editar o estilo upflow system
m = T Room - T Supply T Extract - T Supply
TRoom TSupply TExtract
= 21.8C (Mean temp. 0.1 1.1 m height) = 16.5C = 27.5C
21 . 8 - 16 . 5 m = = 0 . 48 27 . 5 - 16 . 5
Vertical room temperature Clique para editar o estilo stratification with floor twist diffuser
3
2.5
Supply air temperature 18C

2
Height in m

1.5
25 l/s 28.2 C 23.1 C
0.5
Measuring point 1 Measuring point 2
0 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Air temperature in C
Heat load factor m for the Clique para editar o estilo upflow system
= 23.1C (Mean temp. 0.1 1.1 m height) = 18.0 C = 28.2C
23 . 1 - 18 . 0 m = = 0 . 50 28 . 2 - 18 . 0
Vertical room temperature Clique para editar o estilo stratification ceiling twist diffuser
3
2,5
Supply air temperature 12.7C

2 Height in m

1,5
25 l/s 22.9 C 22.5 C
0,5 Measuring point 1 Measuring point 2 0 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Air temperature in C
Heat load factor m for the ceiling Clique para editar o estilo turbulent mixing system
= 22.5C (Mean temperature 0.1 1.1 m height) = 12.7 C = 22.9C
m =
22 . 5 - 12 . 7 = 0 . 96 22 . 9 - 12 . 7
Comparison of turbulent mixing system from the ceiling and upflow Clique para editar o estilo ventilation system
3
Number of outlets Air flow rate per diffuser Specific supply air flow rate Supply air temperature Extract air temperature Specific cooling capacity Mean room air temperature* Vertical stratification* Heat load factor *Height 0.1 - 1.1 m
Upflow Upflow Mixing (floor (ceiling (floor twist) twist) twist) 6 6 6 [l/s] 25 25 25 [l/sm] 6.25 6.25 6.25 [C] 16.5 18.0 12.7 [C] 27.5 28.2 22.9 [W/m] 83 77 77 [C] 21.8 23.1 22.5 [K] 0.7 0.6 0.3 [-] 0.48 0.50 0.96
2,5
2 Height in m
1,5
0,5
6 ceilingmixing twist outlets Ceiling Ts = 12.7 C 6 floor twist Upflow Ts =outlets 16.5 C Upflow Ts =outlets 18.0 C 6 floor twist
0 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Air temperature in C
Comparison chiller design Clique para editar o estilo

Mollier h,x-diagram - air pressure 1000 hPa
air temperature t [C]
10
12
14
16
35C
10%
Lisboa
30C
20%
Porto
30% 40%
25C 20C 15C 10C
50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
65 60 55 50 45 40 35
70
30 25
y dr r] ai
For Lisboa Upflow system DTsupply= 16,5C, Tafter coil= 14,5C Dh= 61 38 = 23 kJ/kg Ceiling mixing system DTsupply= 12,7C, Tafter coil= 10,7C Dh = 61 29 = 32 kJ/kg 12 14 16
5C
15
20
ie lp ha h
kg J/ [k
0C -5C
5
10
ez sp
ific
t en
10
specific humidity x [g/kg dry air]
18
Advantages of the upflow Clique para editar o estilo ventilation system n Heat load factor only 50% versus ceiling twist diffuser system n Ventilation efficiency factor 1.5 n Reduction of the chiller size of 28% n Extended use of free cooling without chiller in the range of outdoor temperature of 11C to 17C
Comparison of floor displacement Clique para editar o estilo and upflow ventilation
n Floor displacement outlet
n Floor twist outlet
Smoke test of 6 floor displacement Clique para editar o estilo outlet
Smoke test of 3 floor twist outlet Clique para editar o estilo
Smoke test of 6 floor twist outlet Clique para editar o estilo
Comparison of the displacement and Clique para editar o estilo upflow ventilation system
3
Number of outlets Air flow rate per diffuser Specific supply air flow rate Supply air temperature Extract air temperature Specific cooling capacity Mean room air temperature* Vertical stratification* Heat load factor *Height 0.1 - 1.1 m
[l/s] [l/sm] [C] [C] [W/m] [C] [K] [-]
Displacement 6 20 5 20.0 27.0 42 23.5 1.9 0.50
upflow (twist) 3 35 4.4 18.1 27.7 51 24.2 0.5 0.63
upflow (twist) 6 35 8.8 18.0 27.7 102 24.8 0.7 0.70
2.5
Height in m
1.5
1
6 Floor displacement outlets 3 Floor twist outlets 6 Floor twist outlets
0.5
0 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Air temperature in C
Advantages Clique para editar o estilo of the floor twist outlet

n Lower vertical room air temp. stratification 0,5 K/m instead of 1.9 K/m n 12% lower specific supply air flow rate n 2 K lower supply air temperature n 20% higher cooling capacity n Only half number of outlets necessary n Similar room air velocities in the working space n Cooling capacity up to 100 W/m possible when using the same number of outlets
Advantages of the floor Clique para editar o estilo displacement outlet

n Lower heat load factor of 0.5 instead of 0.63 n Higher ventilation efficiency of 2.0 instead of 1.5
The use of combined air-water systems
Comparison of the heat transport Clique para editar o estilo costs between air and water
LUFT AIR
& Q L
DJL
Wasser WATER
& Q W
DJ W
= 1 KW = 10 K
= 1 KW = 5 K*) =
& V L [m / h] =
& [W ] Q L 0,336 DJL [K ]
& V W [m / h]
& [W ] Q W 1,163 DJ W [K ]
& V L
= 300 m/h
PEL =
& V W
& [m / s] Dp [Pa ] V h
= 0,17 m/h
DPL
h
PEL
= 1.500 Pa = 0,7 = 180 W 53 : 1
DPW
h
PEL
= 50.000 Pa @ 5 m WS = 0,7 = 3,4 W
For Clique para editar o thermal estilo comfort
Wrmeabfuhr Removal of heat

humidity Feuchteabfuhr pollutants Schadstoffabfuhr
& =m & L Dh Q
&f =m & L Dx m
&s=m & L Dc m
& auch & Nur mit Wasser abfhrbar OnlyQ can be removed by water Q
Therefore a minimum hygienical air exchange is neccessary.
Range of application for Clique para editar o estilo chilled beams
Office building Airports Studios Counter halls Control rooms
Shopping center Auditorium Exhibition halls Laboratories Industrial areast
Basic features of passive and active Clique para editar o estilo chilled beams
Passive chilled beam Primary air supply Heating Cooling not integrated not possible by water Active chilled beam integrated possible by water and air
Passive chilled beams should be combined with a separate air distribution system
Principle Clique para editar o estiloof a passive chilled beam
Installation Clique para editar o estilo of passive chilled beams above a suspended ceiling
Different Clique para editar o estiloways for installation of passive chilled beams
Downstanding under concrete ceiling
Built into a suspended ceiling
Installation in a closed ceiling secondary air by slots
Hidden installation above a suspended ceiling
Passive chilled beam Clique para editar o estilo
The free area of the suspended ceiling underneath a passive beam should be more than 40% to avoid loss of cooling capacity
Geometrical parameters with impact Clique para editar o estilo on the cooling capacity
Chilled beam in combination with Clique para editar o estilo acoustic elements
Accoustic element
Cooling capacity of passive chilled Clique para editar o estilo beams
Width of chilled beam 250 mm 400 mm 600 mm
Cooling capacity 170 W/m 260 W/m 360 W/m
Cooling with Chilled beams Clique para editar o estilo
Maximum indoor air velocity in occpied area in m/s
Room air velocity with chilled beams without suspended ceiling
Specific cooling capacity in W/m
Air pattern with perforated Clique para editar o flow estilo metal tiles
Cooling with Chilled beams Clique para editar o estilo
Room air velocity with chilled beams with suspended ceiling
Principle Clique para editar o estiloof an active chilled beam
Special project design Clique para editar o estilo
Features Clique para editar o estiloof active chilled beams
n Outside air supply integrated n Only small ceiling areas required n High specific capacity n Various installation options
General design parameters Clique para editar o estilo
n Water flow temperature: 14 - 16C n Temperature difference flow/return: 2-3 K n Open area of screen: min. 40%, better 60%
Screen designs Clique para editar o estilo
Capacity Clique para editar o estilorange of active chilled beam

Primary air volume flow rate Air-side cooling Water-side cooling Capacity in total Office work places maximal in cooling- and heating mode 20 90 m/(h m) 50 240 W/m 220 360 W/m 270 600 W/m 300 400 W/m
Active chilled beams for heating Clique para editar o estilo
n Heating capacity: 200 300 W/m n Primary air heating is not necessary n U-value of the faade 1.3 W/mK if full room height glazing
Active chilled beams for the Clique para editar o estilo screening of the facade
Active chilled beam for wall or Clique para editar o estilo plenum mounting
Nozzles Primary air connection
Air discharge slot Coil
Opening for reflow of secondary air

Underfloor Clique para editar o estilo induction unit

Supply air Secondary air Floor grill
Coil for heating and cooling
Primary air
Primary air nozzles
Induction Clique para editar o estilo unit in the parapet
Induction Clique para editar o estilo unit in the parapet
Faade-mounted ventilation unit, Clique para editar o estilo standard configuration

Supply air
Exit air damper
Supply air outlet Exit air ventilator Air ionisation Water heat exchanger Heating and Cooling
Heat recovery
Bypass damper
Extract air filter

Extract air
Supply air ventilator Outside air filter Extract air outlet Outside air damper
Faade-mounted ventilation unit, Clique para editar o estilo Type PCM

Exit air damper
Supply air
Supply air outlet
Water heat exchanger Heating and Cooling
Sound absorber
Supply air ventilator
Phase change material
Outside air filter
Recirculati ng air
Recirculating air outlet
Outside air damper
Project example office building Clique para editar o estilo

Storey Specific primary air volume flow rate Outside air temperature summer/winter Supply air temperature summer/winter Indoor air temperature summer/winter Temperature difference supply/indoor air summer/winter Water flow/return temperature Specific cooling load -13 / 6 K 15C / 18 C 40 -132 W/m 22 1.5 2.7 l/(s m) 32C / 7C 11C / 27C 24C / 21C
Office building Clique para editar o estilo
Combination of active and Clique para editar o estilo passive beams
Principle of an active chilled beam Clique para editar o estilo with discharge on one side
Combination of passive and active Clique para editar o estilo chilled beams
Installation Clique para editar o estilo of active chilled beams
Installation Clique para editar o estilo of passive chilled beams
Opticlean Clique para editar o estilo air outlet with connection box
Installation Clique para editar o estilo of active chilled beams
Installation of passive and active Clique para editar o estilo chilled beams
Project example hospital Clique para editar o estilo

Specific primary air flow rate: Summer conditions Indoor air temperature: Primary air temperature: Water flow temperature: Water return temperature: Difference indoor air mean water temperature: Winter conditions Indoor air temperature: Primary air temperature: Water flow temperature: Water return temperature: Difference indoor air mean water temperature:
11 15 l/(s m) 25C 18C 14C 17C -9.5 K 21/24C 18/21C 40C 35/36C 16.5/14 K
Reflected Clique para editar o estilo ceiling plan level 4, 4-bed bay
Test room horizontal cross section Clique para editar o estilo
Vertical sectional view A-A of test Clique para editar o estilo room
Air pattern in cooling mode Clique para editar o flow estilo primary air flow rate 11 l/(s m)
Statistical Clique para editar o estilo evaluation of the air velocity results in the cooling mode
Mean air velocity v in m/s Primary air volume flow rate l/(s m)
Measuring plane
v < 0,15 [%]
v = 0,15 0,20 [%]
v = 0,21 0,25 [%]
v > 0,25 [%]
Test no.
11
1 2
78 97
17 3
5 0
0 0
13
1 2
68 95
20 5
7 0
5 0
15
1 2
70 88
24 12
3 0
3 0
Condensation test Clique para editar o estilo
Test parameter Specific supply air volume flow rate: Primary air temperature: Flow/Return temperature: Total cooling capacity Indoor air temperature: Relative indoor air humidity Dewpoint temperature of indoor air Flow temperature below dewpoint temperature 14.5 l/(s m) 16C 15/18C 375 W/m 22C 75% 17.5C 2.5 K
after 4 hours
after 8 hours
CFD studies for planning of air ventilation systems
Computational Fluid Dynamics Clique para editar o estilo

CFD studies are used for large rooms like assembly halls, theatres, concert halls, airport terminals, atrium for the evaluation and optimisation of Comfort parameters n air velocity, draught risk n temperature gradient n radiation influence n Efficiency of ventilation n Faade influence (temperature asymmetry) n Smoke extraction scenarios n Outdoor air flow around buildings
CFD simulation of an office with full Clique para editar o estilo height glazing
Occupied by 1 person + PC + monitor
Floor outlets
Design parameter Clique para editar o estilo

n Reference values n Indoor temperature n Outside temperature n U-value glazing n U-value frame n U-value faade n Ceiling height n Supply air diffuser n Air flow rate n Thermal parameter n Heat load person n Heat load PC n Heat load monitor n Lighting load n Heat losses faade 100 W 150 W 35 W 7.5 W/m 27 W/m
22C -8C 0.70 W/mK 1.80 W/mK 0.91 W/mK 3m Krantz Floor twist outlets D = 200 mm 80 m/h per outlet according to 8.8 m/hm
Design parameter of the Clique para editar o estilo simulated office

n CFD Model dimensions n Floor surface n Faade surface n Number of workstations n Air conditioning system 40,8 m 39,3 m 6 n Upflow ventilation n Number of air outlets n Total air quantity n Supply air temperature n Heating capacity 4 320 m/h 27C 530 W
n Thermal balance n Heat loss faade -1073 W n Inner heat loads: n 1 Person 100 W n 1 PC+Monitor 185 W n Lighting 300 W n ======================= n Total 585 W n Difference -488 W
Indoor air velocity distribution Clique para editar o estilo
Indoor air velocity distribution Clique para editar o estilo
Zones of the draft risk < 10% Clique para editar o estilo
Zones of the draft risk < 20% Clique para editar o estilo
Indoor air temperatur distribution Clique para editar o estilo
Calculation of the radiation Clique para editar o estilo asymmetry

3.0 m
22.5C
22.0C
Radiation asymmetrie in K
2.0 m
2.0-2.5 1.5-2.0
19.3C
22.0C
1.0-1.5 0.5-1.0
1.0 m
0.0-0.5
0.0 m 0.0 m
21.5C
0.5 m 1.0 m 1.5 m
22.0C
2.0 m 2.5 m 3.0 m
Summary Clique para editar o estilo

n Due to the very high-quality faade, the temperature at the inner surface of the windowpane is only 2,7 K lower than room temperature at an outdoor temperature of 8C. This results in a very low air draught risk. Only in the foot zone near the windows class B according to EN ISO 7730 is not completely achieved. n In the pile zone slightly elevated air flows occur. n Directly near to the faade the radiation asymmetry is still lower than 2.5 K and therewith largely lower than the value of 7 K which is approved for class A. n Class A according to EN ISO 7730 is achieved also at extreme outdoor temperatures. Solely in the foot zone the local comfort quality can drop to class B (= standard).
CFD simulation of a facade jet nozzle Clique para editar o estilo system London Heathrow T5 Faade height 30 m
Position of installation Clique para editar o estilo

London Heathrow T5 Perimeter jet nozzle system
Distance nozzles to facade 8 12 m
Laboratory Clique para editar o estilo testing
Jet nozzle system
Computational Fluid Dynamics Clique para editar o estilo modeling
Indoor air velocities Clique para editar o estilo
Indoor air temperature distribution Clique para editar o estilo
North facade results Clique para editar o estilo

6.0 m
Comparison of the room air temperature profile with different nozzle inclinations up to 6 m
Raumhhe
Basis -20 -30 5.0 m
4.0 m
3.0 m
2.0 m
1.0 m
0.0 m 17.0C
17.5C
18.0C
18.5C
19.0C
19.5C
Lufttemperatur
Summary Clique para editar o estilo
n The projected air supply via nozzles to the faade is not sufficient. n A partial down stream of cold air occurs reaching until the common area with ambient air velocities up to 0,4 m/s. n Furthermore a distinct temperature stratification develops at an indoor temperature of only 17 C in the occupied area. n For a zone of 10 m at the bottom of the faade a heating by means of a trench heating system is recommended.
Displacement seat diffuser Clique para editar o estilo for an airport
Displacement seat diffuser Clique para editar o estilo for an airport
Maximum air velocities Clique para editar o estilo in cooling mode

Distance from outlet [m] Supply air volume flow rate per seat [l/s] 15 Height [cm] 15 5 15 5 15 5 15 5 0.16 0.20 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.27 0.28 0.32 0.45 Velocity [m/s] 0.16 0.21 0.16 0.22 0.21 0.26 0.26 0.31 0.6
20
25
30
Thank you very much for your attention

System Design

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System Design

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System design for energy efficiency and optimal air quality management

Dipl. Ing. Detlef Makulla,

Abstract Clique para editar o estilo

Efficiency of Different Air Distribution Systems

Classification of the air distribution Clique para editar o estilo systems

Air systems in the ceiling Clique para editar oventilation estilo

according to new VDI 3804

Clique para editar o estilo

Air systems in the floor Clique para editar oventilation estilo

according to new VDI 3804

Konzentration SF6 in ppm

Clique para editar o estilo

slot or window inductive swirl blow-out unit diffuser

according to new VDI 3804

Clique para editar o estilo

Air systems in the wall Clique para editar oventilation estilo

Clique para editar o estilo

Thermal comfort according to EN Clique para editar o estilo ISO 7730

DR [%] < 10 < 20 < 30

Vertical air temperature stratification [K]*) <2 <3 <4

Range of floor surface temperature [C] 19-29 19-29 17-31

*) between 1.1 and 0.1 m over floor.

Turbulence intensity 10%

Mean air velocity in m/s

Mean air velocity in m/s

Local air temperature in C

Mean air velocity in m/s

Turbulence intensity 10%

20% 40% 60%

Local air temperature in C

Local air temperature in C

Evaluation Clique para editar o estilo of thermal comfort

Calculation Clique para editar o estilo of indoor air velocity

a = 0.044 for room height 3 m

Project examples Office buildings with different air distribution systems

Clique para editar o estilo

Comparison DR and ADPI Index in a laboratory test

Test parameter Clique para editar o estilo

4,2 x 10,0 m 42 m2 2 x 60 l/s 2,8 l/sm2 10C 22C 40 W/m2

Measuring Clique para editar o estilo results

Air Diffuser Performance Index ADPI = 100 %

Effective draft temperature in range -1.7K to +1.1K out of range

1. Mean air velocity in m/s

2. Air temperature in C 3. Draft risk in %

Comparison of mixed and upflow Clique para editar o estilo ventilation

n Ceiling twist diffuser

n Floor twist diffuser

Air rates and temperatures Clique para editar o flow estilo

7.5 l/sm 150 l/s 25 l/s 80 W/m 22-23C

Cooling loads Clique para editar o estilo

Perimeter zone 4.4 x 5.4 m = 24 m

0.07 21.9 0.05 21.7

0.11 21.9 0.09 22.0

0.10 22.2 0.08 22.2

0.06 22.3 0.06 22.2

0.08 22.1 0.06 22.1

0.13 22.0 0.10 21.8

0.12 22.0 0.07 21.8

0.08 21.8 0.09 21.4

0.00 m 0.00 m 1.00 m 2.00 m 3.00 m X-position in m 4.00 m 5.00 m

Supply air temperature 16.5C

Air flow rate per outlet

25 l/s 27.5 C 21.8 C