Physics > Chapter: Atoms > Alpha particle scattering

Chapter: Atoms

Alpha particle scattering

Question 1 How is the impact parameter b defined in scattering? Ans. The impact parameter b is defined as the perpendicular distance between the path of a projectile and the center of the field U(r) created by an object that the projectile is approaching.

Question 2 In Rutherford's experiment, a thin gold foil was bombarded with alpha particles. According to Thomson's "plum-pudding" model of the atom, what should have happened? Ans. In Rutherford's experiment, a thin gold foil was bombarded with alpha particles. According to Thomson's "plumpudding" model of the atom, alpha particles should have passed through the foil with little or no deflection.

Question 3 What would change in the gold foil experiment if it was beta not alpha particles ? Would the negatively charged particles be attracted to the positive nucleus? Ans. The big difference really wouldn't be the charge. The scattering of a negative particle really doesn't look that much different from the scattering of a positive particle. The big difference would be the mass. Alpha particles are much, much bigger and hence tend to carry much, much more energy than electrons. So while the alpha particle shrugs off the electrons in the gold foil, the electron is more likely to get scattered by them. The experiment wouldn't be nearly as clean.

Question 4 Define distance of closest approach? Ans.

It is the distance from nucleus at which an energetic -particles approaching directly towards the 0 nucleus, retraces its pass through 180 . At distance of closest approach speed of -particles is zero.

Question 5 What is the main conclusion of Ans.

-particles scattering experiments?

From large angle scattering of -particles we conclude that almost whole mass and whole positive charge of the atom is concentrated in a tiny space, called nucleus, at the centre at atom.

Question 6 What is the main feature of Rutherford's atom model? Ans.

Rutherford's atom is an electrically neutral sphere consisting of a very small, massive and positively charged nucleus at the centre surrounded by revolving electrons in their respective orbits. The electrostatic force provides the requisite centripetal force.

Question 7 As per Rutherford's atom model, what is the total energy of an electron revolving in a circular orbit of radius r? Ans.

Question 8

What are the drawbacks of Rutherford's atom model? Ans. 1.

2.

The main drawbacks are given below : An electron revolving in circular orbit is an example of accelerated motion. As per classical physics, a particle in accelerated motion must radiate energy. Consequently energy of electron is goes on decreasing and ultimately falls into nucleus. Thus Rutherford's is not stable. According to it we should obtain radiation of all possible wavelengths whereas in actual practice atomic spectrum is line spectrum.

Question 9 Explain how Rutherfords exp on scattering of Ans.

particles led to the estimation of the size of the nucleus.

By experimental study of large angle scattering of high energy particles, value of distance of closest approach r0 was estimated. Obviously the size of nucleus is either less or at the most equal to r 0. By knowing the value of distance of closest approach we can estimate the size of the nucleus. The estimated -4 size come out to be 10 times of the size of the atom.

Question 10 What was the aim of Rutherford's alpha particles scattering experiments? Who performed the experiment? What was the main outcome of the experiments? Ans.

Main aim of Rutherford's experiments was to investigate the atomic structure. The explanation of the results of alpha-particle scattering experiment led to the birth of Rutherford's planetary model of atom, according to which the entire positive charge and most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in a small volume called the nucleus with electrons revolving around the nucleus.
Physics > Chapter: Atoms > Bohr model of atom

Chapter: Atoms

Bohr model of atom

Question 1

Rutherford atom model is based on the classical concept that electrons are revolving around a central positive nucleus. (a) Mention the drawback of Rutherford atom model and how it is rectified in Bohr's atom model? (b) From Bohr's theory obtain the de Broglie wavelength of an electron orbiting around the nucleus. (c) Give the statement of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and express it mathematically.
Ans.

(a) (i) It does not obey the Maxwell's theory of electrodynamics, according to it "A small charged particle moving around an oppositely charged centre continously loses its energy". If an electron does so, it should continuously lose its energy and should set up spiral motion ultimately failing into the nucleus. (ii) It could not explain the discrete spectra exhibited by atoms. Bohr rectified Rutherford atom model by suggesting that electrons are allowed to revolve only in certain privileged orbits, which are stationary orbits i.e., energy of revolving electrons in such orbits shall remain stationary, involving no loss.

(b)

(c) It is not possible to measure simultaneously the position and momentum of a microscopic particle with absolute accuracy. There is a minimum for the product of the uncertainties of these two measurements. There is likewise a minimum for the product of the uncertainties of the energy and time.

Question 2

(a) Using Bohr's postulates, obtain the expression for total energy of the electron in the nth orbit of hydrogen atom. (b) What is the significance of negative sign in the expression for the energy? (c) Draw the energy level diagram showing how the line spectra corresponding to Paschen series occur due to transition between energy levels.
Ans.

(i) For finding Kinetic energy of electrons:

(b) the negative binding energy corresponds to the fact :stability.

(c )

Question 3

The energy levels of a hypothetical atom are shows below. Which of the shown transitions will result in the emission of a photon of wavelength 275 nm? Which of these transitions correspond to emission of radiation of (i) maximum and (ii) minimum wavelength?

Ans.

Wavelength associated : For A: Energy change: E1-E2 = 0 (-2) = 2 eV So wavelength of the radiation emitted is:

(wavelength emitted is 256 nm, i.e, radiation B)

Maximum wavelength : emission A Minimum wavelength: emission D

Question 4

What is the ratio of radii of the orbits corresponding to first excited state and g round state in ahydrogen atom?
Ans.

Radius of the nth orbit is given as

For the ground state, n=1 For excited state, n=2 So the ratio between radii of the first orbital and the ground state radii is 4.

Question 5 What are the three basic postulates of Bohr's model of hydrogen atom? Derive an expression for the total energy of electron in Bohr's stationary orbit. Ans.

Question 6

Ans.

Question 7 What is the frequency of radiation emitted when a hygrogen atom de-excites from level x to level (x-1)? For large x, show that this frequency equals the classical frequency of revolution of the electron in the orbit. Ans.

Question 8 th Derive the expression for the radius of the n orbit of hydrogen atom using Bohr's postulates. Show graphically the (nature of) variation of the radius of orbit with the principal quantum number, n. Ans.

Question 9 Write the empirical relation for Paschen series lines of hydrogen atom? Ans.

Question 10 o o The wavelengths of some of the spectral lines obtained in hydrogen spectrum are 9546A , 6463A and o 1216A . Which one of these wavelengths belongs to Lyman series? Ans. o 1216A belong to Lyman series. Physics > Chapter: Atoms > Bohr model of atom

Chapter: Atoms

Bohr model of atom

Question 11 Calculate the kinetic energy and potential energy of an electron in the first orbit of hydrogen -19 -10 atom. Given e = 1.6 x 10 C and r = 0.53 x 10 m. Ans.

Question 12 o The wavelength of the first member of Balmer series in the hydrogen spectrum is 6563A . Calculate the wavelength of the first member of lyman series in the same spectrum. Ans.

Question 13 State the limitations of Bohr's atomic model? Ans. (1) It does not give any indication regarding the arrangement and distribution of electrons in on atom. (2) It could not account for the wave nature of electrons.

Question 14 Define Bohr's radius? Ans. -11 o The radius of the first orbit of hydrogen atom is called Bohr's radius. It is equal to 5.29 x 10 m = 0.53A

Question 15 What is Bohr's quantization condition for the angular momentum of an electron in the second orbit? Ans.