MOBILE COMMUNICATION ETR 732

Compiled by Prof. L.P. LINDE 2010 University of Pretoria

STUDY GUIDE FOR

1. Lecturers and Secretary

Course Coordinator: Office: Mail address: Prof L.P. Linde 15-25 Eng. Tower Main Campus University of Pretoria Dept. of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering University of Pretoria Pretoria 0002 +27 12 420-2168 +27 12 362 5000 Louis.linde@up.ac.za By appointment Prof L.P. Linde 15-25 Eng. Tower Main Campus University of Pretoria Dept. of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering University of Pretoria Pretoria 0002 +27 12 420-2168 +27 12 362 5000 louis.linde@up.ac.za By appointment

Telephone: Fax number: E-mail address: Consulting hours: Lecturer #1: Office: Mail address:

Telephone: Fax number: E-mail address: Consulting hours:

Secretary: Office: Mail address:

Telephone: Fax number: E-mail address:

Me M. Ferreira 15-06 Eng. Tower Main Campus University of Pretoria Dept. of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering University of Pretoria Pretoria 0002 +27 12 420-3736 +27 12 362 5000 mari.ferreira@up.ac.za

2. References
2.1 Prescribed text [1] [2] Theodore S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications - Principles and Practice, Second Edition, Prentice-Hall, 2002 (ISBN: 0-13-042232-0) J.G. Proakis, Digital Communications, Fourth Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001. ISBN: 0-07-232111-3.

2.2 Recommended text [3] [4] K. Feher, Wireless Digital Communications - Modulation and Spread Spectrum Applications, 1st Edition, Prentice-Hall, 1995. ISBN: 0-13-098617-8. Raymond Steele and Lajos Hanzo, Mobile Radio Communications Second and Third Generation Cellular and WATM systems, second edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1999. ISBN: 0 471 97806 X. David Parsons, The Mobile Radio Propagation Channel, Pentech Press 1992. ISBN 0-7273-1316-9. W.C.Y. Lee, Mobile Communications Engineering, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1998. ISBN 0-07-115766-2 Vijay K. Garg, Joseph E. Wilkes, Principles & Applications of GSM, Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall PTR, 1999. ISBN-0-13-949124-4 Course and Internet Notes IEEE Magazines

[5] [6] [7] [8] 2.3

Reference will occasionally be made to papers from the following IEEE magazines: IEEE Transactions on Communications (COM) IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications IEEE Wireless, Communications and Personal Communications Magazines IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology (VT) IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (JSAC)
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3. Course Objectives and Study Themes

The objective of this course is to ensure that the student has a fundamental understanding of the workings of a mobile communication system. After the completion of the course the students should be able to make sound and informed design decisions when confronted with the problem of developing or implementing a mobile communication system. The need for a formal course in mobile cellular radio techniques was motivated by the spectacular growth and rapid expansion of mobile cellular services worldwide. The decision to adopt the GSM system in South Africa in 1993 led to one of the fastest roll-outs ever experienced. The revolutionary growth in new market developments spawned an ever-increasing number of new applications demanding additional capacity and new (RF) radio frequency band allocations to accommodate new services such as, apart from wireless cellular, wireless local area networks (WLAN), personal communication systems (PCS), personal communication networks (PCN), land mobile and mobile satellite radio systems. The purpose of this course is to introduce students to concepts that are at the core of the design, implementation, research and invention of wireless mobile communication systems in an order that is conducive to understanding general concepts, as well as to those specific to particular cellular and personal communication systems and standards. The study material is intended for students and practicing engineers who is already familiar with theoretical concepts such as probability, communication theory and basic electromagnetics. The course also touches on and combines material from many other research and technical disciplines, including Advanced Signal Processing, Adaptive Systems, Control Theory, Electronic and RF Design and Digital Signal Processing (DSP) theory and implementation (logic circuit design and microprocessors). Apart from cellular design concepts, principles and procedures (such as mobile radio propagation and radio link analysis, frequency reuse, channel assignment and handoff strategies, CCI, ACI, power control, trunking, grade of service, cell sectorising and system capacity optimisation), special attention will be given to aspects relating to the physical air interfaces of the various different radio standards. Topics covered are digital modulation methods and standards, synchronisation aspects and techniques and interference mitigation methods such as adaptive equalisation and multi-user interference (MUI) cancellation. Mobile Communications ETR732 follows on and is an extension of the first-semester course, Digital Communications ETD732, which serves as an introductory course to Digital Communications and Statistical Communication Theory. The Digital Communications course basically covered the first five chapters, as well as Chapters 7 and 8 in the prescribed book ([2] in paragraph 3.1), while Chapter 6 was only partially covered. Mobile Communications ETR732 will be primarily based on the contents of reference [1] (prescribed book), backed up by the material from [2] as indicated. Specifically, the contents of chapters 1 to 11 will be covered from reference [1], together with the corresponding material from reference [2], i.e., Chapters 15,4,9,10,11 and 12, whereas special attention will be given to synchronisation techniques in [2] Chapter 6. With respect to multiple access techniques, the focus will be on Spread Spectrum Multiple Access (SS/MA) methods, as opposed to FDMA and TDMA systems (see [2] Chapter 13). Many associated aspects, e.g., channel coding, synchronisation and equalisation, covered in Digital Communications ETD732 in the first semester and Mobile Communication ETR732 in the second semester, are extended with specialist courses in the second semester, such as Error Control and Coding ETK732 and Adaptive Communication Systems ETA732.

Figure 1 depicts a generic block diagram representation of a digital communication system, such as would also be found in a digital communication mobile radio environment. Virtually all the subsystems and components shown will be covered in this course, with the emphasis on the detrimental effects of mobile radio propagation and the measures employed to counteract it.

Figure 1

Schematic representation of a digital communication system

3. Course objectives and study themes

The objective of this course is to ensure that the student has a fundamental understanding of the workings of a mobile communication system. After the completion of the course the students should be able to make sound and informed design decisions when confronted with the problem of developing or implementing a mobile communication system.

3.1

Theme 1: Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems

The ability to communicate with people on the move has evolved remarkably since Guglielmo Marconi first demonstrated radios ability to provide continuous contact with ships sailing the English channel. That was in 1897, and since then enormous developments have taken place in mobile cellular wireless communications. It is the purpose of this study theme to give a broad overview of mobile wireless communications, as well as to highlight some of the primary building blocks and design parameters of these systems, which, although it may be viewed as a mobile and flexible extension of the fixed communication network, may operate as a true entity on its own. The following concepts will be covered in this study theme: Nyquist criteria Shannon criteria Spectral efficiency The terms TDMA, FDMA, CDMA, FDD, TDD, ALOHA, CSMA, circuit switched and packet switched. dB, dBm, dBW, dBV, dBV/m Modulation Techniques The OSI model The audio spectrum The history and status of radio communications technologies The regulatory environment that effects mobile communication in South Africa

References: [1] Chapters 1&2&6&9&10, [2] Chapters 1,2,3&4, [7] Chapters 1,2&3 This theme will be self-study to be completed before the first contact session. Complete Assignment 1 and hand in on the specified date, to be evaluated before Block 1.

3.2

Theme 2: Cellular Planning

Introduction to Traffic Analysis Erlang B Erlang C Trunking efficiency Frequency Re-use patterns Handoff Strategies Interference in Cellular Systems Generating a Cell and Frequency plan Increasing capacity Sectorisation Underlay / Overlay Micro-cells Picocells Automatic Cell Planning

References: [1] Chapters 3,9 and Appendix A, [7] Chapters 4&14, [2], [8] This theme must also be covered through self-study for discussion during Block 1. Complete Assignment 2, and hand in on the specified date, to be evaluated before Block 1.

3.3
3.1

Theme 3: The radio propagation channel (Large Scale Path Loss)

Overview of EM spectrum and effects that need to be considered at different frequencies. 3.2 Free space model 3.3 Reflection 3.3.1 Flat earth model 3.4 Refraction and the k-Factor 3.5 Diffraction 3.5.1 Fresnel zones 3.5.2 Rounded Hill effects 3.5.3 Multiple edge diffraction calculation methods: 3.5.3.1 Deygout 3.5.3.2 Bullington 3.5.3.3 Epstein Petersen 3.6 Radio Propagation models / algorithms / methods 3.7 Topographic effects 3.8 Diversity 3.9 Link budget and link balance References: [1] Chapters 4 & 5 and Appendix B, [5] and [7] Chapter 13 Complete Assignment 3 and hand in on the specified date, as well as Special Assignment 1, to be handed in during Block 1.
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3.4
4.1 4.2

Theme 4: Mobile Radio Propagation: Small Scale Fading and Multipath

Doppler effect Doppler Spread and Coherence Time Flat Fading Frequency-selective fading Multi-path and Fading and Fading probability distributions 4.1.1 4.2.1 4.2.2

4.3 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.5

Impulse response model of a multi-path channel Dispersion Absorption Noise Statistical Models for Multi-path Fading Channels Theory of Multi-path Shape Factors for Small-Scale Fading Wireless Channels

References: [1] Chapter 5 and [2] Chapter 14

Complete Assignment 3 and hand in on the specified date, as well as Special Assignment 1, to be handed in during Block 1 (day two).

3.5

Theme 5: Modulation Techniques for Mobile Radio

Modulation is the process of encoding information from a message source in a manner suitable for transmission. It generally involves translating a baseband signal (called the source) to a bandpass signal at frequencies that are very high compared to the baseband frequency. The bandpass signal is called the modulated signal and the baseband message signal is called the modulating signal. Modulation forms one of the most important subsystems of a mobile wireless communication system, since it is this building block that determines the data throughput and spectral efficiency, and is thus a major contributor of system capacity. Several conventional and modern modulation techniques will be discussed and analysed in this section. 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 Analog modulation techniques (revision). Digital Modulation ann Overview. Line Coding Pulse Shaping Techniques Geometric representation of modulation signals Linear Modulation techniques Constant-Envelope Modulation Combined linear and constant-envelope modulation techniques Spread Spectrum Modulation Techniques Modulation performance analysis: On AWGN, Fading and Multi-path Channels, respectively.

References: [1] Chapter 6, [2] Chapters 4 and 5

Complete Assignment 4 and hand in on the prescribed date, to be evaluated before Block 2.

3.6

Theme 6: Carrier and Symbol Synchronization

This study theme concentrates on optimum synchronisation principles and techniques. It is known that the output of the demodulator in a digital communication system must be periodically sampled, once per symbol interval, in order to recover the transmitted information. Since the propagation delay from the transmitter to the receiver is generally unknown at the receiver, symbol timing must be derived from the received signal in order to synchronously sample the output of the demodulator. The propagation delay in the transmitted signal also results in a carrier offset, which must be estimated at the receiver to ensure phase-coherent demodulation. This study theme we consider methods for deriving carrier and symbol synchronisation at the receiver. The following concepts are covered in this Study Theme: Signal Parameter Estimation Carrier Phase Estimation Symbol Timing Estimation

References: [1] Chapter 6 and [2] Chapter 6 plus course notes on the PLL. Please complete Assignment 4 and hand in on the specified date (before Block 2).

3.7

Theme 7: Equalization and Diversity

The study of narrowband transmission is extended to the case where the channel response characteristic C(f) is not known a-priori. An example of this case is the mobile radio channel, where the channel is highly time varying a new channel is continuously being established between the sender and the receiver. For such channels, it is not possible to design optimum fixed demodulation filters. In stead, an adaptive mechanism (filter) is required at the receiver as a means for compensating or reducing the ISI in the received signal. This particular device is called an equaliser. Several types of equalisation methods are treated in this Study Theme. Secondly, another technique to combat for fading channel conditions is introduced, namely diversity. Diversity is a means to combine several, possibly correlated, replicas of the same signal, to form a signal that is less affected by fading phenomenon. By reducing the detrimental effects of fading, the system performance is dramatically improved. Fixed versus adaptive equalisers Typical equaliser configurations Diversity schemes

References: [1] Chapter 7 and [2] Chapters 10,11 and 14. Complete Assignment 5 and hand in on the specified date, to be evaluated before Block 2.

3.8

Theme 8: Channel Capacity and (Error Control) Coding for Fading Channels

In this section, specific codes designed for mobile communications are described and analysed in detail. Their performance are revised for the AWGN channel, and then extended and modified to be useful for fading channels On conclusion of this study theme student should have a thorough knowledge and insight in block and convolutional codes as applied to fading channels, as well as the necessary algebraic and mathematical skills to analyse, design and simulate any of the said codes for AWGN and fading applications. The following concepts and coding principles are covered in Study Theme 8: An introduction to linear algebra and finite field theory (Revision) Linear Block Codes: Generator and Parity Check Matrix derivation and design, performance evaluation in AWGN channels (Revision). Convolutional Codes: Transfer function, The Viterbi algorithm, Code distance properties, Concatenated coding techniques, Performance evaluation (Revision) Coding for the Fading Channel.

References: [1] Chapter 7, [2] Chapters 8 and 14. Please complete Assignment 5 and hand in on the specified date.

3.9

Theme 9: Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communications

Multiple Access Schemes are used to allow many mobile users to simultaneously share a finite amount of radio spectrum. This sharing of spectrum is required to achieve high capacity by simultaneously allocating the available bandwidth (or the available number of channels) to multiple users. For high quality communications, this must be done without severe degradation in the performance of the system. Several Multiple Access (MA) schemes will be described and analyses in this section. Typical applications of these techniques in existing cellular systems and standards will be highlighted and analysed.

References: [1] Chapter 9 & 10 and [2] Chapter 15. Please complete Assignment 6 and hand in on the prescribed date, to be evaluated before Block 2.

4.
4.1

Assessment
Grading policy

The final mark for ETR732 will consist of a semester mark (50%) and an examination mark (50%). The semester mark is based on evaluation during the semester, and the examination mark is based on a substantial final exam assignment. The semester mark and final mark are made up as follows: Before Block 1: Assignment 1 Assignment 2 Assignment 3 During Block 1: Special Assignment 11 Semester Test 1 After Block 1: Assignment 4 Assignment 5 Assignment 6 During Block 2: Special Assignment 21 Semester Test 2 Examination assignment TOTAL: % of semester mark 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 100% % of final mark 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 50% 100%

NOTE:

The special assignments are considered to be part of the semester tests for this

module. The total weight for semester tests are therefore equal to (10+10+10+10)=40%

The Special Assignments 1 & 2 are considered to be part of the Semester Tests 1 & 2 10

4.2

Class attendance

Class attendance during mini-block weeks is mandatory. 4.3 Semester tests

An open-book semester test of two hours will be written during each mini-block. 4.4 Examination refusal

Students with semester marks below 40% will not be allowed to attempt the final examination assignment. 4.5 Final examination

A take-away examination assignment will be handed out during Block 2 (5 October 2004) to be completed within three to four weeks. The final hand-in date/time will be strictly Monday 8 November 2004 before 14:00. 4.6 Ethics

Students are encouraged to discuss course work with each other, especially during mini-block weeks. However, each student should hand in his/her own work for assignments. Plagiarism, including copying the work of another student and copying from the Internet, is absolutely unacceptable. Dishonesty such as plagiarism during tests and the final exam can be punished by expulsion from the University. In addition, please note the following (provided by the Universitys Legal Services Department): Under the definitions of misconduct a student is guilty of misconduct if he/she is guilty of any conduct that infringes copyright or any other form of the law of immaterial property and such conduct proves to be detrimental to the University. The inclusion of the work of other authors (literacy works) in dissertations and theses has re to be done in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act, 98 of 1978. This Act states that the copyright in a literary work (also if made available electronically) shall not be infringed by a short quotation there from, provided that the source shall be mentioned as well as the name of the author. Non-compliance with these provisions will therefore not only be a contravention of the Rules of the University, but also a crime in terms of the South African Law.
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4.7

Course Outline
DAY 1:

BLOCK 1C

Thurs 4 March 2010 LECTURERS: Prof LP Linde Period Time Subject Reference(s) 1 08:30 09:30 Block overview Study Guide Introduction to Modern Wireless Communication [1] Ch 1 Systems [1] Ch2 Discuss Assignment 1 2 09:30 10:00 Introduction to Mobile Cellular [1] Ch 3 Tea 1000 10:30 2 10:30 11:30 The Cellular Concept: System Design Fundamentals [1] Ch 3 Discuss Assignment 2 Break 11:30 11:45 3 11:45 12:30 Introduction to radio wave propagation: Additional Mobile Radio Propagation: material Large Scale Path Loss [1] Ch 4 Lunch 12:30 13:30 4 13:30 14:30 Large Scale Path Loss (Continued) [1] Ch 4 Discuss Assignment 3 Coffee 14:30 14:45 5 14:45 15:45 Introduction to Mobile Radio Propagation: [1] Ch 5 Small Scale Path Loss Discuss Assignment 3 6 15:45 16:30 Conclusion: Problems for BLOCK 1 DAY 2 Assignments
[1] Ch 3

Assignments for BLOCK 2 BLOCK 1C DAY 2: Subject Discuss problems: DAY 1 Introduction to Digital Modulation for Mobile Radio Modulation techniques for Mobile Radio: Discuss Assignment 4 Digital Modulation (Continued) Discuss Assignment 4 Introduction to: Equalisation and Diversity Hand in Special Assignment 1 EVALUATION TEST: BLOCK 1 (90 minutes) Conclusion: Assignments for BLOCK 2
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[1] Ch 6 (Self study)

LECTURER: Prof LP Linde Period Time 1 08:30 10:00 Tea 2 Break 3 Lunch 4 Coffee 5 6 10:00 10:15 10:15 11:30 11:30 11:45 11:45 12:30 12:30 13:30 13:30 14:30 14:30 14:45 14:45 15:45 15:45 16:30

Friday 5 March 2010 Reference(s) Study Guide Notes [1] Ch 6 [1] Ch 6 [1] Ch 7 See Study Guide [1] Ch's 1 to 6 [1] Ch's 7,9,10&11 See Study Guide

BLOCK 2C

DAY 1:

LECTURER: Prof. L.P. Linde Period Time Subject 1 08:30 10:00 Conclusion: Digital Modulation Conclude problems: BLOCK 1 Tea 2 Break 3 10:00 10:15 10:15 11:30 11:30 11:45 11:45 12:30 Equalization and Diversity (Continued) Discuss Assignment 5 Introduction to Synchronisation Techniques Synchronisation Examples Discuss Assignment 5 Introduction to channel coding: Introduction to linear algebra and elementary (finite) field theory Block Coding Convolutional Coding Tutorial session Video: Reed-Solomon Coding (Blahut) Summary/conclusion: BLOCK 2 day 1 Assignments for BLOCK 2 Day 2

Thursday 22 April 2010 Reference(s) [1] Ch 6 Study Guide [1] Ch 7 [1] Ch 6 [2] Ch 6 [1] Ch 7 & [2] Ch 8 [1] Ch 7 & [2] Ch 8 Course notes

Lunch 4

12:30 13:30 13:30 14:30

Coffee 5 6

14:30 14:45 14:45 16:00 16:00 16:30

[1] Ch 7 & [2] Ch 8

BLOCK 2C

DAY 2:

LECTURER: Prof L.P. Linde / Mr J.H. van Wyk Period Time Subject 1 08:30 10:00 Overview, revision, discuss problems Hand in Special Assignment 2 Tea 10:00 10:15 2 10:15 11:30 Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communications Break 11:30 11:45 3 11:45 12:30 Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communications (Continued) Lunch 4 Coffee 5 6 12:30 13:30 13:30 14:30 14:30 14:45 14:45 15:45 16:00 16:30 Discuss Assignment 6

Friday 23 April 2010 Reference(s) [1] Ch 7 & [2] Ch 6 Study Guide [1] Chapter 9 [1] Chapter 9 See Study Guide [1] Ch 10,11 [1] Chs 7, 9, 10, 11 [2] Ch 6 To be handed in on 7 June before 14:00

GSM&GPRS System Overview

Introduction to Wireless Networking Discuss Assignment 6 EVALUATION TEST: BLOCK 2 (90 minutes) HAND OUT EXAM ASSIGNMENTS END OF FORMAL COURSE
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5. Assignments
Please note that this course will be largely a self-study effort, since it would be impossible to cover all the material during the scheduled contact periods (42 hours total). During the two block presentations the focus will mainly be on the highlights of mobile communications. The rest of the time will be devoted to discussions of special topics, tasks/assignments and the demonstration of simulated mobile digital communication subsystems and related concepts. Six short assignments as well as two Special Assignments are due for this course. Note that the latter will count towards the semester mark and will be marked as part of the two Semester Tests. Students are urged to study the preparatory material indicated in the course outline prior to attending a particular block, in order to gain maximum benefit from the limited contact hours. It will be expected of students to study most of the prescribed and additional material from the references cited themselves (including extra course notes, publications and parts from recommended text books) in order to gain the broadest background possible on the various topics covered by the course. Please note that the thorough and timely completion and submission of assignments issued during the progress of the course will contribute to a good semester mark, in accordance with the marking philosophy outlined in Paragraph 4. Late submission of assignments will be penalised. No marks will be given for an assignment when the problems associated with that particular assignment have already been discussed in class. In order to get this course on the road, a number of assignments have been attached to help students to become involved with some of the concepts and problems related to (mobile) digital communications which were covered in related undergraduate courses (e.g., Stochastic Communications ESC320 , as well as postgraduate courses, such as Digital Communications ETD732. Some of the problems cover the introductory parts and material to this course (e.g., radio propagation fundamentals, existing cellular systems and standards, etc). Please complete and submit these assignments on the dates indicated (also see course outline). This will ensure that the lecturers will be able to evaluate and mark them prior to the commencement of the individual blocks, during which the problems will be fully reviewed and discussed. During or directly after BLOCK 2 special exam assignments will be issued to students individually. These assignments must be handed in on 8 November 2004 (before 14h00). The exam assignment will therefore take the form of a take-away homework problem, to be completed within approximately three weeks from the time of submission. The exam marking scheme will be as outlined in paragraph 4. The final mark for ETR 732 will be the average of the semester mark (out of [100]) and the exam mark (out of [100]).

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA

MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS ETR732

ASSIGNMENT 1
Hand in on Monday 8 Feb 2010 before 14h00 FULL MARKS: [50] ___________________________________________________________________________________ Study Chapters 1 and 2 in references [1] and then do the following problems: From reference [1]: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 7. 8. Problem 1.9 Problem 1.15 Using the Internet and any literature (e.g. news papers and Engineering News) identify the regulatory bodies and laws that impact on the (wireless) communication industry in South Africa. Explain the history, mandate and role of: ICASA, DoC, ETSI, ITU, ICNIRP, FCC, IEEE. List/Tabulate the present allocated frequency bands and associated services in South Africa. Problem 1.17 Problem 1.20 Problem 2.3 and 2.4 Problem 2.10 & 2.11

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA

MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS ETR732

ASSIGNMENT 2
CELLULAR DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Hand in on Monday 15 Feb 2010 before 14h00 FULL MARKS: [50]

____________________________________________________________________________ Study [1] (second edition) Chapter 3 and then do the following problems: (Problems from [1], previous edition, in brackets): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Problem # 3.1 Problem # 3.2 Problem # 3.3 Problem # 3.6 Problem # 3.16 and 3.17 Problem # 3.18 Problem # 3.22 & 3.23 (2.8 + 2.9) (2.10) (2.14 & 2.15) (2.1) ( - ), new problem ( - ), new problem

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA

MOBILE COMMUNICATION ETR732

ASSIGNMENT 3
RADIO PROPAGATION FUNDAMENTALS
Hand in on Monday 22 Feb 2010 before 14h00 FULL MARKS: [50] ___________________________________________________________________________________ Do the following problems from Rappaport [1] (second edition) Chapter 4 (Problems from old book in brackets): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. # 4.10 # 4.12, 4.13 & 4.24 # 4.19 # 4.20 # 4.27 # 4.34 (3.6, 3.7 & 3.14) (3.10) (3.11) (3.16) (3.21)

7. As u die Lee Model ([6] bll 147-159) hieronder sou gebruik om die plat-aarde-model en die vryeruimte-model voor te stel - wat sou die koffisinte van die terme wees? What would the coefficients of the terms in the Lee Model below ([6] bll 147-159) be if you where to represent the plane earth and free space models with it.

Ploss = PR1 + 10log(d / d1) + n10 log( f / f0) - 0

Do the following problems from Rappaport [1] (second edition) Chapter 5: 8. 9. 10. # 5.4 # 5.11, 5.12 & 5.13 # 5.20

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA

MOBILE COMMUNICATION ETR732

SPECIAL ASSIGNMENT 1 A
RADIO PROPAGATION DESIGN
Hand in during Block 1 on Thursday 4 March 2010 before 14h00 FULL MARKS: [100] ___________________________________________________________________________________ Design and create a computer program that produces an arbitrary number of samples of propagation loss using dn path loss model with log normal shadowing. Your program should be a radio propagation simulator, and should use, as inputs, the T-R separation, frequency, the path loss exponent, the standard deviation of the log-normal shadowing, the close-in-reference distance and the number of desired predicted samples. 1. System Design: Theoretical Analysis

Formulate/design the radio propagation path simulation according to the specifications outlined above. Theoretically derive all the necessary equations describing the operation of the simulator. Construct theoretical graphs (properly annotated) showing the effect of all relevant channel parameters for comparison with simulated results. Provide equations and theoretical benchmark values to verify the results to be obtained from the simulated radio propagation model according to the specifications below. Refer to Example 4.9 in [1] for example calculations. 2. Simulation study: Numerical Analysis

Confirm the theoretical results derived in the previous section by simulation. Implement the following functionality in your simulation program: 2.1 Provide a check that insures that the input T-R separation is equal to or exceeds the specified input close-in-reference distance. A graphical output (Scatter Plot) must be generated to illustrate the produced path loss samples as a function of the T-R separation distance.

2.2 Verify the simulated results by generating 50 samples at each of 5 different T-R separation distances (i.e., a total of 250 predicted path loss values), and determine the best fit path loss exponent and standard deviation about the mean path loss exponent of the predicted data using the techniques described in Example 4.9.
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2.2

Draw the best-fit mean path loss model on the scatter plot to illustrate the fit of the model to the predicted values. You will know your simulator is working if the best fit path loss model and the standard deviation for your simulated data is equal to the parameters you specified as inputs to your simulator. Develop an interface that allows the user to specify the parameters mentioned in 2.3.1 as well as the transmitter and receiver parameters such as transmit power, transmitter antenna gain, receiver antenna gain, receiver bandwidth, and receiver noise figure.

2.3

2.4 Using the abovementioned input parameters and knowledge of the Q-function and noise calculations (see Appendices in [1]), statistically determine the coverage levels of a specific mobile radio system. (Hint: Implement lookup tables for the Q-function if using a programming language such as C/C++, or use the erf- and erfc-functions provided by Matlab.) Use this functionality to provide answers to the following wireless system design problems: 2.4.1 If the user specifies all the abovementioned input parameters with a specific desired received SNR and a specific value of T-R separation distance, what is the percentage time that the SNR will be exceeded at the receiver? If the user specifies all the abovementioned input parameters with the desired percentage of time that the SNR will be exceeded at the receiver, what is the maximum value of T-R separation that will meet or exceed the specified percentage? If the user specifies a particular percentage that a given SNR is provided for a particular TR separation d (assumed to be on the boundary of a cell), then what is the percentage of the area that will be covered within the cell having the same radius d?

2.4.2

2.4.3

Verify results in 2.2 with a set of suitable example values.

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA

MOBILE COMMUNICATION ETR732

SPECIAL ASSIGNMENT 1 B
Hand in after Block 1 on Monday 8 March 2010 before 14h00 FULL MARKS: [50] ___________________________________________________________________________________
You are expected to develop a mobile data system, which will be able to operate in an urban environment. Your client have a licence in the 400MHz band, where the channel spacing is 12.5kHz and the maximum allowed transmitter power is 20W. For ergonomic reasons the client requested that you use only dipole antennas (with a gain of 2.15dBi) at both the transmitter and the receiver. The maximum range this system has to achieve is 10km with a certainty of 97%. Lees model: Ploss = PR1 + 10log(d / d1) + n10 log( f / f0) - 0 PR1 = 80dB d1 = 1km =3 stedelik / urban = 2 -> platteland / rural n=2 f0 = 400MHz 0 = 0Db 5.1 Wat is die gemiddelde seinsterkte wat u by die ontvanger kan verwag op 10km? Gebruik Lee se model hierbo vir u berekeninge. What is the average signal strength that you can expect at 10km? Use Lees model above for your calculations. 5.2 Hierdie stelsel sal in n multipad-omgewing opereer wat voortdurend verander. Vir watter minimum seinsterkte sal u die stelsel ontwerp om seker te maak dat dit n dekking van minstens 97% sal h? Knowing that the system will operate in a multi-path environment that is constantly changing, for what signal strength will you design the system to ensure at least a 97% coverage?) 5.3 Wat is die totale ruisdrywing wat u verwag? What is the total noise power that you expect? 5.4 Die RF ingenieurs s dat die beste ruissyfer wat hulle verwag dat hulle sal bereik vir die hele stelsel omtrent 6dB is. Wat is die maksimum datatempo wat u aan die klient kan belowe? The RF-engineers in your team inform you that the minimum noise figure they will be able to reach for the system is 6dB. What is the maximum data rate that you can promise the clients? 5.5 Hoeveel seinvlakke sal u gebruik?/ How many signal levels would you use? 5.6 Die klient besef dat dit ook handig sal wees as die tipe stelsel ook aan hulle personeel in die meer landelike gebiede beskikbaar gestel kan word. Die maksimum reikafstand daar moet 100km wees. Hoe sou u die stelsel verander om nog steeds n vorm van mobiele datakommunikasie in die platteland aan die personeel te han verskaf? Om ander praktiese en logistieke redes is u steeds beperk tot dipool-antennas. The client realises that it would be very useful to also make this kind of system available to their more rural offices where the maximum range need to be 100km. How would you alter your system to still provide some form of mobile data service to the personnel in the rural areas? Unfortunately for other practical and logistical considerations you are still limited to dipole antennas. 20

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA

MOBILE COMMUNICATION ETR732

ASSIGNMENT 4
COHERENT AND NON-COHERENT DEMODULATION IN AWGN (Revision)
Hand in on Monday 15 March 2010 before 14h00 FULL MARKS: [50]
___________________________________________________________________________________ Study [1] (second edition) Chapter 6 and then complete the following problems (Problems from previous edition in brackets): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. # 6.10 # 6.11 # 6.12 (New problem) # 6.13 # 6.14 # 6.20 & 6.21 # 6.27 p 350 p 350 p 350 p 351 p 351 p 351 p 352 (5.12) (5.13) (5.10) (5.11)

Study [2] Chapter 5 (especially 5.4) and then do the following problems: 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. # 5.5 # 5.10 # 5.25 # 5.37 & 5.38 # 5.43 p 320 p 322 p 327 p 329 & 330 p 330

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA

MOBILE COMMUNICATION ETR732

ASSIGNMENT 5
EQUALISATION, DIVERSITY and SYNCHRONISATION Hand in on Tuesday 23 March 2010 before 14h00 FULL MARKS: [50]
___________________________________________________________________________________

Study Rappaport [1] (second edition) Chapter 7 and then do the following problems (corresponding problems from the old book shown in brackets):

Equalisation:
1. 2. 3. Problem 7.1 Problems 7.2 & 7.3 Problem 7.6 (6.1) (6.2 & 6.3) (Computer Simulation of simple Equaliser)

Diversity:
4. 5. Problem 7.7 Problem 7.11

Synchronisation
Study [1] (second edition) and [2] (fourth edition) Chapters 6 and then do the following problems from [2]: 6. 7. 8. Problems 6.3, 6.4 and 6.5 6.9 6.14

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA

MOBILE COMMUNICATION ETR732

ASSIGNMENT 6
MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES Hand in on Monday 29 March 2010 before 14h00 FULL MARKS: [50]

Study Rappaport (second edition) Chapter 9 and then do the following problems: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Problem # 9.2 & 9.3 # 9.7 & 9.8 # 9.10 # 9.12, 9.13 & 9.14 # 9.19 # 9.21 p 488

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA

MOBILE COMMUNICATION ETR732

SPECIAL ASSIGNMENT 2
FADING CHANNEL SIMULATOR DESIGN
Hand in during Block 2 on Thursday 22 April 2010 before 14h00 FULL MARKS: [100] ___________________________________________________________________________________ The following assignment serves as a forerunner to the examination assignment that will be handed out during Block 2 (8-12 October 2001). Simulate a channel emulator in the VHF frequency band (500 MHz - 2.5 GHz), based on the simulator specified for the North-American IS-54 standard [EIA, 1990], capable of producing the following channel effects on demand by the system analyst/programmer: 1. 2. 3. AWGN Line-Of-Sight (LOS) path with SNRs in the range 0 to 30 dB; Rayleigh fading effects (slow and fast); Rician (i.e., LOS and Rayleigh) fading with K = Po/Ps = 0 to 20 dB (K is the so-called Rician parameter, denoting the ratio between the direct LOS component and the scatter component in dBs); 4. 5. 6. Doppler effects produced as a result of mobile operation in the range v=0 to 100 km/hour, taking into account the actual RF frequency of transmission. One additional multipath channel capable of simulating delay spreads in the range 0 the emphasis on the first four channel parameters above. The simulator should be capable of operating on the output of any standard RF-modem to produce the channel effects listed above. The faded output signal should be stored on disc for further processing either for statistical analysis, or to be received and processed by a corresponding modem receiver with a view of system performance analysis (e.g., BER analysis). A listing of all programming code should be supplied as an appendix to the assignment. The program listing of a very efficient and portable random number generator can be found from reference [2].
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10 s.

Verify as many of the effects listed above by using an unmodulated carrier as input signal, with

Block diagrams of a typical channel emulator is given below for references purposes. The first is the diagram of a generic fading simulator, whereas the second depicts the constitution of an EIA specified IS54 simulator.

REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] J.G. Proakis, Digital Communications, (Fourth edition) 2001, Chapter 5 B. Wichman and D. Hill, Building a random number generator, BYTE, pp 127-128, March 1987. K. Feher, Wireless Digital Communications, Prentice-Hall, 1995 (Chapters 3 & 4).

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