1.

Introduction
A smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using two-way digital technology to control appliances at consumers' homes to save energy, reduce cost and increase reliability and transparency. Such a modernized electricity network is being promoted by many governments as a way of addressing energy independence, global warming and emergency resilience issues. Smart meters may be part of a smart grid, but alone do not constitute a smart grid. A smart grid includes an intelligent monitoring system that keeps track of all electricity flowing in the system. It also incorporates the use of superconductive transmission lines for less power loss, as well as the capability of integrating alternative sources of electricity such as solar and wind. When power is least expensive a smart grid could turn on selected home appliances such as washing machines or factory processes that can run at arbitrary hours. At peak times it could turn off selected appliances to reduce demand. In principle, the smart grid is a simple upgrade of 20th century power grids which generally "broadcast" power from a few central power generators to a large number of users, to instead be capable of routing power in more optimal ways to respond to a very wide range of conditions, and to charge a premium to those that use energy at peak hours. The primary purpose of the data collected through AMR systems is monthly customer billing, and reduced costs. AMR systems typically comprise meters fitted with communication modules, collection systems (including handheld computers, drive-by systems and fixed network technology), as well as supporting software to manage collection of the data. Automatic Meter Reading Smart Grid System is determining the needs of all the vital aspects e.g. daily workflow, workforce management, asset management, call center philosophy, billing systematic etc. AMR smart grid system provides fundamental benefits including Efficient Power System Control and Monitoring, Timely operational decisions to minimize outages and losses and acquiring Meter Readings of several Energy interchange points and many 11KV incoming and outgoing feeders. An end to end AMR Smart Grid System enables us to access to data over combination wired and wireless medium. Moreover seamless integration using embedded software provides control over, and full visibility in to data from ERP and management systems. A fully functional SCADA system and implementation of Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) up to Grid Transmission Level serve the purposes of efficient Power System Control and Monitoring, timely operational decisions to minimize outages and losses and acquiring meter readings of energy interchange points and incoming and outgoing feeders of 11KV.

2. Smart Grid
Definition: Smart grid is the integration of electric grid, communication network, software and hardware to control, monitor and manage generation, transmission and consumption of energy. Key aspects of the Smart Grid[1] include: Ability of the grid to self heal following a disturbance Power supply free from sags, swells, outages, and other power quality/reliability issues Support for renewable energy sources Better asset utilization via monitoring Increased monitoring through low cost sensors

3. Automatic Meter Reading (AMR)

AMR is the technology of automatically collecting consumption, diagnostic, and status data from water meter or energy metering devices and transferring that data to a central database for billing, troubleshooting, and analyzing. This advance mainly saves utility providers the expense of periodic trips to each physical location to read a meter. Another advantage is billing can be based on near real time consumption rather than on estimates based on previous or predicted consumption. This timely information coupled with analysis, can help both utility providers and customers better control the use and production of electric energy, gas usage, or water consumption. These are the following AMR technologies.

3.1. Radio frequency network: Radio frequency based AMR can take many forms and
common ones are handheld, mobile, and fixed network. There are both two-way RF systems and one-way RF systems in use that use both licensed and unlicensed RF bands. In a two-way or "wake up" system, a radio transceiver normally sends a signal to a particular transmitter serial number, telling it to wake up from a resting state and transmit its data. The meter attached transceiver and the reading transceiver both send and receive radio signals and data. In a one-way bubble-up or continuous broadcast type system, the transmitter broadcasts readings continuously every few seconds. This means the reading device can be a receiver only, and the meter AMR device a transmitter only. Data goes one way, from the meter AMR transmitter to the meter reading receiver. There are also hybrid systems that combine oneway and two-way technologies, using one-way communication for reading and two way communication for programming functions.

Handheld: In handheld AMR, a meter reader carries a handheld computer with a built-in or
attached receiver/transceiver (radio frequency or touch) to collect meter readings from an AMR capable meter. This is sometimes referred to as "walk-by" meter reading since the meter reader walks by the locations where meters are installed as they go through their meter reading route. Handheld computers may also be used to manually enter readings without the
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use of AMR technology as an alternate but this will not support exhaustive data which can be accurately read using the meter reading electronically.

Mobile: Mobile or "drive-by" meter reading is where a reading device is installed in a

vehicle. The meter reader drives the vehicle while the reading device automatically collects the meter readings. Often for mobile meter reading the reading equipment includes navigational and mapping features provided by GPS and mapping software. With mobile meter reading, the reader does not normally have to read the meters in any particular route order, but just drives the service area until all meters are read. Components often consist of a laptop or proprietary computer, software, RF receiver/transceiver, and external vehicle antennas.

Fixed network: Fixed Network AMR is a method where a network is permanently installed
to capture meter readings. This method can consist of a series of antennas, towers, collectors, repeaters, or other permanently installed infrastructure to collect transmissions of meter readings from AMR capable meters and get the data to a central computer without a person in the field to collect it. A star network is the most common, where a meter transmits its data to a central collector or repeater. Some systems use only collectors which receive and store data for processing. Others also use a repeater which forwards a reading from a more remote area back to a main collector without actually storing it. A repeater may be forwarded by RF signal or sometimes is converted to a wired network such as telephone or IP network to get the data back to a collector. Mesh networks are also used where meters themselves act as repeaters passing the data to nearby meters until it makes it to a main collector. A mesh network may save the infrastructure of many collection points, but is more data intensive on the meters. One issue with mesh networks it that battery operated ones may need more power for the increased frequency of transmitting. It also requires that the meter devices be receivers as well as transmitters potentially making individual transceiver cost higher. However, the additional cost may be outweighed by the savings of multiple collectors and repeater antennas and finding places to mount them.

Some fixed network systems are also capable of being installed as a hybrid AMR system where mobile and fixed network are intermixed by design. In a hybrid system, part of the system is read by fixed network, and parts may read by mobile or other technology, or both. Utilities with low density rural areas may not cost justify the fixed network infrastructure for parts of their service area, using it only for higher density zones or commercial accounts. Some hybrid networks allow reading of a meter by both methods concurrently as a source of redundancy. In the event of a failure of the network due a natural disaster, sabotage, power failure, or other network interruption, the mobile reading system is available in their disaster recovery plan as an alternative means of data collection to the fixed network.

3.2. Power line communication (PLC) AMR is a method where electronic data is
transmitted over power lines back to the substation, then relayed to a central computer in the utility's main office. This would be considered a type of fixed network systemthe network being the distribution network which the utility has built and maintains to deliver electric power. Such systems are primarily used for electric meter reading. Some providers have interfaced gas and water meters to feed into a PLC type system. AMR Hosting is a back-office solution which allows a user to track their electricity, water or gas consumption over the Internet. All data is collected in near real-time and stored in a centralized database by high-end data acquisition software. This data is instantly available via a secure web application and can be manipulated by the user using various online data analysis tools. The user can easily chart load profiles, analyze tariff components and verify utility bills. With currently available tools such as Google Power Meter, it is hoped that the tool will raise the users awareness of their energy usage trends and make them more energy efficient.

4. Models for Implementation of AMR System

There can be four different models or concepts for implementing an automated reading system. The first concept is only limited to monitor Load on Pole Mounted Transformers (PMTs). Controlling of transformer operated meters is not possible remotely by AMR. The second concept presents separate operation of metering management system [2].All control equipments (RTU, Transducers, breakers etc)will be installed on each PMT and metering location. Graphical representation of all PMTs will be available on operator console enhanced with controlling features. Transducer will send meter data to SCADA where as meters will send data to AMR system. AMR system. AMR integration with SCADA using multiple options like Sun Secure Global Desktop (SSGD), translation of customer data in AMR to technological addresses (TA) to be compliant with SCADA. Third concept depicts AMR with limited controlling in which Control Equipment (RTU, Breakers, and transducers) is installed at important location in distribution network and additional Distribution Management Systems (DMS) functionalities incorporated in the System. Automatic meter reading operation will be done on separate system and measured value from key location and calculated values at all other PMTs by special functions can be obtained control room. The fourth concept deals with full controlling and monitoring using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and incorporated with enhanced DMS functions. AMR smart grid system provides significant advantages including Efficient Power System and Control.

5. System Configuration
5.1 Energy Meters on Transformers: The essential use of energy meters is to provide
data of measured values of current, voltage, KW/KVAR etc. The same data is used for analysis of energy losses in the distribution system. Moreover, energy meters are used to acquire data for forwarding to the distribution planning, revenue scheduling and for analysis and reconciliation of energy sold. Protocols followed by energy meters are either IEC6205621 [2] or DLMS (Device Language Message Specifications).IEC 62056-21 or currently IEC 61107 is an international standard for a computer protocol to read utility meters. More aspects are monitoring quality of service, improve and monitor outages and tampering. Other important attributes are to acquire data to support officials and consumers in accessing their consumption, data on the web and to provide data for better forecast and load scheduling via DMS. Establishment of link to Geographical Information System makes system more effective.

5.2 Communication Equipment: Energy Meters are connected to the AMR Control
Center by means of suitable communication equipment. AMR Control Center comprising servers, workstations, local area network components connecting all the equipment in the control/computer rooms, as well as all software functionality needed to achieve outcome of AMR implementation. This Powerful AMR System has the possibility to support interfacing to the SCADA/EMS/DMS, the transmission AMR System, the Energy Meters on transformers and consumers, Billing System and interfacing to Geographical Information System. System configuration of the proposed solution is given below which includes servers, printers, Modems etc

6. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
6.1 Installations of Energy Meters: Energy meters are being used for remote Metering
for all distribution transformers, either located on Poles or indoor substations and major industrial consumers to account consumption and energy losses in the Distribution Network. Advanced field programmable energy meters has been used for setting CT and VT ratios, unidirectional and bi-directional measurement, data logger and remote interrogation facility. The meters will be connected to the Metering circuit of the bay and the upload of the meter data will be on request of the AMR System located at the AMR control room. The meters can be used for Transformer and Feeder connection at all three voltage levels, namely on high, medium and low voltage. All meters will be synchronized with a GPS signal received from the GPS receiver. Smart meters contain features like various Tariffs, import and export, load profile memory and LCD Display.
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All energy meters are normally equipped with 2 ports (Either RS485 or RS232). Each meter is connected to communication equipment using a radio or GSM module, however wired network can also be established for communication but it will be more complicated to implement and more expensive solution. Wireless communication can also be implemented even on ad-hoc basis.

6.2 Communication
Wireless communication is undoubtedly proposed for establishing smart AMR system. The transport network concept is based upon GSM (WiMax or GPRS) [3] and/or Radio Frequency. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a Mobile Data Service available to users of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and IS-136 mobile phones. It provides data rates from 56 up to 114 kbps. GPRS can be used for services such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access, Short Message Service (SMS), Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and for Interned communication service such as email and World Wide Web access. WiMax is the acronym of Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access' is much faster telecommunication technology than GPRS, aimed at providing wireless data over long distances at data rates from 128kbps to 512 kbps in a variety of ways, from point-to-point links to full mobile cellular type access. It is based on IEEE 802.16 standard, which is also called Wireless MAN. WiMAX is standards based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL. The layout of complete AMR Smart grid system is given in Fig.3.

Fig. 1. Layout of complete AMR System The implementation of AMR system utilizes various mediums available for reliable end-toend connectivity between electricity consumers and head office of electric supply corporation. The solution is designed in following three phases. In Phase I, GSM/GPRS [3] based SIMs are used at all the consumer/PMT sites (meters). The connectivity is provided between meter and PDM sites though secure GSM network. In Phase II, a WiMAX[3] solution is proposed at all PDM sites, which will be connected to GSM operator HUB through WiMAX technology on IP (Public /

Private). The connectivity will range from 128 kbps to 512 Kbps depending on varying requirement.

In Phase III, GSM operator Hub will be connected to head office of electric supply corporation providing aggregated link to all the PDMs. This medium could be on Fiber or on high capacity Microwave Link depending on distance and availability. Radio frequency system operates at high frequency and solutions are normally used for many radio cabs, military and other services. The offered solution is based on a trunked radio system, which is highly flexible, dependable, and with proven reliability. In the case of AMR smart grid system, all the energy meters on PMTs and consumers would be installed with radio terminals which have to be registered to the relevant dedicated Trunking sites. The AMR Control room building would be installed with dedicated radios as well as direct connection to the trunking sites to retrieve the data from energy meters and PMTs.

6.3Control Center Solution Platform

The core technology of the control center comprises of Data Acquisition System software, Data Management software and software for Data Viewing over web. Data Acquisition System software is responsible for polling meters. Its interactive task configuration system provides ease of creating instantaneous, periodic, non-periodic tasks e.g. all the 11KV feeders are configured to be read once a day at 0000 hrs so a periodic task is easily created which will run indefinitely unless you delete it. Similarly for all 40 Energy interchange points a periodic task for 15 minutes interval has been configured. Basic data of all meter modems sub-station is created, edited and stored in Data Acquisition System software. Although data visualization is a specialty of Data Management software but standard visualization in the form of graph and table is available in Data Acquisition System software. An Alarm Management module within Data Acquisition System software triggers an alarm in case of power failure or tampering of meters. Alarms can further be configured for other functionalities depending upon meters. Data Acquisition System has a list of Meters with their energization status along with on/off button. Using this feature, this powerful software can easily switch on or off supply of any consumer. User Administration module of Data Acquisition System software defines users, their roles, rights to enable or restrict, sensitive technical configurations like communication lines and meters data handling. Energy data management software accepts raw data fetched by Data Acquisition System software for processing, calculations, visualizations etc. Consumer Change Management section of data management software contains master data of every meter point like Nature of Consumer (Industrial/feeder/extraction). Addition/Removal of consumers and their data is also possible using import. In addition to consumer management, Asset management functions can also be incorporated. Data like Active/Reactive demands, Phase Voltages and Currents, Line voltages and currents, Power factor, Harmonic distortions are collected by
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data management software from Meters in the form of 15 minutes values. Using these values it further calculates more times series. There are other multiple sources from where data management software collects consumer data. Data management software receives raw meter data from Communication Server. Moreover features like Time Series Calculation-Sum, Maxima, and Minima. Specialized calculation by creating formula for e.g. calculating Resistance by applying a formula on multiple time series are also part of data management software. It also deals with Visualizations of Meter data, Charts, Graphs, tables, applying tariffs, CT/VT ratio as multiplying, and data aggregation at different levels e.g. Area wise, Region wise, and Sum of all regions. More powerful features like data forwarding, establishment of Load Schedules and Load Forecasts, Energy Accounting, Distribution Losses monitoring using aggregated data by comparing supply, consumption data and generation of crystal reports are also incorporated in data management software. Data management software can be enhanced and integrated with GIS by retrieving background map data using public protocols. Software for Data Viewing over web is an interface for external users to access meter data such as consumers, billing/accounting officers, service teams, customer service centre via web-browser. It comes with user administration function and guarantees the required safety by log-in protection and recording. It provides data in 15 minutes values to be viewed in charts and graphs. Users have ease of selecting the time period for which the data is required. Software for Data Viewing over web can be integrated without any problem to any website of any electric supply corporation Units.

6.4 Control Center Equipment

The Automated Meter Reading System is implemented as a powerful system with several redundant servers to cover the functionality requirements. Redundant Communication server for meter data acquisition system, redundant Calculation server for making time series calculation, redundant Web Server for accessing data over web, redundant Database Server for Database handling. Redundant servers can be located in different locations in a distance of about 100 meters. Just in an emergency failure it will be possible to handle the required tasks of the AMR without problems. Moreover sufficient numbers of workstations are also required to be connected with servers. LAN equipment is also essential to have connectivity within the control center. This configuration setup in control centre provides Reliable and field-proven functionality of EMS/DMS application operation in both regulated as well as liberalized energy market environments. Well designed modularity and distribution with respect to software and hardware allows fast and low-risk expansions in case of advanced requirements in terms of functionality or sizing. Display of real-time data on full-graphic ultra high-resolution color displays presenting information in a clear and concise manner to increased operator efficiency and reduced errors by using the latest state of the art graphics. VPN connection can be setup for remote support to the operators in case of system malfunctioning.

Fig. 2. Remote maintenance link through VPN connection. AMR smart grid system provides the opportunity to control power electricity of the consumer as the information from energy meters. To provide such controlling features, control device are implemented with energy meters. Metering Management system monitors the data coming from energy meters for particular consumer. Particular load is assigned to the consumer and if load increases from assigned load then indication appears on operator console at control centre. Operator at control centre has a provision to switch off breaker with meter to cut electricity supply. This setup also supports to monitor mishandling or tempering with energy meters and provide an option to operator to act accordingly.

Fig. 3. Overview of AMR with the provision of controlling at meters

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7. SYSTEM PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

The online monitor is simulating real time communication between the Meter and Control Room. A dialing is initiated from control centre to the modems through GSM communication to poll data from the meters. Whenever dialing initiates, it starts with mobile (data service no.) and provides a connection indication on particular baud rate. For GSM communication 9600 baud rate has been selected depending upon characteristics of energy meter. After connect the control room modem asks remote modem for the meter data by sending particular defined number for that meter e.g. its serial no. The remote modem then searches for the meter on its RS485 / RS232 communication bus and meter respond with its manufacturing code and make. Upon getting this information, the control room asks for load profiles for the selected time frame as required by the operator. The meter than start sending the load profiles to control room. After polling one meter, the control room then asks the station modem to search for 2nd meter and send its load profile and so on. After polling data from all meters, the originated call terminated. As shown in Fig. 4, a call originated and communicated to meter for data polling. As soon as meter is initialized, 01 day data transfer starts from meter to control centre. One the completed data of one day received from one meter then other meter will be initialized and then start transfer of information. When data received from all meters then originated call for data will be terminated. This procedure is depending upon parameterization of activity defined for data polling.

Fig. 4. Data polling for 04 meters over time.

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The graphical representation is simulating Meter data acquired through Automated Meter Reading of a particular Grid Station, its Meter (a particular number must be defined for each meter e.g. 526718) and particular set of data (e.g. 1- 1:1.5.0) which corresponds to Active Power in KW. As shown in Fig 5, x- axis is time (e.g. 1 week) and y axis is Power in KW. This simulation is giving very useful information to operator, like Peak load, Load shedding or a fault condition in the network.

Fig. 5. Load profile with respect to codes. In addition to meter acquired data, other simulation is giving 24 hours load profile, meter data in chart with respect to time as shown in Fig. 6. Data is fetched from meter in terms of 15 minutes load profile. This graphical representation is giving fault, power outage, Peaks, Daily Maximum, minimum, sum and average of day. As a result operator will be able to perform load management by using controlling features.

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Fig. 6. One day load profile. This is also possible to simulate real time load for different power incomings for comparison of load situation. As shown in Fig.7. graph is simulating real time load of all 3 power inlet points of station. Data from 3 meters is displayed in one graph in 3 different colors for identification of 03 different values. X axis representing time in days where as y axis is representing active power in MW. Missing data is also visible by discontinuation of graph which tells the operator, that the data is needed to be fetched from meters. This could also be possible to simulate different graphs for the values in months to monitor power consumption of any station.

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Fig. 7. Load profile with respect to codes.

8. CONCLUSION
Leveraging Automatic Reading System is a logical and cost effective strategy to allow realization of the Smart Grid. Automatic meter reading smart grid system provides the features of efficient and smart system with multiple controlling and monitoring features. Wireless communication links makes system quick installation and to synchronize system with new generation. Only single Metering Management System can generate an All in one report detailing correct Generation, transmission and distribution data and subsequent loss of energy at all level and works faster and reliable without recurring integration problems. Since all the meters, from generating station to consumer level are time synchronized with single time clock, hence there is no chance of errors in the data during comparison and losses calculation. Integration with high scale SCADA system enhances the functionality by using different distribution applications. Integration with GIS takes AMR system towards smart grid system in which beside monitoring, control over all metering locations spread over the geographical network is possible for quick identification and rectification of faults.

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9. REFERENCES
[1] David G. Hart, Using AMI to Realize the Smart Grid IEEE, 2008,pp.18-24 [2] IEC International Standard Guide for Electricity metering Data exchange for meter reading, tariff and load control, IEC Standard 62056- 21, 2002. [3] Coalton Bennett, Darren Highfill,Networking AMI Smart Meters in IEEE Energy 2030 Atlanta, Georgia, USA 17-18 November 2008 [4] Roberts, A.Berry, T.Wilson, W.D., I.E. A modern distribution management system for regional electricity companies, in Proc. 2001, 16th International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution. pp. 12-18, vol.3

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