Assignment: JCB Name: Student ID:

Acknowledgement

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to PROF.H.G.BYRAPPA. This project bears on imprint of many peoples.I also wish to express my gratitude to the officials and other staff members. My special thanks to SIR A.RAVISHANKAR, ASSISTANT GENERAL MANAGER(MARKETING) of the company. For their kind co-operation to the completion of my project work. Last but not least I wish to avail myself of this opportunity, express a sense of gratitude and love to my friends and my beloved parents for their manual support, strength, and help and for everything. Place: Patna Date: 01-02-12

To Whom It May Concern: Anand Kumar has made cold drinks project report on Topic of PEPSI and had fulfilled the requirement. This project is submitted as a project Work carried out under the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the course.

Signature of the Student (Anand kumar)

Signature of Guide (Dr.Santosh Jha)

1. Introduction to JCB 2. History of JCB 3. Operations 4. JCB & Its Marketing 5. Display Team 6. In popular culture 7. The Truck manufacturer 8. The Brand Name 9. Summary

1. Introduction to JCB: JCB (formally J C Bamford Excavators Limited) is a global construction, demolition and agricultural equipment company headquartered in Rocester, United Kingdom. It is the world's third-largest construction equipment manufacturer. It produces over 300 types of machines, including diggers ("Backhoes"), excavators, tractors and diesel engines. It has 18 factories across Asia, Europe, North America and South America and its products are sold in over 150 countries.

It is a family-owned company and was founded in 1945 by J. C. Bamford, after whom it is named. In the UK "JCB" is often used colloquially as a generic description for mechanical diggers and excavators and now appears in the Oxford English Dictionary, although it is still held as a trademark. The company is JCB (Joseph Cyril Bam ford Excavators Limited).It s founder is Joseph Cyril Bam ford (1916-2001). Who always followed the motto: You know my motto from my initials J.C. - Jamals Content-that s very much me. I am never content. JCB Heritage: What begin in a garage of 12 feet by 15 feet back in 1945, today manufacturers over 220 models of construction & agricultural equipments on four different continents with bases in U.K., the U.S., India & South America. JCB Co., Ltd. has been restructuring its business processing system through offshoring of operations to Dalian, China since FY2008 in order to reduce operational costs and enhance business competitiveness. For the transfer of its business, JCB has adopted the thin client system which enables the company to carry out business activities without leaving

their personal data abroad. The company has adopted "KDDI Global Powered Ethernet" as the network connecting between China and Japan and successfully constructed the operating environment equivalent to that of Japan, by minimizing network delay. Additionally, as KDDI provides a one-stop service from the establishment of a network to its operation, the smooth construction and efficient operational management have become possible.
Dr. James Cooke Brown invented a language called Loglan in 1955. By the early 1970s, the project had matured to the point where the language was getting close to its design goals. Some newcomers joined the project, including myself. I was able to devise a version of the grammar which finally met Loglan's goals. I've used what I learned on that research project, and combined it with what Arthur C. Clarke told us was possible in The Moon is a Harsh Mistress and 2001. Now, you'll get to see what you get when you cross Loglan and English. JCB-English is a language much like English, except that (a) there are some changes to the grammar, and (b) the grammar rules are really rules, as opposed to what in English are called rules. Here's a sample: English: I go to the store. JCB-English: I
go to the store.

Each time you enter something, it will be taken as a command, a statement, or a question. If the entry is a command, then the command will be executed. If the entry is a question, and JCB has the answer, then it will answer the question. Last, if you make a statement, and the statement is plausible, the knowledge will be retained. Note that plausibility is in the eye of the beholder. In this case, since you're talking to a computer, anything that's not selfcontradictory is plausible.

2. History of JCB: The company was founded by Joseph Cyril Bamford in October 1945 in Uttoxeter, Staffordshire, England. He rented a lock-up garage 12 feet by 15 feet. In it, using a welding set which he bought second-hand for 1 from English Electric, he made his first vehicle, a tipping trailer from war-surplus materials. The trailer's sides and floor were made from steel sheet that had been part of air-raid shelters. On the same day as his son Anthony was born he sold the trailer at a nearby market for 45 (plus a part-exchanged farm cart) and at once made another trailer. At one time he made vehicles in Eckersley's coal yard in Uttoxeter. The first trailer and the welding set have been preserved: see image gallery. In 1948 there were six people working for Bamford's company, and it made the first hydraulic tipping trailer in Europe. In 1950, he moved to an old cheese factory in Rocester, still employing six. Then, a year later, he began painting his products yellow. In 1953, the first backhoe loader was launched, and the JCB logo appeared for the first time. It was designed by Derby media and advertising designer Leslie Smith. In 1957, the firm launched the "hydra-digga", incorporating the excavator and the major loader as a single all-purpose tool which was useful for both the agricultural as well as construction industry, which JCB grew with. In 1960, JCB's hydraulic tractors entered the North American market, proving a long lasting success. JCB became, and still is, the brand leader in the world. By 1964 JCB had sold over 3,000 3C backhoe loaders. The next year, the first 360 degree excavator was introduced, the JCB 7. In 1969, Joseph Bamford was awarded the CBE for Services to Export. In 1975 he retired. In 1978, the Load all machine was introduced. The next year, JCB started its operation in India. In 1991, the firm entered a joint venture with Sumitomo of Japan to produce excavators, which ended in 1998. Two years

later, a JCB factory was completed in Pooler near Savannah, Georgia in the USA, and the next year a factory was opened in Brazil. In 2001, Joseph Cyril Bamford died aged 84. In his later life he was a tax exile. Production of the first engine designed and manufactured by JCB, the JCB444 diesel engine, started in 2004. In 2005, for the first time in nearly forty years, JCB bought a company, purchasing the German equipment firm Vibromax. In the same year, JCB opened a new factory in China at Pudong close to Shanghai, and by the next year, the firm had 4000 employees, twice what it had in 1975. Planning of a new 40 million pound JCB Heavy Products site began in 2007, and by the next year, the firm began to move from its old site in Pinfold Street in Uttoxeter to the new site beside the A50. The Pinfold Street site was demolished in 2009. During that year, JCB announced it was to make India its largest manufacturing hub. Its factory at Ballabgarh in Haryana, was to be become the worlds largest backhoe loader manufacturing facility. The firm shed 2,000 jobs during the recession, but in 2010 it announced it was recruiting up to 200 new workers.
The EarlyYears

The next development was to build mechanical loaders to help with filling them. So he built a loader arm to fit on the Fordson Major marketed as the Major Loader. This was followed by the Master Loader in 1951 a smaller version designed for loading farm trailers. By 1953 the Si-draulic loader was being built this would go on to sell more than 6000 at 75 each. It was also made under licence in France were 20,000 were built.
The First BackhoeLoaders1950's

JCB Backhoe on a Fordson Major A restored JCB Hydra-Digger seen at Pickering Steam Rally in 2009

1953: The well-known JCB logo appeared. It was on a backhoe loader. He was a leading pioneer of the backhoe loading concept. Then during a trip to Norway Joe saw a hydraulic backhoe, and bought one, as he could see the potential. He then proceeded to build his own version built on the Fordson Major, with a front counter weight. But soon this was replaced with the Loader arm to make the Mark 1 JCB Backhoe Loader. 200 were built up to 1956. 1955: New version of the Loader called the Loadall was introduced, still based on a Fordson Major tractor as the power unit. 1958: He bought ten scooters with the number plates JCB1 to JCB10. Next was a stronger and more powerful version called the Hydra-Digger. This machine started to attract the attention of earthmoving companies, as well as farmers. The Two were combined to form the Hydra-Digger Loadall in 1956, and went on to sell 2000 + before production ceased in 1960. This was the first mass produced backhoe loader in the UK. This was followed by the JCB 4 series which was popular with civil engineering contractors and soon afterwards the smaller JCB 3 series. This became very popular with the smaller house builders, as the need for lots of labours to dig foundations was removed. This was built in various versions up till 1980 when the New JCB 3CX range was introduced after several years of development. The designs main feature was the move to utilise separate Engine, Gearbox and transmission units, a move to reduce the reliance on external supplies of skid units.

Expansionand Takeovers1960's

Rare Restored JCB 7 Excavator Restored JCB 1 (Grave Digger) Belonging to the J.C. Balls & Sons Collection

1960: JCB started fitting their typewriters with a special key to accurately render the JCB logo. 1960s: JCB hydraulic excavators entered the North American market, proving a long lasting success. It became, and still is, the brand leader in the world. 1960s: The JCB Dancing Diggers team was started to demo-straight the companies faith in its hydraulic systems. 1964: By now JCB had sold over 3000 3C backhoe loaders, particularly to customers in North America. 1965 The company moved into 360 deg Excavator production with the building of the JCB 7 based on an American design by Hopto. 1968 The JCB 7 Mk II was introduced. 1969: JC Bamford was awarded the CBE for Services to Export. 1969: saw the introduction of the JCB 5C with the revised 7Cwhich was followed by the JCB 6, and 6C. 1969 The Chaseside Engineering Companies range ofWheeled Loaders was added to the line up, and gave them 15% of the UK market. 1970's The Chaseside range was replaced by the New JCB designed 400 series loaders in 1971. The 400, 413 and 418 models. Then in 1973 the new 800 series 360 deg excavator range was introduced, with the 806 and 807 followed by the 808 2 years latter. With the older JCB 5C and JCB 7C discontinued.

In 1975 Joe announced he was retiring and handing over to his son Anthony. By 1977 a new line was introduced in the shape of the JCB 520 Loadall Telescopic Handler. By the end of he 1970's 72000 Backhoes had been built. They tried to take over the Bamfords Agricultural implement manufacturer also from Utoxeter, but failed and it was sold to the Burgess Machinery group instead.

1980'sthe 3cx REVOLUTION

The completely new designed 3CX was introduced, and sold 10,000 units in 3 years and a total of 100,000 machines since the start of the firm 40y earlier in a garage. The JCB 3CX was followed by the larger JCB 4CX for Civil Engineering contractors with Equal sized wheels and the small JCB 2CX for Utility contractors working in city streets. During the 80's they picked up a string of design and Export Awards. The joint venture with Summitomo Construction Machinery to form JCB-SCM range of Modern 360 degree excavators. From these machines the current JS range has evolved.(Date Required) JCB entered the ADT market in 1988 with the JCB 712 a 13 toned capacity machine. They then added the JCB 716 in 1990 with a 17 ton capacity 139 hp 4-wd machine. By the mid 1990 they stopped production but returned in 2000 with the JCB 714 a 14 toned machine with modern cab and a 125 hp engine. This was followed by the [[JCB 718 in 2001 and the JCB 722 22-tonne 6-wd machine in 2004.

The Fastrac Revolution 1990s

The late 1980s lead to the Design of the 'Fast Tractor' this was the result of a major R&D project to build a new Modern Tractor. The tractor was launched at the 1990 Smithfield Show. The tractor was named as the JCB Fastrac and went into full production at the JCB Landpower Factory at Cheadle, Staffordshire in May 1991. The prototype having being tested in October 1987 after a year of design work. The Fastrac range Cover the 120 hp to 160 hp size. The New Millennium 2000: A JCB factory was completed in Pooler near Savannah, Georgia in USA.

2001: JCB opened a factory in Brazil. 2001: Joseph Cyril Bamford died aged 84. In his later life he was a tax exile. 2004: Production started of the JCB 444 diesel engine. The first engine designed and manufactured by JCB. 2005: JCB bought Vibromax (a German compaction equipment company). That was the first time since 1968 that JCB bought a company. 2005: JCB opened a new factory in China at Pudong close to Shanghai. 2006: JCB has 4000 employees, which is twice the level of 1975. 2008: JCB opens new Heavy products factory on a site outside Uttoxeter, adjacent to the JCB World Parts Centre. 2008: JCB shuts the old Bamfords factory in Utoxeter, following move to the new Heavy Products production unit. 2009: JCB lays off temp staff and cuts hours due to downturn in markets.

Recent Take Overs Over the years JCB has only taken over 2 firms, preferring to design their own product range generally and expand through organic growth. But they did take over Chaseside in the 1970s to gain a foothold in the loaders market in the UK. And recently took over the German vibrating Compactor (Roller) Manufacturer Vibromax. They have never tried to be a "Full Line" manufacture offering every thing but have tried to be very good at what they do offer, not always the first but offering a better version, or a new variation on a theme.

3. Operations: JCB has 18 factories in the UK, Germany North and South America, India and China. The company employs some 7,000 people on four continents and sells its products in 150 countries through 1500 dealer depot locations. The company has a range of more than 300 products.

The firm is headquartered in Rocester, United Kingdom, which is also the production site for Backhoe Loaders and Telescopic 'Loadall' handlers. It has other factories in nearby Cheadle, Staffordshire, Rugeley, Uttoxeter, Foston in Derbyshire and Wrexham in North Wales. Its Indian factories are based in Ballabgarh (Haryana) and Pune, its US factory is in Pooler, Georgia, its Brazilian factory in Sorocaba, and its Chinese factory was completed in 2005 in Pudong near Shanghai. JCB also owns Vibromax, a German compaction equipment company based in Gatersleben.

The company has also licensed its name and image to a line of consumer power tools, manufactured by Alba PLC.

4. JCB & Its Marketing: In every corner of the world you'll find a JCB machine. JCB is one of the world's top three manufacturers of construction equipment. We employ around 7000 people on 4 continents and sell our products in 150 countries through 1,500 dealer depot locations. Throughout our 64 year history, we have always invested heavily in research and development, keeping JCB at the cutting edge of innovation. Today, JCB has some of the finest engineering facilities across the globe, produces a range of over 300 machines and maintains a reputation for unrivalled customer service. Many of the vehicles produced by JCB are variants of the backhoe loader, including tracked or wheeled variants, mini and large versions and other variations for carrying and moving items, for example fork lift vehicles and telescopic handlers for moving materials to the upper floors of a building

site. Wheeled loading shovels and articulated dump trucks are also produced. What Impact Has JCB Had On The Market? Introduction I will be investigating the impact which JCB has had on the construction, agriculture and material handling equipment market. I will be using information from the media, the JCB website (www.jcb.co.uk) and from notes I took at a presentation given by Jason Sankey from JCB. I think that my research will show that JCB has had a major impact on the market and I believe the company will continue to be a main competitor in the market. Growth And Expansion The company started off as a "one man band", however they now employ over 6,000 people this is the first indication of their success and growth. The graph shown on appendix 1 (5 year growth) shows that JCB has grown rapidly since 2002. It shows that the company's production has almost doubled over the past five years. The company currently manufactures 279 different machines, five years ago JCB only had a range of 180 products, and this shows that JCB has grown as a company. JCB targets many different market segments; they produce machines for use in the construction, agriculture, defense, ground care, waste and recycling, industry and demolition markets. The fact that the company meets the needs of so many different market segments shows that they are diverse and that they have had a broad impact on the market. It also suggests that the company has built on its success as it originally only catered for the construction and agriculture markets. The second graph shown on appendix 1 (backhoe loaders) shows the growth in production of backhoe loaders since 2001. The graph illustrates that JCB is producing more backhoe loaders than ever, suggesting that the company dominates the backhoe loader market and that they are more successful in this market than their competitors.

The graph shows this as it shows that their production levels are continually growing and have not leveled off. JCB's domination of the backhoe loader market is also shown by the fact that one in every three backhoe loaders in the world is made by JCB. The company has expanded immensely since it's beginning in 1945. JCB now has 17 factories worldwide and has 1,000 outlets in 150 different countries. The company is currently targeting emerging markets such as China and Eastern Europe. The company's globalization shows that they are having an impact on markets worldwide

and that they are managing to compete against manufacturers from many different countries. In Russian-language text on JCB's Russian website, their name and trade names of their products are in the Roman alphabet.

5. Display Team: To demonstrate his faith in the hydraulic failsafes on JCB machines (which lock the arms in the event of a loss of hydraulic pressure, preventing them from crashing to the ground), Joe Cyril Bamford arranged to have several backhoes raise themselves up on their arms, and drove his car beneath them. This has since developed into a world famous demonstration of the versatility of the backhoe configuration. The JCB display team (JCB Dancing Diggers) tour agricultural shows and produce videos, showing some of the unusual ways in which such vehicles can support themselves or manoeuvre. For example, it is quite common for drivers to support the vehicle on both buckets, either for turning on the spot without damaging ground, or for spinning the tracks in a puddle to clean them. The display team expanded this concept into a sort of vehicle gymnastics. The drivers are members of JCB's demonstration team, who visit prospective customers and demonstrate machines on the customer's property in order to prove the machine's suitability for the task at hand.

6.

In popular culture: -

In 1958 the singer Lenny Green had a song called JCB and Me. In UK version of the Teletubbies one of the live-action visual 5minute segments (seen from a Teletubby belly) featured number counting involving vehicles in lines. A row of JCBs are seen in line, their hydraulics operated as if they are 'dancing'. JCB is gaining international notoriety of sorts after being prominently featured in the song "JCB" by the music group Nizlopi, which has achieved UK Number One status. The song is about a boy who goes to work with his father for the day. A JCB (not talking) named Jekub appears in volume 2 (Diggers) of The Bromeliad (alias Nomes) series by Terry Pratchett. The Lego Technical range featured a scale-model of the JCB backhoe (Set 8862), complete with working hydraulics systems (simulated using pneumatics) and many other features of the original. In series 9 of Top Gear Jeremy Clarkson bought a JCB Fastrac 8250 for a challenge involving "growing your own petrol". Jeremy Clarkson, James May, and Richard Hammond all had to reverse their vehicles around the Top Gear car park. The song McCavity by the UK group The Macc Lads contains the line "He's filled more holes than a JCB" to (rather crudely) demonstrate the sexual prowess of the band-member being sung about. One digger stars in the music video Sunday Morning - 1985 hit song by The Bolshoi. Three band members are standing on this 360-degree excavator while Trevor Tanner (the singer) is lying on the sofa.

Diesel Speed Record Achieved The record breaking JCB Dieselmax car

JCB have set in 2006 A New world land speed record for a diesel poweredvehicle of over 350 mph using their own JCB engines in a custom build machine the JCB Dieselmax created specially for the attempt on the record. This uses two modified JCB 444 engines Military Support Range The Military version of theJCB 4CX A range of vehicles custom designed to suit the military's requirements of being air transportable and robust with interchangeable parts.

JCB Loading Shovel JCB Materials Handler JCB 4CX Backhoe JCB also designed and built prototypes for a new medium truck, based partially on the Fastrac chassis.

JCB has built a series of new factories as demand grew. The new UK factories were state of the art when first built, using Automatic Guided Vehicles (AGV) to move parts about automatically. Some of the most modern facilities in UK manufacturing with advanced automation and CNC machine cells being deployed to produce in house major sub assemblies like axles.

Cheadle, Staffordshire. (JCB Compact Products Ltd., JCB Earthmovers Ltd., JCB Land power Ltd. and JCB Groundcare Ltd.). Foston, Derbyshire. (JCB Power Systems Ltd.). Rocester: this is now the company's World wide HQ and production site for Backhoe Loaders and Telescopic 'Loadall' handlers. Rugeley, Staffordshire. Hydropower (JCB Cab Systems Ltd. and JCB Attachments Ltd.). Uttoxeter, Staffordshire. (JCB Heavy Products Ltd. and JCB Service Ltd [World Parts Centre]) (Formerly Special products & JCB-SCM). Wrexham, Clwyd. (JCB Transmissions Ltd.) International Service Centers in USA France Germany

India Netherlands

A few excellent restorations can be seen at UK tractor and steam shows during the summer.

Several JCB's and other makes from J.C. Balls & Sons collection were at Cromford Steam Fair in 2008. The JCB machines were; JCB 7 Excavator JCB 1 Digger (Grave digger) JCB Loader & Backactor on a Fordson major. A JCB 7 in the colours of Eric Warburton Plant was at Great Dorset Steam Fair in 2006. This is a 1966 machine SN 70258, exhibited by S. Warburton. A JCB 4 Loadall belonging to Steffan was at Lincolnshire Steam Fair 2008 The JCB 3D shown at the top of the page was at SED 2008 A JCB 1 Digger was at Astwood Bank Show 2008. Several JCB 3 series restorations have been featured in Classic Plant & Machinery Magazine over the years.

7. The Truck manufacturer: A truck (North American, Irish and Australian English) or lorry (British and Commonwealth English) is a motor vehicle designed to transport cargo. Trucks vary greatly in size, power, and configuration, with the smallest being mechanically similar to an automobile. Commercial trucks can be very large and powerful, and may be configured to mount specialized equipment, such as in the case of fire trucks and concrete mixers and suction excavators. Modern trucks are powered by either gasoline or diesel engines, with diesel dominant in commercial applications. In theEuropean Union vehicles with a gross combination mass of less than 3,500 kilograms (7,716 lb) are known as Light commercial vehicles and those over as Large goods vehicles. The word "truck" might have come from a back-formation of "truckle" with the meaning "small wheel", "pulley", from Middle English trokell, in turn from Latin trochlea. Another explanation is that it comes from Latin trochus with the meaning of "iron hoop". In turn, both go back to Greektrokhos () meaning "wheel" from trekhein (, "to run"). The first known usage of "truck" was in 1611 when it referred to the small strong wheels on ships' cannon carriages. In its extended usage it came to refer to carts for carrying heavy loads, a meaning known since 1771. With the meaning of "motor-powered load carrier", it has been in usage since 1930, shortened from "motor truck", which dates back to 1916.

"Lorry" has a more uncertain origin, but probably has its roots in the railroad industry, where the word is known to have been used in 1838 to refer to a type of truck (a freight car as in British usage, not a bogie as in the American), specifically a large flat wagon. It probably derives from the verb lurry (to pull, tug) of uncertain origin. With the meaning of "selfpropelled vehicle for carrying goods" it has been in usage since 1911.

Almost all trucks share a common construction: they are made of a chassis, a cab, an area for placing cargo or equipment, axles, suspension and road wheels, an engine and a drive train. Pneumatic, hydraulic, water, and electrical systems may also be identified. Many also tow one or more trailers or semi-trailers. Cab The cab is an enclosed space where the driver is seated. A sleeper is a compartment attached to the cab where the driver can rest while not driving, sometimes seen in semi-trailer trucks. There are several possible cab configurations:

Cab over engine (COE) or flat nose; where the driver is seated above the front axle and the engine. This design is almost ubiquitous in Europe, where overall truck lengths are strictly regulated, but also widely used in the rest of the world as well. They were common in North America, but lost prominence when permitted length was extended in the early 1980s. To access the engine, the whole cab tilts forward, earning this design the name of tilt-cab. This type of cab is especially suited to the delivery conditions in Europe where many roads follow the layout of much more ancient path, and track ways which require the additional turning capability of the cab over engine type. The COE design was invented by Viktor Schreckengost. Conventional cabs are the most common in North America and Australia, and are known in the UK as American cabs and in the Netherlands as "torpedo cabs". The driver is seated behind the engine, as in most passenger cars or pickup trucks. Conventional are

further divided into large car and aerodynamic designs. A "large car" or "long nose" is a conventional truck with a long (6-to-8-foot or 1.83-to2.44 m or more) hood. Aerodynamic cabs are very streamlined, with a sloped hood and other features to lower drag. Cab beside engine designs also exist, but are rather rare and are mainly used inside shipping yards, or other specialist uses such as aircraft baggage loading.

Trucks contribute to air, noise, and water pollution similarly to automobiles. Trucks may emit lower air emissions than cars per equivalent vehicle mass, although the absolute level per vehicle distance traveled is higher, and diesel particulate matter is especially problematic for health. With respect to noise pollution, trucks emit considerably higher sound levels at all speeds compared to typical car; this contrast is particularly strong with heavy-duty trucks. There are several aspects of truck operations that contribute to the overall sound that is emitted. Continuous sounds are those from tires rolling on the roadway, and the constant hum of their diesel engines at highway speeds. Less frequent noises, but perhaps more noticeable, are things like the repeated sharp-pitched whistle of a turbocharger on acceleration, or the abrupt blare of anexhaust brake retarder when traversing a downgrade. There has been noise regulation put in place to help control where and when the use of engine braking retarders are allowed. Concerns have been raised about the effect of trucking on the environment, particularly as part of the debate on global warming. In the period from 1990 to 2003, carbon dioxide emissions from transportation sources increased by 20%, despite improvements in vehicle fuel efficiency. In 2005, transportation accounted for 27% of U.S. greenhouse gas emission, increasing faster than any other sector. Between 1985 and 2004, in the U.S., energy consumption in freight transportation grew nearly 53%, while the number of ton-miles carried increased only 43%. "Modal shifts account for a nearly a 23% increase in energy consumption over this period. Much of this shift is due to a greater

fraction of freight ton-miles being carried via truck and air, as compared to water, rail, and pipelines." According to a 1995 U.S. Government estimate, the energy cost of carrying one ton of freight a distance of one kilometer averages 337 kJ for water, 221 kJ for rail, 2,000 kJ for trucks, and nearly 13,000 kJ for air transport. Many environmental organizations favor laws and incentives to encourage the switch from road to rail, especially in Europe. The European Parliament is moving to ensure that charges on heavy-goods vehicles should be based in part on the air and noise pollution they produce and the congestion they cause, according to legislation approved by the Transport Committee. The Euro vignette scheme has been proposed, whereby new charges would be potentially levied against things such as noise and air pollution and also weight related damages from the Lorries themselves. In the UK, three truck shows are popular - Shropshire Truck Show in Oswestry Showground during May, The UK Truck Show held in June at Santa Pod Raceway, and FIA European Drag Racing Championships from the home of European Drag-Racing. The UK Truck Show features dragracing with 6-tonne trucks from the British Truck Racing Association, plus other diesel-powered entertainment. Truck shows provide operators with an opportunity to win awards for their trucks.

Drive Train & Frame

Small trucks use the same type of transmissions as almost all cars, having either an automatic transmission or a manual transmission with synchromesh (synchronizers). Bigger trucks often use manual transmissions without synchronisers, saving bulk and weight, although synchromesh transmissions are used in larger trucks as well. Transmissions without synchronizers, known as "crash boxes", require doubleclutching for each shift, (which can lead to repetitive motion injuries), or a technique known colloquially as "floating", a method of changing gears

which doesn't use the clutch, except for starts and stops, due to the physical effort of double clutching, especially with non power assisted clutches, faster shifts, and less clutch wear. Double-clutching allows the driver to control the engine and transmission revolutions to synchronize, so that a smooth shift can be made, e.g., when upshifting, the accelerator pedal is released and the clutch pedal is depressed while the gear lever is moved into neutral, the clutch pedal is then released and quickly pushed down again while the gear lever is moved to the next higher gear. Finally, the clutch pedal is released and the accelerator pedal pushed down to obtain required engine speed. Although this is a relatively fast movement, perhaps a second or so while transmission is in neutral, it allows the engine speed to drop and synchronize engine and transmission revolutions relative to the road speed. Downshifting is performed in a similar fashion, except the engine speed is now required to increase (while transmission is in neutral) just the right amount in order to achieve the synchronization for a smooth, non-collision gear change. Skip changing is also widely used; in principle operation is the same as doubleclutching, but it requires neutral be held slightly longer than a single gear change. Common North American setups include 9, 10, 13, 15, and 18 speeds. Automatic and semi-automatic transmissions for heavy trucks are becoming more and more common, due to advances both in transmission and engine power. In Europe 8, 10, 12 and 16 gears are common on larger trucks with manual transmission, while automatic or semi-automatic transmissions would have anything from 5 to 12 gears. Almost all heavy truck transmissions are of the "range and split" (double H shift pattern) type, where range change and so-called half gears or splits are air operated and always pre selected before the main gear selection.

Frame A truck frame consists of two parallel boxed (tubular) or C-shaped rails, or beams, held together by cross members. These frames are referred to

as ladder frames due to their resemblance to a ladder if tipped on end. The rails consist of a tall vertical section (two if boxed) and two shorter horizontal flanges. The height of the vertical section provides opposition to vertical flex when weight is applied to the top of the frame (beam resistance). Though typically flat the whole length on heavy duty trucks, the rails may sometimes be tapered or arched for clearance around the engine or over the axles. The holes in rails are used either for mounting vehicle components and running wires and hoses, or measuring and adjusting the orientation of the rails at the factory or repair shop. Though they may be welded, cross members are most often attached to frame rails by bolts orrivets. Cross members may be boxed or stamped into a c-shape, but are most commonly boxed on modern vehicles, particularly heavy trucks. The frame is almost always made of steel, but can be made (whole or in part) of aluminum for a lighter weight. A tow bar may be found attached at one or both ends, but heavy trucks almost always make use of a fifth wheel hitch.

8. The Brand Name: The graph shows this as it shows that their production levels are continually growing and have not levelled off. JCB's domination of the backhoe loader market is also shown by thefact that one in every three backhoe loaders in the world is made by JCB. The company has expanded immensly since it's beggining in 1945. JCB now has 17 factories worldwide and has 1,000 outlets in 150 different countries. The company is currently targeting emerging markets such as China and eastern Europe. The company's globalisation shows that they are having an impact on markets worldwide and that they are managing to compete against manufacturers from many different countries.

This was followed by the JCB 4 series which was popular with civil engineering contractors and soon afterwards the smaller JCB 3 series. This became very popular with the smaller house builders, as the need for lots of labours to dig foundations was removed. This was built in various versions up till 1980 when the New JCB 3CX range was introduced after several years of development. The designs main feature was the move to utilise separate Engine, Gearbox and transmission units, a move to reduce the reliance on external supplies of skid units. Over the years JCB has only taken over 2 firms, preferring to design their own product range generally and expand through organic growth. But they did take over Chaseside in the 1970s to gain a foothold in the loaders market in the UK. And recently took over the German vibrating Compactor (Roller) Manufacturer Vibromax. They have never tried to be a "Full Line" manufacture offering every thing but have tried to be very good at what they do offer, not always the first but offering a better version, or a new variation on a theme.

I took at a presentation given by Jason Sankey from JCB. I think that my research will show that JCB has had a major impact on the market and I believe the company will continue to be a main competitor in the market. Growth and Expansion the Company started off as a "one man band", however they now emply over 6,000 people this is the first indication of their success and growth. The graph shown on appendix 1 (5 year growth) shows that JCB has grown rapidly since 2002. It shows that the company's production has almost doubled over the past five years. The company currently manufactures 279 different machines, five years ago JCB only had a range of 180 products, and this shows that JCB has grown as a company. JCB targets many different market segments; they produce machines for use in the construction, agriculture, defense, ground care, waste and recycling, industry and demolition markets. The fact that the company meets the needs of so many different market segments shows that they are diverse and that they have had a broad impact on the market. It also suggests that the

company has built on its success as it originally only catered for the construction and agriculture markets.

9. Summary: The movement of earth and the remodeling of the landscape havealways being a source of fascination for man. Man has acted as Architect throughout his entire civilized past with the building andmoving of earth constantly playing an important role. But the firsttraces of our cultural heritage are not only to be found in art. Butalso in building and agriculture.Mining was as early as the Neolithic age when the main desire wasobtain flint from chalk to make weapons and tools. About 6,000years ago, with the progression from the Neolithic age to the copperage, the change from hoe farming to the plough culture took place.It was at this time that the oldest known piece of earth movingequipment appeared: the simple wooden plough.In fact the plough features throughout the history of mankind 5,200years after it was invented it was to undergo a tremendous changetransforming it into what was to become todays grader and scraperand into other importance of earth moving equipment.Earth moving machines are part of human culture; they mirrorcontemporary thought, technical possibilities and the every dayworking world of our forefathers. The development of earth movingmachines tells the story of our culture, as does the art or thehistory of the people and the states.

The quickly forgotten development of building techniques never attracts the same attention as the history of weapons for example either in public or in museum. It is for these reasons among others that the history of these machines was finally written down as comprehensively as possible for safekeeping. Without the need to build there would be no construction equipment, without construction equipment there would be no longer stretches of road and rail networks, no great water ways and or airports. Dams would not Beas high as there are there would be no connecting bridges or tunnels. Earth moving equipment followed the three stages of development. In early times machines took over the dredging of ports, canals and the rivers, not save on manual labours was cheap but because manual work prove to be impact in practical. Early machines were built for use on waterways. Then come to the next stage of development. With the world changing invention of the railway, earth moving machines were adopted for use on rails and were use to build the railway as well as being transported by rail. These appearance changes again early this century when they were adopted for road use and they were increasingly transported byroad rather than rail. Large numbers of these machines were used in the construction of roads and motorways especially during the middle of 28th century. The origins of earth moving machines can certainly be traced back to the early days of technology, but try to go back further into the past and the traces soon disappear. The drag bucket pulled along by animals can be seen as the first specialized earth-moving device. It was the development of plough, already thousands of years old when the drag buckets was first use. How grade was increase in performance as compared to earlier methods? We cannot be sure but a worker using a pickaxe and shovel and with a basket on this back could move roughly to 2 cubic meter of earth over a distance of 200 meters in the course of 12hours a day. By comparison building of San Dam in California in1964 almost 1.5 cubic meters of earth

were moved per second from the sources side 20 km away.

JCB INDIA LIMITED was oldest earth moving Construction Company and was entered in India in1979 in joint venture with Escorts Group . JCB India Limited of United Kingdom is ranked in the top 5 manufacturers of earthmoving and construction equipment in the world. The company sells its products in over 130countries and is the worlds no. 1 in the Backhoe Loader or the Excavator Loaders market. Stated below is a synopsis of JCB India corporate: 1979: JCB India Limited, World-renowned EMCE manufacturer, & Escorts limited, a major Indian engineering conglomerate and player in the Indian Earthmoving and Construction Equipment Industry (EMCE) joint hands to form Escorts JCB (EJCB) a joint venture. Plant located at Ballabgarh 30 kilometres from Delhi starts operations and in June rolls out its first equipment an excavator loader. The ExcavatorLoader was a machine for the Indian EMCE market making the beginning of mechanization of small and medium sized jobs. The first model was JCB 3C MarkIII. Together with his new role as managing director of JCB Compact Products, the company said Mr Bamford would continue to retain responsibility for JCB Utility Products. The combined annual turnover of both businesses is around 150 million (172 million). Mr Bamford said, "I am taking over as managing director of JCB Compact Products at a pivotal moment. The business is going from strength to strength and we have some exciting new product innovations coming through in the next couple of years, which will strongly improve our market position. I'm really looking forward to the challenge."

JCB Chairman Sir Anthony Bamford added that his son's experience in developing new products and markets would benefit JCB compact products as the business embarked on its next phase of growth.