Year 7 Revision list End of year exam

KES Biology Department

YEAR 7

BIOLOGY REVISION LIST

May 2012

Text Book: Longman Biology 11-14 (Bridges, Levesley, Williams & Workman) Examination 1 and a half hours long - containing a multiple choice section and a Structured Question Section. You will need to know the following work areas:Definition of Biology : The study of living organisms (things) The 7 Characteristics of Living Things (p2-5) a brief description of each one and examples of each one for both plants and animals. (Remember MRS GREN) Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition Try comparing how each characteristic would be in a car, plant and human. How organisms are adapted to where they live. Adaptations of organisms (p6-8) Drawing Skills/Hand Lens Used to observe small things. How to use the Hand Lens (Hold the lens near the object and move slightly until the image is clear). Rules for how we draw diagrams in Biology. Practice drawing from book and life-sized objects. Drawing to scale. Concept of scale. (enlarging or reducing the real size of the object in a drawing). (Remember to measure carefully when you have worked the size out) Calculating Scale SCALE = Length of drawing Length of object Practice drawing objects or diagrams from the book to different scales e.g. What do these scales mean? x0.5 x2 x1 x1/2 x1.5 Be sure you know how to find the length of a part of the object if you are given the scale and the size in the drawing Length in object = Length in drawing Scale Also know thatLength in drawing = Length in object x scale The Microscope (p14-15, 26-27) Used to magnify very small things. Know the parts of the microscope and what they do (FUNCTIONS): Eyepiece, tube, focusing wheel, barrel, turret or nose-piece, objective lens, stage clip, stage, diaphragm, mirror, foot or base Know the rules and method for carrying and setting up a microscope. Know how to calculate magnification of the microscope when viewing a specimen: Total Magnification = magnification of objective lens x magnification of eyepiece lens Making Microscope Slides You will need to know how to make slides of Human cheek cells and onion epidermis.(The method is very similar for both it is the stain that is the main difference). Know the apparatus used and what each is used for :Microscope slide (place the sample on), Cover slip (place over the sample), Mounted needle or seeker(moving the sample into position), Forceps, Dropper (for putting the stain on the sample). Reasons why a stain is used. The stain for onion epidermis (iodine solution) and cheek cells (methylene blue )

Year 7 Revision list End of year exam

KES Biology Department

Results - the drawings of the cells as seen under the microscope. Cells (p14-18) A cell is a unit of living matter and almost all living things. The structure of both a typical animal cell ( liver cell ) and a typical plant cell (palisade cell). Know the names of the various parts of both types of cell their structure and FUNCTION (what they do).-cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, cell wall, chloroplast, vacuole, Differences and similarities between plant and animal cells. Comparison with simple bacterial cell. Cell division: simple diagrams to show duplication of nucleus and division of cytoplasm (mitosis) Specialized Cells (p19-23) How they are organized in multicellular organisms. A specialized cell is one that has grown from existing cells and has changed its shape to do a particular job. Structure and function of the following specialized cells: Humans red blood cell, white blood cell, nerve cell, muscle cell, ciliated cell. Plants - root hair cell, palisade cell. Cells Organizing Into Structures In Organisms (p10-13) What are tissues, organs and organ systems? Know examples from Humans and plants. Which are these examples - liver, roots system, brain, nervous system, shoot, stem, flower, The Organ Systems in HUMANS Organ System Digestive system Respiratory system Circulatory system Nervous system Skeletal system Muscular system Excretory system Reproductive system Organ transplants (p24 25) CLASSIFICATION (text ref- p132 139) Students to be aware that there are a huge number of different types of plant and animals on planet Earth. The different types can be grouped together by their common features. Groups are made by finding features organisms have in common and using these to form groups of similar organisms. Students to know there are 3 main groups ANIMALS that cannot make their own food and so eat other organisms for food PLANTS they can make their own food by photosynthesis SIMPLE ORGANISMS - which have a very simple body plan with usually no organs inside. Know terms: Function of the organ system Breaking down and absorbing food Exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide between lungs and atmosphere Moving substances around the body Detecting and responding to changes in the environment Supporting the body and protecting parts of the body Moving the whole or parts of the body Removing the waste products from the body Producing new humans

Year 7 Revision list End of year exam

KES Biology Department

Bony/cartilage fish Streamlined Marsupials Warm-blooded/endotherms and cold-blooded/ectotherms

Animals Animals form 2 large groups Invertebrates (without an internal skeleton) Vertebrates (with an internal skeleton of bone and cartilage).
Invertebrates show a wide range of body plan (p136-137) i) Cnidarians hollow body like a bag full of water, no organs inside, usually catching food by tentacles with sting cells. ii) Molluscs have soft bodies with quite a few simple organs inside, many protected by 1 or 2 shells. iii) Echinoderms iv) Flatworms v) Roundworms vi) Segmented worms vii) Arthropods a huge range of different types, but all with jointed legs a hollow body full of blood, a few simple organs inside and an outside or exoskeleton made of Chitin made waterproof by its waxy cuticle (covering). Arthropods are the largest group of all organisms, by having not only the largest numbers but the largest number of different types in its group. Vertebrates - this big group is divided into large groups called classes. All vertebrates have one thing the same a skeleton inside their body (internal skeleton). Each of the 5 classes, has different features from the othersCLASS Feature Feature Feature Fish Moist skin Scales (overlapping) Fins not limbs Amphibians Moist skin No covering on skin Reptiles Dry skin Scales (non-overlapping) Birds Dry skin Covered in feathers 2 legs, wings, beak Mammals Dry skin Covered in hair /fur Mammary glands/ External ear flaps KEYS (text ref p140 - 141 + work sheet keys for practice) Students to be able to use an identification key to discover the name of an unknown organism. Students to know that there are two ways to set out a key as BRANCH key or a LINE key. Students to know how to follow a key by finding the answer to a question after examining the organism and going on to the next as directed, until finally the name is revealed. Students to be made aware that when the answers used to identify an organism are put together; they produce a basic description of the organism. RESPIRATION: define as the release of energy from food. (p 62 - 64) Students to know that every cell runs on energy made inside the cell by a chemical process. Students to know the simple word equation for Aerobic respiration. FOOD + OXYGEN CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER + ENERGY Students to know that the reactants come from the food we eat and that the food normally used is based on sugars like GLUCOSE. The Oxygen comes from the air and is taken in by our lungs, in breathing. The waste products are breathed out, whilst the energy is used to run the cell/body. A diagram to show the various ways in which energy made in Respiration is used in the body. Energy uses Moving muscles (mechanical work) Producing heat to keep body warm Making chemicals needed in the body Performing chemical reactions Growth and repair Students to know how lime water can be used to indicate the presence of carbon dioxide lime water turning from clear to milky to indicate that carbon dioxide is exhaled.

Year 7 Revision list End of year exam

KES Biology Department

Respirometer (p65) Anaerobic respiration (p 63 -64) Word equation for anaerobic respiration. Oxygen debt. Fermentation. Breathing : inhalation and exhalation Composition of inhaled and exhaled air (p71) Experiment to compare inhaled and exhaled air. Model Lung. PHOTOSYNTHESIS. - making food from simple substances using light. (p 30 - 31) Students to know Plants make food in Chloroplasts in their leaves, using the chlorophyll inside to trap light energy, which is then used to make food (glucose) from the carbon dioxide taken in through holes in the leaves and water taken in through the roots and taken to the leaves. Students to understand that Chlorophyll is a vital chemical to living things, since it converts light into chemical energy that a plant cell can use to produce food. Be aware that chlorophyll is a mixture of pigments that can be separated by chromatography. Students to know the simple word equation for photosynthesisWATER + CARBON DIOXIDE + light energy FOOD + + chlorophyll (glucose sugar) OXYGEN

Students to be aware that Chlorophyll converts light energy into chemical energy that is used to combine together carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Students to know that glucose is stored in the form of starch in plants. Students to be aware of the importance of leaves to the process of food production in green plants. Also to know that the shape of leaves is designed to make the process efficient. i.e. Flat to trap as much light as possible (large surface area) Thin to allow gases to pass into and out from a leaf rapidly Veins are there to carry in water & minerals, and take-out food. Students to know the internal and external structure of a leaf and the various layers through a diagram e.g. p31. Plant Transport: Text ref p76-79 Plants have an organized system to transport materials. The system is composed of tubes arranged as vascular bundles that run from the top to the bottom of a plant, reaching all regions through a series of small vessels or veins. The pattern of vascular bundles in root and shoot sections by diagrams of tissues in these sections. Xylem - transport of water and dissolved minerals. Direction upwards from roots to leaves and shoot tips. Phloem columns of living cells. Movement of food materials is called TRANSLOCATION and requires energy. Direction of movement of materials from cell to cell is BOTH downward from leaves to roots and upward to newly formed parts above leaves. Transpiration (text ref p78 - 79)= the water loss by evaporation from the leaves of a plant. Leaves have pores called STOMATA to allow for transpiration. The pore size can be altered to control the amount of water loss. Know why transpiration is important to a plant. Factors affecting transpiration Factors that affect evaporation also affect Transpiration temperature, humidity, air movement and light (stomata generally open in day and closed at night). Need to know why each factor increases / decreases the rate of water loss e.g. moving air removes water vapour from leaf surface and so more can evaporate to replace it = faster speed. (Idea of using drying washing as parallel)

Year 7 Revision list End of year exam

KES Biology Department

Experiments Be familiar with experiments to demonstrate that water is lost from the leaves of a plant and that evaporating water draws more water up the plant:

The exam will also test other Science skills such as interpreting and plotting graphs (bar charts and line graphs), drawing skills (you should be able to draw basic laboratory apparatus as well as copy pictures of biological specimens), scale and magnification. When studying make sure you use your class notes booklet, your textbook and any extra resources on the VLE. Use the questions in the textbook to help you revise as well. If you were absent for any lessons, make sure that you caught up any missing work. What to bring to the exam: Pens, sharp HB pencils, eraser, ruler with millimeter scale, calculator.