to ear emergence, days to maturity, flag leaf area, grains per spike and ash content.

Genotype PBW 550 was identified as a good general combiner for the characters days to ear emergence and grains per spike. Genotype H 2967 was identified as a good general combiner for the character days to ear emergence, days to maturity, flag leaf area, 1000 grain weight and ash content. Genotype PBW 502 was identified as a good general combiner for the ear emergence, plant height, grains per spike, biological yield per plant and grain yield per plant, Genotype WCW 984 was identified as a good general combiner for the character days to maturity and plant height. Genotype WCW 98-48 was identified as a good general combiner for the character days to maturity and plant height, flag leaf area, spike length, biological yield per plant and grain yield per plant. Genotype WCW 98-19 was identified as a good general combiner for the character days to ear emergence, days to maturity, plant height and ash content. Genotype UP 2425 was identified as a good general combiner for the character days to ear emergence, days to maturity, plant height, biological yield per plant and ash content. Genotype PBW 373 was identified as a good general combiner for the character days to ear emergence, days to maturity and plant height. Genotype HVW 213 was identified as a good general combiner for the none of the character. Genotype 9162 was identified as a good general combiner for the character days to maturity and grains per spike. Genotype K 712 was identified as good general combiner for the character plant height, flag leaf area and grains per spike. Genotype K 8962 was identified as a good general combiner for the character days to maturity and plant height. Genotype HVW 516 was identified as a good general combiner for character ash content. Genotype Selection 1 was identified as a good general combiner for the character days to maturity, number of productive tillers per plant, plant height, flag leaf area, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant and 1000 grain weight. Genotype HVW 832 was identified as a good general combiner for the character biological yield per plant. Genotype HVW 234 was identified as a good general combiner for the character days to ear emergence, days to maturity, grains per spike, harvest Index and grain yield per plant. Genotype HD 2733 was identified as a good general combiner for the character plant height, flag leaf area, spike length and ash content. Genotype Raj 3765 was identified as a good general combiner for the character days to maturity, grains per spike, biological yield per plant, 1000 grain weight. Genotype PBW 435 was identified as good general combiner for the character flag leaf area, grains per spike, biological yield per plant, harvest Index,

grain yield per plant and ash content. Tester PBW 343 was identified as a good general combiner for days to maturity, plant height and grains per spike. Genotype PBW 226 was identified as a good general combiner for the character days to ear emergence, days to maturity, plant height, flag leaf area and ash content. Genotype PBW 590 was identified as a good general combiner for the character number of productive tillers, grains per spike, biological yield per plant and grain yield per plant. Genotype DBW 17 was identified as a good general combiner for the character days to ear emergence, days to maturity, number of productive tillers per plant, spike length, biological yield per plant, harvest Index and grain yield per plant and phenol colour reaction which may improve chapti quality with yield. Character wise best general combiner were UP 2338, PBW5500, HD 2967, PBW 502, PBW 373, HVW 234, PBW 226, DBW 17, for days to ear emergence. UP 2338, HD 2967, HVW 98-4, WCW 98-4, PBW 373, K 9162, Selection 1, HVW 234, Raj 3765, PBW 343, PBW 226, and DBW17, for days to maturity. Selection 1, PBW 590 and DBW 17 for number of productive tillers .PBW 502, WCW 98-4, WCW 98-48, WCW 98-19, UP 2425, PBW 373, K 712, K 8962, Selection 1, HD 2733, PBW 343 and PBW 226 for plant height. UP 2338, HVW 2967, WCW 9848, K 712, Selection1, HD 2733, PBW 435 and PBW 226 for flag leaf area. WCW 98-48, HD 2733, and DBW 17 for spike length. UP 2338, PBW 550, PBW 502, K 9162, K 712, HVW 234, Raj 3765, PBW 435, PBW 590 and DBW 17for biological yield per plant. HVW 234, PBW 435, DBW 17 for harvest Index. PBW 502, WCW 98-48, Selection 1, HVW234, PBW 435, PBW 590, and DBW 17 for grain yield per plant. HD 2967, Selection 1 and Raj 3765 for 1000 grain weight. HD 2967, WCW 98-19, UP 2425, HVW 576, HD 2733, PBW 435, and PBW 226 for ash content. On the basis of gca and per se performance, Selection 1 were found good general combiner for seven characters including grain yield per plant. Whereas DBW 17 was found good general combiner for six characters including grain yield per plant and WCW 98-48, PBW 435 was found good general combiner for five characters including grain yield per plant. The estimates of gca effects of the parental lines, including lines and testers, for different characters reveled that none of the parental lines excelled in gca effects for all the characters studied as at least for all the important yield component studied. This suggested the use of multiple parent participation through

multiple crossing to effect substantial improvement in yield and its component. Similar results were reported by Bhalttiet al. (1984) for grain yield per pant and plant height, Kalwar et al (1993) for grain yield per plant height, Kalwas et al. (1993) for grain yield, grain per spike, Zalewaki (2001) for productive tillers/ plant, Manmohan et al. (2003) for grain per spike and grain yield per plants. Vanpariya et al. (2006) for plant height, spike length, and grain yield, cheema et al. (2007) for grain yield per plant, Charma and chaudhary (2009) for days to maturity and harvest Index, Muhammad et al. (2009) for grain yield per plant, Akhter et al. (2010) for biological yield and grain yield, number of grains per spike, harvest Index, Zahid et al. (2011) for grain yield, flag leaf area, Ali and Falky (2011) for grain yield, shrivastava et al. (2012) for spike length, 1000 grain weight. 5.4.2 Specific Combining Ability Effects: Specific combining ability represents the dominance and epistatic type of gene action and it can be related with heterasis. Normaly the non additive gene effect would not contribute tangibly in the improvement of grain yield in self pollinated crops, except where the commercial exploitation of heterosis is feasible . In self pollinated crops, however, the additive x additive type of interaction is also fivable in later generation and can be exploited for the improvement of grain yield and related traits. Jink and Tones (1958) further emphasized that superior per se performance of the hybrids may not indicates their ability to produce transgressive sergeants generations would be a better preposition for heterosis breeding. 5.4.2 Specific Combining Ability Effects: Specific combining ability represents the dominance and epistatic type of gene action and it can be related with heterosis. Normally the non additive gene effect would not contribute tangibly in the improvement of grain yield in self pallinated crops, except type of interaction is also fixable in later generation and can be exploited for the improvement of grain yield and related traits. Jink and Jones (1958) further emphasized that superior per se performance of the hybrids may not indicates their ability to produce trans aggressive recreants due to close correspondence between heterosis and non additive gene effects. There for study of sca in segregating generations would be a better preposition for heterosis breeding. It crosses showing high sca effects involve, parent which, are also good general

combiner, there crosses could be exploited by simple methods like pedigree selection, provided the additive x additive component of interaction was significant. In the present investigation, none of the crosses good specific combiner for all the traits under study. Out of 80 crosses combinations, twenty crosses were positively significant and fifteen crosses also showed negatively significant for days to ear emergence, thirty one crosses were positively significant for number of productive tillers per plant, twenty nine crosses were positively significant and thirty two crosses were also showed negatively significant for plant height, twenty seven crosses were positively significant for flag leaf area, nine crosses were positively significant for spike length, thirty one crosses were positively significant for grains per spike, fourteen crosses were positly significant for biological yield per plant, eight crosses were also showed positively significant for harvest Index, Fourteen crosses were showed positively significant for grain yield per plant, two crosses were also showed positively significant 1000 grain weight and thirty four crosses were showed positively significant for ash content. Some of the cross combination viz HVW 234 x PBW 343, PBW 435 x PBW 343, HVW 835 x PBW 590, HD 2733 x PBW226, HVW 213 x PBW 590, PBW 343 x PBW 343, and WCW 98-48 x PBW 590 which showed significant sca effects for grain yield per plant, also showed significant sca effects for some other yield components for instance, the cross HVW 234 x PBW 343 also showed high and desirable effect for number of productive tillers per plant, flag leaf area, grains per spike, biological yield per plant and ash content. HVW 835 x PBW590 for days to ear mergence, days to maturity flag leaf area, biological yield per plant and harvest Index, HVW 213 x PBW 590 for plant height, spike length, grains per spike and ash content, PBW 373 x PBW 343 for days to ear emergence, days to maturity, grains per spike and ash content. Out of 80 cross combination, on the basis of sca effect and per se performance five crosses viz; PBW 435 x PBW 343, HVW 234 x PBW 343, HD 2733 x PBW 226, HVW 213 x PBW 590 and HVW 835 x PBW 590 were found superior. On the other hand, HVW 835 x PBW 590 was common for grain yield per plant and phenol colour reaction crosses WCW 98-48 x PBW590, PBW 373 x PBW 343, HVW x PBW590, HVW 234 x PBW 343, HD 2733 x PBW 226 and

PBW 435 x PBW 343 common for ash content and grain yield per plant which showed approximate picture of mineral matter present in the grain of crop plant. There crosses combination may be expected in heterosis breeding programme and developing so genotype having broad genetre base by multiple corssing programme. Grafius (1959) suggested that there may not be any gene system for yield per se which largely an artifact is. Several investigators have reported that genetic basis for high sca for a complex traits can be explained by multiplicative interaction on the phenotypic level of components of the traits. The good specific combiners involved all the three possible combinations between the parents with high and low gca effects viz; high x high, high x low and low x low, indicative none additive type of gene action. A good cross combination does not always occur as a result of crossing between high x high or high x low combiners. Low x low combiners were also likely to yield best cross (Chaudhary, 1974) for exploitation of such cross; the recombination breeding through multiple crosses would be useful in realizing the progressive stock. If two good combiners involved in a cross also happened to genetically devergent, the position would be particularly advantageous for practical breeding. Another possibility for exploitation of high sca effect would be on the basis of cross combination were F1 means are higher than better varity included in the experiment and if possible to the best local check in high x low category, there was only one cross combination. In this cross additive/ component present in good combiner and complementary fashion to maximize desirable plant attributes which could be exploited further on an appropriate breeding pragramme. Similar results were reported by Sattar et al. (1992) for 1000 grain weight, plant height, tillers per plant, Zalewski (2001) for number of productive tillers per plant, grain per spike, 1000 grain weight, Manmohan et al. (2002) for number of grain per spike, grain yield and 1000 grain weight, Siddique et al. (2004), Vanpariya et al. (2006) for grain yield per plant, spike length, days to maturity, number of productive tillers per plant, grain per spike, cheema et al. for number of productive tillers, spike length, number of grains per spike, 1000 grain weight and grain yield per plant, Muhammad et al. (2009) for grain yield per plant, Esra and Kotsal (2010) for plant

height, Spike length, grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, Zahid et al. (2011) for 1000 grain weight and grain yield per plant, Koumber and Gammaal (2012) for plant height, grain yield per plant, 1000 grain weight. 5.5 Manifestation of heterosis over better parent: Heterosis is a happy genetre balance additive, dominance and epistatic components of genetic variation. Genetically, heterosis may be explained as the expression of the joint action of favorable combination of genes. It is the additive manifestation due to interaction genes and alldes brought together from the parents, which supposes the simple summation of the effects of there genes in the parents (Hayman, 1954). It was suggested that non allelic interaction and epistais might be partly responsible for heterotic effects ( Comstock and Robinson, 1948). Jinks (1955) suggested that apparent over dominance might partly be due to epistasis. Heterosis itself is not on indication of gene action or interaction prevailing in the material. Combining ability meets the objective of spotting out the best combiners and cross combinations which would perform significantly better than their parents or mid parent or the best commercial variety and thus, it is rated to be an important parameter in such studies. This phenomenon has extensively been exploited in cross - pollinated crops. Availability of male sterility and efficient fertility restoration system and good mechanism of pollen transfer, usually enable the commercial exploitation of hybrid vigor in the autonomous crops. In the parents investigation, the degree of heterosis was measured as mean superiority of F1s over their respective better parents. Heterosis being F1 P can be high or low depending upon the mean of the parent (P) in question. Onerously, there is every possibility of getting cross with high per se performance but with low heterosis, in case the parental performance is also high. On the contray, there can be a cross with poor per se performance is very poor. It means that the choice of best combination on the basis of high heterosis would not necessarily by one which would give the highest per se performance also. The per se performance being the realized value, and the heterotic response being an estimate, the former should be given performance over the later while making selection of cross combination.

While analyzing the crosses for manifestation of hybrid vigour better parent, none of the crosses exhibited vigour for all the traits in the present investigation. Manifestation of heterosis was found in both positive and negatively direction for days to ear emergence. The better heterosis ranged from -0.41 (UP 2338 x PBW 590) to 8.23 (HVW 835 x PBW 226) percent. Out of 80 crosses twenty five crosses showed heterosis over better parent in highly significant and negatively direction (desirable) for early flowering. Crosses WCW 98-48 x PBW 590 (-8.64), HVW 234 x PBW 226 (-8.33), Selection 1 x DBW 17 (-7.94), HVW 234 x DBW 17(-7.82), UP 2425 x PBW 343 (-7.44), HVW 576 x PBW 226 (7.66), HVW 576 x DBW 17(-7.66), Selection 1 x PBW 343(-7.14), Raj 576 x DBW 17 (-6.81) and HVW 516 x PBW 343 (-6.05). Out of 80 crosses, eighteen crosses showed significant and positively and positively heterosis over better parent. The best ten crosses were HVW 835 x DBW 226(8.23), Raj 3765 x PBW 343 (6.55), K 9162 x PBW 590 (5.98), WCW 98-19 x PBW 226 (5.19), UP 2425 x PBW 590(5.13), HVW 213 x PBW 343 (4.80), K 712 x PBW 343 (4.80), WCW 98-19 x PBW 590(4.70) and HD 2733 x PBW 17 (4.68). Days to maturity showed better heterosis ranged from 0.24 (PBW 373 x PBW 590) x 7.93 (WCW 98-19 x PBW 590). Total number of crosses with positive value was 41 out of which twenty six was significant positive while with negative value was 38 out of which 31 was negatively significant. The highest and negatatively significant value was observed for crosses Selection 1 x DBW 17(7.60), Selection 1 x PBW 343 (-6.18), PBW 373 x DBW 17 (-6.08), WCW 98-4 x PBW 343 (-6.04), WCW 98-19 x DBW 17 (-5.81), WCW 98-4 x PBW 226 (5.80), HVW 234 x PBW 590 (-5.11), Raj 3765 x PBW226 (-5.10), HD 2967 x DBW17 and Raj 3765 x DBW 17 (-4.60). The highest and positive value was observed for crosses WCW 98-19 x PBW 590 (7.93), UP 2425 x PBW 590 (7.16), K 712 x PBW 590 (6.91), HD 2967 x PBW 590 (6.39), UP 2425 x PBW 343 (6.33), K 8962 x PBW 590 (6.06), UP 2338 x PBW 590 (5.87), HD 2967 x PBW 343 (557), HVW 516 x PBW 590 ( 5.25) and PBW 502 x PBW 590 (5.04). Plant height showed better heterosis ranged from -0.16 (HVW 98-48 x PBW 590) to 15.80 (PBW 435 x PBW 343). Total number of crosses with positive value was 23 out of which 21 was significant positive while with negative value

was 57 out of which 51 negatively & significant. The highest and positive was observed for PBW 435 x PBW 343 (15.80), HD 2967 x PBW 590(14.60), PBW 373 x PBW 343 (13.36), WCW 98-48 x DBW 17 (1056), PBW 550 x PBW 343 (8.43), PBW 550 x DBW 17 (8.26), K 712 x PBW 590 (8.16), WCW 98-19 x PBW 226 (7.40), HD 2967 x DBW 17 (7.08) and K 712 x PBW 343 (6.63). Number of productive tillers per plant showed better betcrosis ranged from 0.72 (PBW 373 x PBW 343) to 23.09 (UP 2425 x DBW 17). Total number of crosses with positive value was 50 out of which 21 was significant positively significant while with negative value was 29 out of which 6 was negatively significant. The highest and positive value were observed for UP 2425 x PBW 17 (2309), WCW 98-4 x DBW 17 (22.61), WCW 98-19 x DBW 17 (22.11), PBW 502 x DBW 17 (21.62), HVW 213 x DBW 17 (20.46), Selection 1 x DBW 17 (20.46), WCW 98-48 x DBW 17 (18.81), HD 2733 x DBW 17(18.63), K 712 x DBW 17 (17.16) and PBW 373 x PBW 17 (16.88). Flag leaf area showed better heterosis ranged from 0.09 (K 8962 x DBW 17) to 46.34 (UP 2338 x DBW 17). Total number of crosses with positive value was 51 out of which 40 was significantly positive while with negative value 29 out of which 17 was negatively significant. The highest and positive value was observed for crosses UP 2338 x DBW 17 (46.34), Raj 3765 x PBW 226(37.80), WCW 98-48 x PBW 226 (35.51), HD 2967 x PBW 226(35.17), K 8962 x PBW 226 (32.77), PBW 550 x PBW 590 (32.66), WCW 98-4 x PBW 590 (31.73), PBW 502 x PBW 226 (31.30), HD 2733 x PBW 590 (30.83) and HVW 213 x DBW 17 (28.29). Spike length showed better heterosis ranged from -0.45 (K 9162 x DBW 17)to 21.41 (HD 2733 x PBW 590). Total number of crosses with positive value was 38 out of which 10 was significant positive while with negative value was 42 out of which 14 was negatively significant. The highest and positive value was observed for crosses HD 2733 x PBW 590 (21.41), K 712 x DBW 17 (19.08), WCW 98-4 x PBW 343 (18.13), PBW 435 x PBW 590 (18.02), HD 2733 x DBW 17 (16.50), WCW 98-4 x DBW 17 (16.16), PBW 435 x PBW 343 (14.46), Selection 1 x DBW 17 (14.27), UP 2338 x DBW 17 (13.82) and WCW 98-48 x PBW 226 (13.70).

Grains per spike showed better heterosis ranged from -0.28 (HVW 213 x PBW 590) to 23.87 (HD 2733 x PBW 590). Total number of crosses with positive value was 27 out of which 17 was significant positive while negative value was 52 out of which 44 was negatively significant. The highest and significant positive value was observed for crosses HD 2733 x PBW 590 (23.83), K 9162 x PBW 590 (21.27), WCW 98-48 x PBW 590 (17.89), K 712 x PBW 590 (11.40), PBW 502 x DBW 17 (11.38), K 712 x DBW 17 (10.61), K 9162 x PBW 343 (9.97), PBW 435 x PBW 343 (9.69), UP 2338 x PBW 343 (9.59) and Raj 3765 x PBW 343 (8.88). Biological yield per plant showed better heterosis ranged from -0.56 (HD 2967 x DBW17) to 43.39 (HVW 835 x PBW 590). Total number of crosses with positive value was 50out of which 31significant positive while with negative value was 30 out of which 12 was negatively significant. The highest and significant positive value was observed for crosses HVW 835 x PBW 590 (43.39), WCW 98-4 x PBW 590 (41.18), WCW 9848 x PBW 590 (39.09), PBW 502 x PBW 590 (38.68), PBW 502 x DBW 17 (38.59), K 712 x PBW 590 (38.52), UP 2338 x PBW 590 (35.25), Raj 3765 x PBW 590 (33.66), Selection 1 x DBW 17 (33.05) and Selection 1 x PBW 590 (32.01). Harvest Index showed better heterosis ranged from 0.03 (HD 2733 x DBW 17) to 22.82 (HVW 234 x PBW 343). Total number of crosses with positive value was 8 out of which 3 was significant positive while with negative value was 71 out of which 44 was negatively significant. The highest and significant positive value was observed for crosses HVW 234 x PBW 343 (22.82), HVW 234 x DBW 17 (15.82) and PBW 550 x DBW 17 (10.75). Grain yield per plant showed better heterosis ranged from -0.58 (UP 2338 x DBW 17) to 38.04 (Selection 1 x PBW590). The total number of crosses with positive value was 42 out of which 26 was significant positive while with negative value was 38 out of which 13 was negatively significant. The highest and significant positive value was observed for Selection1 x PBW 590 (38.04), HVW 835 x PBW 590 (35.13), PBW 502 x DBW 17 (35.11), WCW 98-48 x PBW 590 (32.82), HVW 234 x DBW17(32.39), HD 2733 x DBW17(29.08), WCW 98-19 x

DBW 17(28.25), PBW 502 x PBW 590(28.11), PBW 435 x DBW 17 (27.09) and Selection1 x DBW 17 (27.48). Heterosis over better parent for 1000 grain weight ranged from -0.2 (HD2733 x PBW226) to 4.36 (K 5962 x PBW 226). Total number of crosses with positive value was 28 out of which none of the crosses positive significant while with negative value there was 52 out of which 14 was negatively significant. Heterosis over better parent for ash content ranged from -076 (HVW 234 x PBW 226) to 96.20 (HVW 516 x DBW17). Total number of crosses with positive value was 32 out of which 25 was significant positive while with negative value was 48 out of which 38 was negatively significant. The highest and significant positive value was observed for crosses HDW 516 x DBW 17 (96.20), WCW 98-19 x DBW 17 (39.71), WCW 98-4 x DBW 17 (37.57), HD 2733 x PBW 226 (33.19), PBW 550 x PBW 226 (31.46), UP2338 x DBW 17(28.37), HD 2733 x PBW 343(24.89), PBW 550 x PBW 590 (23.37), HD 2967 x PBW 226 (2015) and PBW 435 x PBW 226 (18.85). Out of 80 crosses 7 crosses viz; PBW 435 x PBW 343 (15.36), HVW 234 x PBW 343 (27.63), HVW 835 x PBW590 (35.18), Selection1 x PBW590 (38.4), HVW 213 x PBW 590(15.35), UP 2425 x PBW 343 (12.86) and WCW 9848 x PBW 590 (32.82) did express high mean performance sca effects as well as high significant heterosis per grain yield as well as days to ear emergence, plant height, number of productive tillers per plant, flag leaf area, days to maturity, grains per spike, biological yield per plant, spike length, harvest Index and ash content. Hence there crosses could be the most potential population crosses for ploilation of the heterosis to have high yield and major yield contributing traits. One the other hand, crosses HVW 213 x PBW 590 were common ash content and grain yield per plant which can be show mineral matter picture present in the grain of crop plant and HVW 835 x PBW 590 common for grain yield per plant and phenol colour reaction. The heterosis effect for grain yield has also been reported by Youchun et al. (1997) for plant height, (oan/2000) for number of grains per spike and 1000 grain weight, Abdullah et al. (2002) for number of tillers per plant and spike length, Singh et al. (2004) for grain yield per plant, Kumar et al. (2005) for grain

yield per plant it is associated with 1000 grain weight, number of productive tiller per plant, vanpariya et al. (2006), Jogendra and Raje (2007), Baric et al. (2008), grain yield per plant and number of effective tiller per plant, spike length, number of grain per spike, harvest Index, Plant height, days to maturity, flag leaf area, biological yield per plant, Srivastava and Singh (2008) for grain yield per plant, Peng et al. (2009) for spike length and plant height, Muhammad Akbar et al. (2010) for grain yield per plant, Aknc (2009) for 1000 grain weight and grain per plant, Jaiswal et al. (2010) studied negative heterosis for days to flowering and plant height and significant positive heterosis for spike length, number of tillers per plant, grain per spike, test weight and harvest Index, Sarkar et al. (2010) for grain yield per plant, number of tillers per plant, Alp and Farahy (2011) for 1000 grain weight and grain yield per plant, Kalimullah (2011) reported negative heterosis for plant height, positive heterosis for number of productive tillers per plant, spike length grains per spike. Out of 104 entries, 44 were found to be good for chapatti quality with the help of phenol coloureation. Morever, phenol colour reactions also play a susstantial roli in the determination of chapatti characteristics. On the other hand, Phenol test may be used for the identification of cultivars (Abrol et al. 1970 clancy et al. 1982 and Gupta et al. 2004). Classified maximu and indigenous wheat varities with the help of phenol colour reaction. PBW 550 (L), WCW 98-48 (L), K 712 (L), HVW 835 (L), HVW 234 (L) PBW 435 (L), DBW 17 (T), UP 2338 x PBW 343, UP2425 x DBW17, PBW 373 x PBW 226, PBW 373 x DBW 17, K 9162 x PBW 590, K 712 x PBW 343, K 712 x PBW 226, K 8962 x PBW 343, K8962 x PBW 590, UP 2338 x DBW17, PBW 55 x PBW 343, H2967 x PBW 343, HD 2967 x PBW 590, PBW 502 x DBW 17, WCW 98- 4 x PBW 226, WCW 98-4 x PBW 590, WCW 98-48 x DBW 17, WCW 98-19 x PBW 343,WCW 98-19 x PBW 226, WCW 98-19 x PBW 590, K8962 x DBW 17, Selection x PBW 226, Selection1 x DBW17, HVW 835 x PBW 343, HVW 835 x PBW 590, HVW 234 x PBW 226, Raj 3765 x PBW 343, Raj 3765 x PBW 226, PBW435 x PBW 226, PBW 435 x DBW17, UP2425 x PBW 226, UP2338 x PBW 226, HD 2967 x PBW 226, PBW 502 x PBW 226, WCW 98-4 x PBW 343, WCW 98-48 x PBW 590 and Raj 3765 x DBW 17.

5.6 Indirect selection parmeters 5.6.1 Correlation coefficient: It has been well established that grain yield is one of the most important economic character, which is influenced to a great extent by the entertain of several metric traits, and by the influctuating environment condition. The effectiveness of any breeding or selection programme depend upon the nature of associations between yield and other component characters, as mere directly and positively a characters is associated with seed yield. The more will be the success of the selection programme. Therefor, besides getting information on the nature and magnitude of variation. It is also imperative to identify characters for defining an ideal plant type as well as for increasing the efficiency of indirect selection. Estimates of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of correlation and that of direct and indirect effects provide the base necessary for Identification of traits of an ideal plant type and indirect selection. Grain yield per plant exhibited highly significant and positive association with days to maturity, number of productive tillers per plant, grains per spike, biological yield per plant, harvest Index and 1000 grain weight. Thus it can be inferred that selection based on any one of these traits either alone or on combination will result in identifying high yielding strains. In the present study days to ear emergence showed significant and positive association with days to maturity, and plant height; days to maturity showed highly significant and positively correlation with biological yield per plant; number of productive tillers per plant; highly significantly correlated with flag leaf area and biological yield per plant; plant height was strongly associated with spike length; and spike length significantly correlated with grain per spikes, which might be due to linkage of genes determining there among these traits. These results are in general agreement with Shrivastava et al. (1981); Garg et al. (1991); Vikram et al. (2003); Satana and Malik (2005); Sing et al. (2005); Siddarthan and Malik (2006) Singh and Sharma (2007) for biological yield per plant. Positive correlation of grain yield per plant with harvest Index suggest Index that could be improved substantially through selection for high degree of harvest Index. These result are in confirmation with findings of Vikram et al. (2003); Singh et al. (2005); Prasad et al. (2006); singh and Sharma (2007); Hitesh kumar et al. (2010) for harvest index.

Selection for these traits could definitely be yielded towered productively as they showed correlated response with grain yield. Based on the estimates of genotypic and phenotypic correlation. The breeder would be able to decide the method of breeding to be followed so that the useful correlation could be exploited and the undesirable was modified by generating fresh variability to obtain new recombinations. Grain yield per plant exhibited negatively significant correlation with plant height. According to Al Jibouri et al (1958), negative association beween characters due to pliotropic effects, it could be very difficult to obtain the desired recombinants, while of linkage is involved, special breeding programme are needed are needed to break these linkages. Undesirable correlation could be broken by triple test cross mating, biparental mating cross and recurrent selection programmes Miller and Rawlings (1967), whereas, kaltsikes and Lee (1971) opned that of morphological traits are highly correlated with yield, a pedigree programme with yield per plant or plot as the selection criterion would be useful. Thus, from the parent study on correlation, it was apparent that for improvement of wheat six traits viz; days to maturity, number of productive tillers per plant, biological yield per plant, harvest Index, and 1000 grain weight are more important since have highest correlation coefficient values. 5.6.2 Path coefficient analysis: Even though the correlation coefficients are quite helpful in determining the components of a complex traits like yield, however, an exact picture of the relative importance of direct and Indirect influence of each component character is not provided by such studies. Path coefficient analysis (Wright 1921; Deway and Lu, 1959) under such circumstances play a important role in partitioning of the correlation coefficient in to direct and indirect effects of a set of independent variable on the dependent variable and determines the component characters on which selection can be based for emprovement in yield in target crop. Result on phenotypic and genotypic path coefficient reveald high direct contribution to the yield was made manly by harvest Index and biological yield per plant. Bergale et al. (2002) studied grain per spike positive direct effect

on yield, lad et al. (2003) reported productive tillers per plant positive direct effect on grain yield, Asif et al. (2004) positive direct effect of plant height on grain, Ayccek and Yldrm (2005) for plant height, and grain yield per plant, Payal et al (2007) for biological yield per plant, number of grain per spike, number of tillers per plant, 1000 grain weight, Sharma and Singh (2009) biological yield per plant and harvest Index, Tripathi et al. (2011) for biological yield per plant, harvest Index, days to maturity, spike length, number of productive tillers per plant, El mohsen et al. (2012) for number of grain per spike, number of productive tillers per plant, 1000 grain weight, and Singh et al. (2012) for biological yield per plant, harvest Index, plant height, Sultana and Malik (2005); Sidharthan and Malik (2006) for biological yield per plant. Mahak et al. (2003); Kishore at el. (1992); Prasad et al (2006) for harvest index, Srivatava et al. (1981); Vikram et al (2003); Singh et al (2005); Singh and Sharma (2007); Saxena et al. (2007); and Hitesh kumar et al. (2010) for biological yield per plant. The significantly positive association of biological yield per plant and harvest Index with grain yield per plant was meanly due to their high positive direct effects. The indirect positive effects of number of productive tillers per plant, days to maturity, flag leaf area, 1000 grain weight, spike length, and grain per spike via biological yield per plant contributed directly to grain yield per plant were responsible for their positive association with grain yield per plant. The contribution of resuidual effects that influenced grain was very low at both genotypic and phenotypic levels indicating that the characters included in the present investigation were sufficient enough to account for the variability in the dependent character ie. Grain yield per plant. The results discussed above indicated that, In general, biological yield per plant and harvest Index exhibited high positive and direct influence on grain yield per plant. Most of the other component characters contributed mainly via biological yield per plant and harvest Index. Similar observations were also been recored by Shamsuddin (1987); Singh et al. (1987); Sharma et al (2006) and Hitesh kumar et al. (2010), Prasad et al. (2006), Payal et al (2007), Tripathi et al. (2011), Singh et al. (2012).

5.7 Proportional contributions of lines, tester and line x testers: The knowledge of proportional contribution of lines, testers and their interaction components towards the expression of different characters gives an idea of relative importance of nature and magnitude of genetic variation present in the material studied. Fixable component of genetre variation is reflected by contribution of line and testers while non fixable effects are shown by line x tester components. In the present study, the relative contribution of line was found to be higher than these of testers for all the characters except number of productive tillers per plant and lower than line x testers. All the characters of line x tester has maximum contribution of line x tester for their expression and thawed non fixable gene effects.

Summary and Conclusion

Chapter 6

1- The present investigation entitled Genetre analysis for yield and yield component in Bread wheat Triticuin aestivum L. was under taken to collect information on genetre parameters for yield and quality components from a Line x Tester mating design in bread wheat. The genetre information for these components was studied by resolving then in combining ability, component analysis, heterosis and selection parameters (direct and indirect selection). This information would help to pin point potential doner parent and cross combinations for their effective exploitation through appropriate breeding techniques for improvement of desired trait on bread wheat. 2- An investigation entitled Genetre analysis for yield and yield component in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L) was undertaken to assen the genetre content of seed and quality components including ash content, phenol colour reaction to pin point potential doners and cross combinations for their effective exploitation through appropriate breeding techniques for improvement of desired traits in bread wheat. 3- The experiment material was comprised of twenty four parents (4 tester and 20 lines) and their all possible 8 fis crosses developed following line x tester mating design. All the genotypes were grown in complete Randomized Block Design with three replications at crop Research center of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut during Rabi 2010-11. The observation were recorded on thirteen viz Days to ear emergence, days to maturity, number of productive tillers plant, plant height flag leaf area, spike length, grains per spike, biological yield per plant, harvest Index, 1000 grain weight, ash content and phenol colour reaction. 4- The data recorded on all these traits were subjected to various statistical analysis except one character data i.e. phenol colour reaction to work out analysis of variance, components of variance and effects, genotypic coefficient of variation, Phenotypic coefficient of variation, general combining ability, specific combining ability, heritability in bread sence, heritability on narrow tense, genetre advance, correlation coefficient, path coefficients and manifestation of heterosis, Data on phenol colour reaction was recorded and all the entries were kep in different grades.

5- The analysis variance revealed significant difference among the genotypes (parent and their fis) for all the traits viz; days to ear emergence, days to maturity, number of productive tillers per plant, plant height, flag leaf area, spike length, grains per spike, biological yield per plant, harvest Index, 1000 grain weight and grain yield per plant. 6- Rang and mean performance of all 104 genotypes revealed that wide rang of variation was reared for the different traits under study. It is wrathful to mention here that parent HD 2967 took minimum days to ear emergence and day to maturity. However, four crosses viz; WCW 98-4 x PBW 343, WCW 98-19 x DBW 17, K 712 x PBW 343 and Selection1 x PBW 590 to be earlear mature. The cross HVW 234 x PBW 343 found to be produces highest grain yield per plant and harvest Index. Other crosses showing highest mean value for different traits were K 712 x PBW 590 for number of productive tillers per plant and spike length, (UP 2338 x DBW 17 per flag leaf area, PBW 435 x PBW 229 for grains per spikes , PBW 502 x DBW 17 for biological yield per plant, HVW 835 x PBW 590 for 1000 grain weight and HD 2733 x PBW 226 for ash content. The above indentified genotype (Parents/ Crosses) could be utilized for selection of development of trait specific population for further breeding programme. 7- Estimate of phenotype coefficient variation (PCV) was little bit more but very closer than corssponding genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the characters under study. Both GCV and PCV found to be moderate (10 -25%) for flag leaf area, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant and ash content. However, remaining traits neamly days to ear mergence, days to maturity, plant height, harvest Index, and 1000 grain weight having (<10%) GCV and PCV values. High estimate of heritability (>60%) were recorded for days to ear emergence, days to maturity, plant height, flag leaf area, grain per spike, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant and ash content while It was moderate (30 60%) for number of productive tillers per plant, spike length and 1000 grain weight. 8- High heritability (bs) coupled with high genetre advance in per cent of mean was recorded for leaf area, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant and ash content indicating that there is leaf infance of environment for expression of there traits and selection could be exsemized.

9- Anova for combining ability was done for yield and its components traits. Variation among female (Lines) in respect of gca was found highly significant for harvest index and grain yield per plant. The variation among male in respect of gca was found highly significant for days to ear emergence, days to maturity, number of productive tiller per plant, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant while significant for harvest Index. The variation among crosses due to interaction between male x female in respect of sca also found to be highly significant for all the characters. 10It is necessary to mention here that the value of variation due to SCA (lines, testers) were greater than GCA (Line, tester), line x tester variance indicating most influence of non additive gene action in expression to additive gene action. Estimate of component of variances further indicating that variance of female, male poled of both were found to be less than variance of female x male (SCA) for all the characters indicating preponderance of no additive gene action. 11Estimate of average degree of dominance was found to be more than unity (1) indicating over domince for all the characters under study. 12None of parents was found to be a good general combiner for all the characters under study. However among the lot, PBW 502, WCW 98-48, Selection1, HVW 234, PBW 435, PBW 590, DBW17, were found to be good general combiner for yield and some other traits. UP 2338, HD 2967, WCW 98-19, UP2425, HVW 516, HD 2733, PB 435, AND PBW 226 for ash content . Phenocalus wn. 13The results of specific combining ability exhibited that none of the crosses to be best combiner for all the traits. With regard to grain yield crosses MVW 234 x PBW 373, PBW 435xPBW 343, HVW 835 x PBW590, HD 2733 x PBW 226, HVW213 x PBW590, PBW 373 x PBW343, and WCW 98-48 x PBW 590 which showed significant sca effects for grain yield per plant, also showed significant sca effect for some other yield component for instance the cross HVW 234 x DBW 343 also showed high and desirable sca effects for productive tillers per plant, flag leaf area, grain per spike, harvest Index and ash content. PBW 435 x PBW 343 for days to maturity, plant height, grains per spike, biological yield per plant and ash content. HD 2733 x PBW 343 for days to ear emergence, grain per spike,

biological yield per plant and ash content. HVW 835 x PBW 590 for days to ear emergence, days to maturity, flag leaf area, biological yield per plant and harvest Index. HVW 213 x PBW 590 for plant height, spike length, grains per spike, and ash content. PBW 373 x PBW 343 for plant height, grains per spike and ash content. WCW 98-48 x PBW 590 for days to ear emergence, days to maturity, grains per spike and ash content. 14Out of 80 crosses , 7 crosses viz; PBW 435 x PBW343, HVW 234x PBW343, HVW 835 x PBW590, Selection1 x PBW590, HVW213 x PBW590, UP2425 x PBW343, and WCW 98-48 x PBW590, did express high mean performance sca effects as well as high significant heterosis for grain yield as well as days to ear emergence, plant height productive tillers per plant, flag leaf area, days to maturity, grains per spike, biological yield per plant, spike length, harvest Index and ash content. 15Phenol colour:

16Path coefficient analysis for seed yield in valving independent variable that maximum positive direct effect on grain yield was exerted by biological/ yield per plant, followed by harvest Index. However, days to ear emergence, number of productive tillers per plant, plant height 1000 grain weight and ash content exerted direct negative effect on grain yield per plant number of productive tillers per plant, days to maturity, flag leaf area and 1000 grain weight via biological yield per plant exerted high order Indirect positive effect on grain yield per plant. The Indirect effect of other characters was too low to be considered any consequences.

At genotypic level also biological yield per plant followed by harvest Index maximum positive direct effect on grain yield per plant. However, direct effect of days to ear emergence, number of productive tillers per plant, plant height, and ash content was negative. Number of productive tillers per plant followed by days to maturity, 1000 grain weight and flag leaf area biological yield per plant having high order indirect effect on grain yield per plant. However, harvest Index followed by plant height via biological yield per plant showed highest negative indirect effect on grain yield per plant. The direct and indirect effect of remaining traits was too low to be considered any consequence. The residual effect at phenotypic level (0.075) and genotypic level (0.0530) were too low indicating that the characters taken for study were sufficient. 17Grain yield per plant exhibited highly significant and positive association with days to maturity, number of productive tillers per plant, grains per spike, biological yield per plant, harvest Index and 100 grain weight. That it can be inferred that selection based on any one of these traits either alone or un combination will result in identifying high yield strain. In the present study. Days to ear emergence showed highly significant and positively association with days to maturity and plant height, days to maturity, showed highly significant and positively correlation with biological yield per plant; was strongly associated with spike length; and spike length significantly correlated with grains per spike which might to be due to linkage of gene determining there among these traits.