Anti-ferromagnetism

Eexch r r = 2 JS1 S 2
Exchange integral is ve. Magnetic order of an anti anti-ferromagnetic ferromagnetic material. Example: Mn, Cr etc. and compounds of 3d, and 4d transition metals.

MnF 2 ( Mn 2 + F2 )

Anti-ferromagnetism g destroys y after a certain temperature p known as Neel temperature TN. is termed as Curie temperature and C is Curie constant. constant

C = T +

The molar susceptibility of MnF2 as a f function ti of f temperature t t .

Molecular field theory of anti-ferromagnetic material

Consider a crystal and let us picture this crystal as consisting of two interpenetrating sub lattices A and B. If H is the external field then,

H H

= H M = H M

and

Total magnetization of the lattice, M = MA + MB 1 T > TN Both sub-lattices 1. sub lattices would have randomized dipole above TN. Thus,
M = M
A

+M

N 0 g 2 B = KT

N 0 g 2 B + KT

N 0 g 2 B N 0 g 2 B M = MA + MB = HA + HB KT KT
2 2

N0 g 2 B M = (H A + H B ) KT
2

N0 g 2 B M = (H M B + H M A) KT
2

N 0 g 2 B [ 2 H ( M A + M B )] M = KT
2

N 0 g 2 B M = [ 2 H M ] KT
2

2C (T + )

N 0 g 2 B C = K

Curie constant

= C

Curie Temperature

The Neel temperature is the temperature for which MA and MB have finite te values a ues e even e in abse absence ce o of magnetic ag et c field edt therefore, e e o e, sett setting gH= 0 and T = TN we have, with the help of equations
N0 g 2 B MA = (H M B ) KT
2

N0 g 2 B = M B KT
2

C M A = M B T

MA + MB +

C M B = 0 T C M A = 0 T

Similarly,
C =1 TN

At TN

TN = C

2. T < TN Magnetic M ti susceptibility tibilit in i this thi case depends d d on the th di direction ti of f externally applied magnetic field. Let us consider two cases of special interest: Case I: External magnetic field is perpendicular to the spin axis.
H

MA MB

H
MB

MB

MA

MA

M B sin 2 M B 2
Due to this magnetization, effective field in the perpendicular direction would be

2 M B

In equilibrium

H 2 M B = 0 H = 2 M B

Magnetization in the field direction is given as

M = M A sin i + M B sin i = 2 M B
Thus

M 1 = = H

This equation shows that below TN, is independent of temperature. Case II: External magnetic field is parallel to the spin axis. At 0K No magnetization (M = 0) 0), because internal field at T = 0 is so strong that it prevents the spin of one sub-lattice from turning over into the directions of spins of other sub-lattice.

H
MA

MB

However as temperature rises || increases from 0 (at 0K) to ||(TN).

J= 5 2

J= 1 2

T = 1 .0 TN

J=

3 2

T TN

If specimen is polycrystalline consisting of numerous crystallites crystallites, at temperature close to 0K, average susceptibility is given as
pc =
2 1 2 2 ( 0 ) + ( 0 ) = ( 0 ) = (T N ) 3 3 3 3

(2.8) ( )

Since,

(0) = 0
pc =
2 1 2 1 (T N ) + (T N ) = (T N ) + (T N ) 3 3 3 3

At T = TN,

 pc =

2 1 2 1 (TN ) + (TN ) = (TN ) + (TN ) 3 3 3 3

Since (from the figure) at T = TN, = ||. Further, since = 1/ therefore,

pc =
1

Thus in a polycrystalline specimen susceptibility should increase from 2/ to 1/. Thus

pc 2 = (TN ) 3