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Maximizing LTE MIMO Throughput Using Drive Test Measurements PCTEL RF Solutions

James Zik, Senior Product Marketing Manager, PCTEL, Inc.

Bruce Hoefler, Vice President Product Management, PCTEL, Inc.

Mobile Bandwidth Need

18X growth from 2011 to 2016


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Spectrum Crunch
300 200 Spectrum Surplus (MHz)

100

-100

-200

-300 2011 2012 2013 2014

FCC Licensed Spectrum Needs*

Need to get maximum throughput on available spectrum


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*FCC, Mobile Broadband: The Benefits of Additional Spectrum (October 2010).

How do we Get There?


Air Interface Bottleneck Solutions
More Spectrum
Limited licensed spectrum available Expensive

WiFi Offload

Carrier grade WiFi and backhaul required 22% of mobile traffic by 2016 (Cisco VNI Mobile 2012)

Increased Cell Density Spectrum Efficiency

Small Cells and DAS (expensive) Backhaul required to each cell/DAS

Migration LTE Migration to to LTE and LTE Advanced LTE MIMO LTE MIMO

Must employ all of these solutions to solve the spectrum crunch


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Why MIMO?
Low to medium cost method to improve transmission performance (already built-in on many LTE base stations) Increases physical layer capacity (w/ spatial multiplexing MIMO) Throughput gain dependent on number of Tx and Rx antennas i.e. 2x2, 4x4, etc.
LTE Peak Spectral Efficiency per 3GPP
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LTE Peak Throughput of 4x

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20 Peak Physical Layer Spectral Efficiency (b/s/Hz)

2x1
2x2 4x4 8x8

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10

5
0 -10 -5 -5 0 5 10 SNR (dB) 15 20 25 30

LTE Peak Throughput of 2x

What is MIMO?
MIMO is a smart antenna technoIogy that employs multiple antennas at the Tx and Rx ends MIMO is NxM (i.e. 2x2, 4x2, 4x4, 8x8, etc.) where N>1 and M>1
2x2 (deployed), 4x4 and 4x2 (emerging), 8x8 (LTE Advanced)

Radiated signals traveling on different paths provide the possibility of performance improvements
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How Does MIMO Work?

Spatial Multiplexing: Transmits multiple data streams simultaneously in the same frequency and time, taking advantage of different paths
Requires separate paths Requires high SNR to improve throughput
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Transmission shown one way (eNB to UE) for simplicity

Transmission Modes

Single User MIMO Modes

Currently deployed transmission modes

Why Test MIMO?


What are we trying to accomplish by testing MIMO?
Determine the air interface Maximum Throughput capacity for different MIMO Modes (MIMO Gain)
Provide throughput gain of the physical layer for each transmission mode (using standards number)

Optimize the RAN physical layer for Maximum Throughput


Characterize Link efficiency

Troubleshoot the RAN physical layer


Isolate path issues Test for channel independence

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What Parameters are Necessary for MIMO Testing


Premise: Operators need to understand MIMO transmission characteristics of the physical layer in RAN
Path measurements Channel Quality Indicator (CQI as defined by 3GPP) Throughput (maximum air interface throughput capability) Channel Condition Number (CN)

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RF Path Measurements
Determines if there is a problem with base station port or a particular antenna with regard to MIMO paths
Antenna, cabling or TX port issues Measurements are provided for each Tx/Rx antenna pair 4 paths for 2x2 MIMO
RSRP, RSRQ, RS CINR for each path

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CQI
CQI Index 0 Modulation Code Rate x 1024 out of range Efficiency (b/s/Hz)

Consistent indicator of theoretical transmission physical layer efficiency CQI measurement is an essential tool for MIMO
With SISO, CINR translates directly to CQI With MIMO, CINR does NOT translate to CQI i.e. throughput

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4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

QPSK QPSK QPSK


QPSK QPSK QPSK 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM

78 120 193
308 449 602 378 490 616 466 567 666 772 873 948

0.1523 0.2344 0.3770


0.6016 0.8770 1.1758 1.4766 1.9141 2.4063 2.7305 3.3223 3.9023 4.5234 5.1152 5.5547

Source: 3GPP TS 36.213 Ver. 10.7.0 (Sept. 2012) Table 7.2.3-1: 4-bit CQI
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Throughput
How and where is throughput measured?
Maximum Throughput Capacity of the Air Interface (Physical Layer)
CQI Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 Throughput (Mbps) 5 MHz 0.55 0.84 1.36 2.17 3.16 4.23 10 MHz 1.10 1.69 2.71 4.33 6.31 8.47 20 MHz 2.19 3.38 5.43 8.66 12.63 16.93

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8 9 10 11 12 13 14

5.32
6.89 8.66 9.83 11.96 14.05 16.28 18.41 20.00

10.63
13.78 17.33 19.66 23.92 28.10 32.57 36.83 39.99

21.26
27.56 34.65 39.32 47.84 56.19 65.14 73.66 79.99

Physical Layer Throughput (for RAN optimization)


Throughput measurement includes RAN, Backhaul, Network Loading, Server, etc.
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User layer throughput reduced up to 10X due to control overhead


Handshaking Synchronization Retransmission

Condition Number (CN)


CN is a measure of the independence (or correlation) of the channels (paths)
Measured from 0 to 50 dB; lower values are better indicating low correlation CN helps analyze potential causes for throughput issues but is not used to calculate throughput Studies show MIMO can still be effective with high CN if CINR is high

Industry Norm
CN (dB) 0 ~<13* ~13 to 19* ~>19* Indication Two totally independent channels, an ideal condition that can enable maximum throughput Favorable condition that can enable much better throughput than SISO/MISO based transmission systems Medium correlation that can provide marginal throughput improvement High correlation where MIMO generally would not induce a condition that would increase throughput

*The CNs indicating the level of correlation are based on industry published approximations and can vary by several dB depending on conditions

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Interpreting MIMO Measurements


Separate CN, ECQI and transmission mode measurements allow operators to diagnose the causes of low throughput
Low CN and low CQI means there is an interference or a power issue High CN and low CQI means high channel correlation and probable low SINR

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MIMO Testing Benefits


Characterize RF propagation for MIMO
Consistent, repeatable RF data independent of the backhaul, network layer overhead & server loading Higher dynamic range to determine noise floor and potential interference effects High data density to locate fading issues and reduced MIMO throughput

Determine channel independence


Analyze network problems related to multipath conditions with condition number Understand how antenna tilt or relocation can affect throughput

Provides result for various transmission modes


Understand how different transmission modes affect RAN performance

Troubleshoot antenna/cabling issues and base station Tx port issues


Path measurements

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MIMO oDAS Case Study


FDD-LTE 2x2 MIMO outdoor DAS When: April 2012 Outdoor DAS deployed due to cell tower restrictions Area characterized by high foliage and low antenna height

Antenna Locations
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How we Tested
Simultaneous oDAS Testing with Scanner and UE Data Card PCTEL SeeGull EX Scanner Test data card on another system Orientation Test Walk Test vs Drive Test MIMO Transmission Modes (on the scanner) RSRP, CN, CINR and Throughput

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Why Use a Scanner


3GPP TR 37.976: 3GPP already defined conducted tests for MIMO and multiple antenna receivers . but it is clear that the ability to duplicate these gains in the field is highly dependent on the performance of the receive-antenna system.. The MIMO OTA throughput is measured at the top of physical layer of HSPA and LTE system Scanner use omni-directional antennas Scanners measure throughput at the physical layer Scanners provide throughput for multiple MIMO transmission modes UEs only provide throughput for the MIMO mode the UE is locked onto
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Orientation Analysis
UE Data Card
Position: 0
18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Frequency

kb/s

Position A Average: 2.820 Mbps


Position: 90
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

2.3X difference depending on orientation due to directionality of UE antennas (stationary test)

Frequency

kb/s

MIMO antennas in UEs are typically very directional

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Position C Average: 1.232 Mbps

Speed Analysis
UE Walk Test
UE Drive Test (~20 mph)

(42)

(( 4 2 ) 4 )

(24)

45
40 # of Data Points 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 # of Data Points 35

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

Throughput (kb/s)

Throughput (kb/s)

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UE Throughput drops by 2X w/ drive test, scanner is not affected by speed

Drive Test Data


(Throughput) UE Lost Connection Data UE Data

Significant differences between scanner & UE

Scanner Data

UE
# of Data Points 600 400 200 0

# of Data Points

Note: Throughput is very low. Scanner show higher throughput since its measuring at the physical layer

Scanner
5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0

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Tput (kb/s)

100

1000

2500

5000

10000

More

Tput (kb/s)

Scanner Transmission Modes (MIMO Gain)

Open Loop Transmit Diversity (mode 2)


1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 100 1000 2500 5000 10000 20000 30000 More # of Data Points 1000 Frequency 800 600 400 200 0

Closed Loop Spatial Multiplexing (mode 4)

Tput (kb/s)

Tput (kb/s) 100

1000

2500

5000 10000 20000 30000 More

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No throughput gain from multiple data streams

RSRP
RSRP

# of Data Points

dBm

Test results show marginal RSRP


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CINR for MIMO


CINR

# of Data Points

dB

Test results show very LOW CINR


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CN for MIMO
Condition Number (CN)

# of Data Points

dB

Test results show low CN


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MIMO requires high CINR and prefers low CN to maximize throughput

oDAS Case Study Conclusions


MIMO is ineffective in this network Network has a severe interference and/or noise problem
Marginal RSRP and very poor CINR

Conditions favorable for MIMO to improve throughput Low CN UE Measurements for MIMO must be carefully examined since they are affected by: UE Orientation Speed of movement during the test
Drive test vs walk test for outdoor systems.

MIMO Transmission mode the UE is operating in


Another UE may operate in a different transmission mode

A scanner is very effective in characterizing a MIMO network


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MIMO Macro Cell Case Study (Oct 2011)


PCI-Best Server by RSRP (Baltimore: Urban Environment)
Focus on Best Server Region for PCI (best server)
(PCI, # of data pts)

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LTE RSRP (Best Server)

Excellent RSRP
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MIMO Drive Test


Transmit Diversity and MIMO Throughput
Best Server Region for PCI of interest

Transmit Diversity

MIMO (mode 4)

Mbps

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MIMO Drive Test


Delta (MIMO-Transmit Diversity) Throughput
Large MIMO gain for much of the center region of the cell Why is (MIMO Transmit Diversity) negative at the cell edge (pink)? For extremely low CINR, transmit diversity is more efficient. The UE will switch to transmit diversity in this region.

Mbps

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MIMO Drive Test


Condition Number and CINR
High CN with high MIMO Gain Very High CINR

Condition Number

CINR

dB dB

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Significant MIMO gain exists for LOS condition if CINR is high even with high CN

Summary
MIMO was very effective for maximizing throughput in the Baltimore Macro cell case study MIMO may not be effective in sub-optimal designs, deployments or terrains as shown in the oDAS case study Testing Benefits with a Scanner
Characterize RF propagation for MIMO
Consistent, repeatable RF data independent of the backhaul, network layer overhead & server loading Higher dynamic range to determine noise floor and potential interference effects High data density to locate fading issues and reduced MIMO throughput

Determine channel independence


Analyze network problems related to multipath conditions with condition number Understand how antenna tilt or relocation can affect throughput

Provides result for various transmission modes


Understand how different transmission modes affect RAN performance

Troubleshoot antenna/cabling issues and base station Tx port issues


34 Path measurements

Questions? Thank you


For a free LTE MIMO poster, please visit PCTEL RF Solutions website: http://rfsolutions.pctel.com/content.cgi?id_num=36

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