Ocean Engng, Vol. 15, No 6, pp. 549-583, 1988. Printed in Great Britain.

0029-8018/88 $3.00 + .00 Pergamon Press plc

HYDRODYNAMIC INTERACTIONS CYLINDER ARRAYS--I. WAVE

IN FLOATING SCATTERING

A. N. WILLIAMS Department of Civil Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, U.S.A. and

Z. DEMIRBILEK
Production Research Division, Conoco Inc., Ponca City, OK 74603, U.S.A. Abstract--The hydrodynamic interactions due to wave scattering between the numbers of an array of stationary, truncated circular cylinders simulating the columns of an idealized tensionleg platform (TLP) are investigated. The method of solution for the fluid velocity potential involves replacing scattered waves by equivalent plane waves together with non-planar correction terms. This technique is, therefore, essentially a large spacing approximation. Use of this approach makes it possible to determine the hydrodynamic interactions between the array members utilizing only the diffraction characteristics of an isolated cylinder. Numerical results are presented for six array configurations consisting of 2-6 cylinders representing the legs of idealized TLPs. Calculations of the wave loads on these cylinders have been performed for a range of wave and structural parameters. It is found that, for certain parameter combinations, the influence of neighbouring bodies on the total wave field leads to hydrodynamic loading on individual columns which is significantly greater than the loading they would experience in isolation. The presented results demonstrate the significance of hydrodynamic interactions between TLP columns and clearly indicate that these effects should be considered by the designers and researchers associated with TLPs. 1. I N T R O D U C T I O N THE HYDRODYNAMIC interactions between the various m e m b e r s of complex m u l t i c o m p o n e n t ocean structures subjected to wave action is of considerable practical importance. In this case of a tension-leg platform (TLP) which contains several vertical columns o f relatively large diameter, it is expected that the influence of the neighboring m e m b e r s on the total wave field m a y lead to h y d r o d y n a m i c loading on individual columns which differs significantly from the loading they each would experience in isolation. In principle, the h y d r o d y n a m i c loading on any three-dimensional structure of arbitrary g e o m e t r y m a y be calculated numerically through the use of source distribution or G r e e n ' s function techniques (see, for example, Sarpkaya and Isaacson, 1981). H o w e v e r , such an a p p r o a c h m a y be computationally expensive since the wetted surface of the entire structure must be discretized into a n u m b e r of small facets and a large system of algebraic equations solved to obtain the fluid velocity potential on the structural surface. Also, one of several alternative semi-analytical approaches m a y be used to solve the h y d r o d y n a m i c interaction p r o b l e m ; for example, a direct m e t h o d involving the solution o f a matrix e q u a t i o n to determine the u n k n o w n coefficients of an assumed form for the total scattered wave field (Spring and M o n k m e y e r , 1974) or a multiple 549

550

A.N. WU.I.IAMSand Z. DI~MIRBIL~K

scattering technique in which each scattering event within the array is treated successively (Ohkusu, 1974). Recently, Kagemoto and Yue (1986) have presented an approach which combines the features of the direct matrix method and the multiple scattering technique and which is algebraically exact within the context of the linearized wave theory. However, when both the member spacing to incident wavelength ratio and the member spacing to cylinder diameter ratio are sufficiently large, then the full diffraction problem which includes the consideration of the evanescent wavefield in the interaction solution need not be solved and a theory based on a large-spacing assumption may reasonably be used (Martin, 1984). One such method is the modified plane-wave technique in which a cylindrical wave scattered by one body is replaced in the vicinity of another body by an equivalent plane wave together with a non-planar correction term, and evanescent waves are neglected when computing interference effects (Mclver and Evans, 1984; McIver, 1984; Abul-Azm and Williams, 1987). The method is an extension of the plane wave approach of Simon (1982) and has been shown to provide a major saving in computational effort when compared to the direct method or the multiple scattering technique (Mclver and Evans, 1984; Mclver, 1984). In common with the method of Kagemoto and Yue (1986) and Ohkusu (1974), the modified planewave method enables the hydrodynamic loading on a structural array to be determined from a knowledge of the wave scattering characteristics of the individual members only. In the present paper the modified plane wave method is utilized to calculate the hydrodynamic interactions between the members of an array of stationary truncated circular cylinders of equal radius. The fluid is assumed to be inviscid and incompressible and to undergo small-amplitude, irrotational motion. Numerical results are presented for arrays of 2-6 cylinders for a range of wave and structural parameters. Comparisons are made with published results obtained from the potentially more accurate source distribution technique and good agreement with the present method is shown. It is found that for certain parameter combinations individual cylinders may experience hydrodynamic loading significantly greater than that which they would experience in isolation, even at a relatively large spacing. 2, THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT An array of N stationary truncated circular cylinders of equal draft b and radius a are situated in water of uniform depth d, the clearance beneath each cylinder will be denoted by h(=d-b). Cartesian coordinates will be employed with the x- and y-axes in the horizontal plane of the sea-bed and the z-axis pointing vertically upwards from an origin on the sea-bed directly below the center of cylinder 1. The center of each cylinder, at point (xj,yfl j= 1,2 . . . . N is taken as the origin for a local polar coordinate system (rj, Oj) where 0r is measured counterclockwise from the positive x-axis. The center of the kth cylinder has polar coordinates (R~k, e~j~) relative to that of the jth cylinder for j,k = 1 , 2 , . . . N . A horizontal section showing the coordinate relationships between the jth and kth cylinders is shown in Fig. 1. The cylinder array is subjected to an incident train of regular surface waves of amplitude H (crest-to-trough height 2H), angular frequency to and wavenumber ko propagating at an angle 13to the positive x-direction.

Hydrodynamic interactions in floating cylinder arrays---I p k

551

rj

R~k J

Fro. 1. Horizontal cross-section showing coordinate relationships between cylinders j and k.

Assuming that the fluid is inviscid and incompressible, the small amplitude, irrotational fluid motion may be described in terms of a velocity potential ~b(x, y, z, t), where the fluid velocity vector q -- V~b. It follows that this fluid potential must satisfy Laplace's equation V2~b = 0 in the region of flow. The sea-bed boundary condition is
O~_~= 0
Oz

(1)

on

z = O,

(2)

whilst the linearized free-surface boundary condition is

a2,1, +
--T 0t

a~
g ~z = 0 on z = d, (3)

where g is the acceleration due to gravity. The boundary conditions on the immersed cylinder surfaces are best expressed in terms of their local polar coordinates, that is
Orj = 0

on rj = a, h < - z < d , on z = h, O<-rj<a,

(4a) (4b)

0~_~= 0
Oz

for j = 1,2 . . . . N. In addition there is a radiation condition on the scattered c o m p o n e n t o f 6 which ensures that the scattered w a v e s propagate away from the diffracting cylinder.

552

A.N.W.JaAMS

a n d Z . [)EM,RmLt!K

~X

Z =~7(r, o, t) + d ~

2 II I

I
I

d
h

2a

-I
I /

////////////////~///////////
FIG. 2. Definition sketch for isolated cylinder.

3. SOLUTION FOR AN ISOLATED CYLINDER Before investigating the hydrodynamic interactions between the various members of a cylinder array it is first necessary to obtain a description of the interaction of a single structure and the incident wave field. This solution was first obtained by Garrett (1971). Consider a stationary, isolated, truncated cylinder ] of draft b and radius a situated in water of uniform depth d as depicted in Fig. 2. The fluid domain is divided into 2 regions, one beneath the cylinder, the interior region (1), the other exterior to the cylinder and extending to infinity in the horizontal plane (2). The potential in the exterior region is decomposed into incident and scattered components, that is d~ = ~bl d~ = d~21+ d ~ for O<-r<-a, O<-z<-h, for a<--r<-~, O<~z<~d, (5a) (5b)

where, for convenience the superscript j has been dropped. The matching conditions at the interface between the two regions representing continuity of pressure and mass flux across the interface may be written
(~1 = (I)21 + l~)2s

for O<-z<-h, on r = a, for O<-z<-h, on r = a.

(6a) (6b)

ar

Or

~-

Or

Hydrodynamic interactions in floating cylinder arrays---I

553

In equations (5) and (6) the incident potential +2i is that corresponding to a regular wave of amplitude H propagating in the positive x-direction and is given in polar coordinates by

~21R~ ~ co~sh-k(~ m/~=Oemim+l Jm(kr)

gH cosh koz

cos

mO e -i~t,

(7)

in which Jm denotes a Bessel function of the first kind of order m and Re denotes the real part of a complex expression. In equation (7) e,, is Neumann's number, % = 1, e,~ = 2, m --- 1 and the wave frequency and wavenumber are linked through the dispersion relation

o 2 = gko tanh kod.

The velocity potentials in each domain are now expressed in the form
~c

(8)

d?l - g n ~ atttm)(r,z ) COS mO e -Rt, Re o m=O

(9a)

~c
~b2 = ~

Re w m:O

~[m)(r,z)cosmOe-i~'.

(9b)

In region (1) the dimensionless spatial solution is expressed as

A'g {r_]" : Im(n~rr/h) ~m)(r,z) = 2 - ~a] + ,= z., "~~A(m)--, im(nTra/h) cos (nlrz/h)

(10)

where Im denotes a modified Bessel function of the first kind of order m. The form of equation (10) ensures that +1 satisfies the governing Laplace equation and the sea-bed boundary condition in region (1). Setting r = a, equation (10) becomes a cosine Fourier series with complex coefficients A~~) which are given by

A(,m) = ~

~(fO(a,z) cos (n~rz/h)dz

(11)

for n = 0 , 1 , 2 . . . In the exterior region (2) the dimensionless spatial solution may be written as

,~m)(r,z)=emim+] Coshk(rz {jm(kor) cosh ko~d

J'~(koa) } H'~( koa) Hm (k()

(12)

Hm(kor) q~l B(qm) grn(kqF) + n6rn) n'm(koa) Zo(z) + = g'~(kqa)Zq(z),

where H,, is the Hankel function of the first kind of order m, chosen in order that the scattered component of +2 satisfies the appropriate radiation boundary condition. In equation (12) the functions K,, denote the modified Bessel function of the second kind of order m, primes denote differentiation with respect to argument and the eigenvalues kq for q = 1,2 . . . . are the positive real roots of

(o2 + gkq tan kqd = 0.

(13)

554

A.N. WILLIAMSand Z. DEMIRBILEK

The functions Zq(Z) are orthonormal over the interval [O,d] and are defined by

7- cosh koz ~2 Zo(z) = [ f ~ sinh 2kod/2k~d] ~ for q -> 0,

~2"COSkqz Zq(z) - [1 + sin 2kqd/2kqd] for q - I.

(14)

(15)

The complex coefficients B~q m) appearing in equation (12) are, at present, unknown. The form of equation (12) ensures that qb2 satisfies the governing Laplace equation together with the radiation, sea-bed and linearized free-surface boundary conditions in region (2). Differentiating equation (12) with respect to r and setting r = a, then multiplying both sides by Zq(z) and integrating over [0,d], leads to the following expression for the complex coefficients B~q m),

1 I d O~t,~'m
B<q'~)= -k~ i ~Or (a,z) Zq(z) dz

(16)

for q = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . The-conditions of continuity of pressure and mass flux across the interface r = a, O<-z<h imply that ~~n) = ~ , , ) on r = a, O<-z<-h, (17a) (17b) (17c)

a~Ittm) __ O~lI~ rn) on r = a, 0-<z-<h, Or Or axI~m ) - 0 Or

on r = a, h<-z<-d.

Applying the matching condition (17a) to equation (11) and carrying out the integration yields
A~m) + ~ Fnq B(q m) = R(n m) q=0

z-

(18)

for m,n = 0,1,2 . . . . where the coefficients Fnq and R~m) are defined in the Appendix. Similarly, applying the matching conditions (17b) and (17c) to equation (16) leads to
B (m) = ~ G(q'~)A~ m) q=(I

(19)

for m,q = 0,1,2 . . . . where the coefficients G~q~ ) are also defined in the Appendix. Equations (18) and (19) now constitute two infinite simultaneous matrix equations for the potential coefficients A~m) and B~q m), these equations may be truncated after a finite number of terms and the coefficients obtained by standard matrix solving techniques. The hydrodynamic forces in the x and z-directions and the total overturning moment about the cylinder base (z=h) are given by Fx=-2ap

d Ira" i Jh at r=a cOS('IT- 0 ) d0dz

(20a)

Hydrodynamicinteractions in floating cylinder arrays---I F~ = - p Jo Jo 0~r dr dO ,= cos(xr-O) d0 dz

555 (20b)

M=-2aoiSf[(z-h)
-Jo Jo

(27 (. 0~bl ~=hCOS0r_0 ) rE dr dO

(20c)

The forces and moment on an isolated cylinder take the following forms F,, ~,o,(2i(sinh kod - sinh koh) pg~-wa 2 - e- ~ ~--~od

iB~l)Hl(koa) Vr2(sinh kod - sinh k,h) koa H~(koa) [1 + sinh 2kod/2kod] ~ = B~ql)Kl(kqa) ~-(sin kqd - sin kqh) ] ~ q = l kqa I(i(kqa) [1 + sin 2kqd/Zkqd] ~ j,
(21a) (21b)

F~ . (iA~ ) 2ih = (-1)"ll(mra/h)l p g ~ - a 2 - e ' 0 " 1 ~ + -a-n , = Z x A#') n lo(n~ra/h) J '

[cos2k,g/(Jl(ka)

H'l(koa)Jl(ka)Hl(/q,a))

i B[~)H~(koa) ~-2 H~(koa)[1 + sinh 2kod/2kodP

g(1)gl(kqa) ~ ] - i qZ= l g~(kqa)[1 + sin 2kqd/2kqd]J

iAh 1) 8
2 ll(n'rra/h)

- t ~ ..... ( - - lo(n~ra/h) ,,=1 tl(n'cram) \mra

A. (-X)

(21c)

4. EXTENSION TO CYLINDER ARRAY The difficulty in generalizing the results for an isolated cylinder to the case of a cylinder array arises from the mutual hydrodynamic interference effects between the cylinders and the problem of how to sum the various scattered wave components on each individual cylinder. In order to simplify the solution, the spacings R~k ],k = 1,2 . . . . . N between the

556

A . N . WII.LIAMSand Z. DEMIRBILEK

cylinders will be assumed to be much larger than the incident wavelength, i.e. koRjk 1. Under this assumption the diverging waves emanating from one cylinder may be replaced in the vicinity of another cylinder by a plane wave together with a non-planar correction term (Mclver and Evans, 1984; Mclver, 1984; Abul-Azm and Williams, 1987). Consider the jth cylinder in the array, centered at (xj,yy). The velocity potential due to a regular wave propagating at an angle 13 to the positive x-axis referred to the (x,y) Cartesian coordinate system is

gH cosh koz bzt - ~ cosslakod sin (kox cos13 + koy sin13 - ~ot).

(22)

This potential may be referred to the local polar coordinate system (rj,0j) centered at (xj,yj) as

gH cosh koz +~' Re ~ ~ Pii exp {ik,)rj cos(0i-13)}e -i''

where Pj is a phase factor defined by Pj = exp may be rewritten as

(23)

{i(k~rxjcos13 + koyj sin13)}. This expression

gH cosh koz d)~,Re ~ co~shkod v] ~ ~.mim+|Jm(kor]) COS m(Oj--13)e-i't. :

m 1}

(24)

Referred to an origin at the center of cylinder j the interior and exterior potentials have the forms

f~){R e ~ P] ~ ~Ittm)(r]'z) cosm(Oj-13)e i,,,,

m=O oc m=O

_ gH

(25a) (25b)

+~ =~gH p~ ~, ~m)(rj,z) cos m(Oi-13)e-i'%

/~e 00

It can be seen that the equations which determine the potential coefficients A(,m) and B(~ m) will be identical to those obtained previously in the isolated cylinder case, i.e. the potential coefficients are independent of the particular cylinder, ]. Thus the scattered potential in the exterior domain caused by a wave incident on cylinder j has the form
(D~(rJ'O]'z'13);e~-

PJ m=o ~ ~Zt~sm)(rJ'z)cs m ( O j - 1 3 ) e - i ' "

(26)

where

~)(ri,z ) = _

+1 cosh koz J',.(koa) e,.t" cosh kodH~(k(~)

Hm(korj)
(27)

H,,,(korj) ~ Km(kqrj) + B~") H'.,(koa) Zo(z) + q=l ~ B(q m) g'~(kqa) Zo(z).

Hydrodynamicinteractions in floatingcylinderarrays---I

557

Consider another cylinder, k, a distance Rjk away from cylinder j as shown in Fig. 1. The wave scattered from cylinder j may he referred to an origin at cylinder k by the Bessel function addition theorem (Watson, 1944). By the addition theorem,
oo

H,,,(kori) cos m(Oj-aik ) = H,,,(kori) sin m(0j-%,)

H,,,+e(koRjk) Je(kork) cos e (0tk/--0k), Hm+e(koRjk) Je(kork) sin e (akj--Ok).

(28a)

= E

(28b)

So referred to an origin at cylinder, k, the scattered wave emanating from cylinder j is given approximately by

+~.,(r,,Ot,,z,ft) - gH
m=O

.(_ ~mim+lcosh koz J',,(koa) B(~')Zo(z) ] cosh kod Hm(koa) + H" (koa) /" H,,,+e(koRik) Je(kork)

cos m(%k--13) COSe(akj--0k)

(29)

-sinm(%k-fi)sin,(otkj-Ok))}e -i't,
since the evanescent modes may be neglected for large

koRik. Also,

for large

koRj,,
(30)

H,,,+e(k,rR,k)_(_i)~Hm(koRj~,){1

+ i(,22k,~jk + 2m,)

+ O[(koRjk)-2] }

and so the scattered potential at cylinder k caused by a wave incident on cylinder j may be written as

l~(rk,Ok,z,f3) R e O) Pj S(Rj,,ajk,f3)

e-ik,"ks(~*F%) (31)

+ D(r,,0k,13)} cosh koz e -i"', in which

m=0

H~,(koa)[1 + sinh 2kod/2kod]

- cosh kod H~,(koa)J n,,,(k,rRj,) cos m(aj,is the amplitude of the equivalent plane wave and

~mim+l J'm(k(l)I

~)

(32)

558

A . N . WILLIAMS and Z. DEMIRBILEK

Dkj(f3 ) = D(rk,Ok,f3 )
= lq;i~,jk Ski(13) ~ (--1) e g2je(kork) COS W(OLkj--Ok)
#-4)

(33)

+ rk/(~) ~ et(--i) ~'tJe(kork) sin e (~kj--Ok)

[ =11

is the non-planar correction term, where

Tkj([3) = T( Rjk,%k,[3 ) = m=o

1 + sinh 2kod/2kod] ~ (34)

emim+l :/~,,(koa) / . . . . . sinm(%k--f3). cosh kod Hm(koa) ] n,.tX(~Xjk) m

Since the expression for ~ Hm(koRjk) by is valid
to

O[(koR/k)-3/2], it is consistent to approximate

H,.(koRjk) ~ Ho(k(~ik) 1 + 2 ~

{ ima + O[(kRjk)-2] }
{ Bm,

(35)

and to substitute the asymptotic form of the Hankel function of zero order, (Watson, 1944) to yield a simplified form for Ski(f3), namely

~__,,

H'.,(koa) [1 + sinh 2kod/2kod] ~

(36)

e,,,i "+' J'~(koa) / 1 + i(4m2-1) t c o s m(Ot/k--~)ei(koR/k -'r/4). cosh kod H~(k(a)] ~ }

The total incident potential on cylinder j in an array of N cylinders consists of three components: (1) the incident plane wave from outside the cylinder group which has a potential, measured relative to cylinder j, of

gH cosh k(,z

e,,,i,,,+ 1 Jm (k0rj) cos m(Oj-~)e -ijt,

(37)

(2) the plane wave approximation to the wave field at the jth cylinder due to scattering from the remaining ( N - l ) cylinders, this has the potential
o/4

O~ Z CJ k e--iko~fs(~Jk--OPcosh koz e-i~'

0O k = l

(38)

kg*/

Hydrodynamic interactions in floating cylinder arrays--I

559

where cjk is the (unknown) complex amplitude of the resultant approximating plane wave at the jth cylinder, representing scattering from the kth cylinder, (3) the non-planar first-correction to the scattered plane waves. This depends on the plane waves scattered by all of the cylinders (typified by the kth cylinder) and consists of two parts, (a) the correction due to the scattering of the incident wave from outside the cylinder group by the other ( N - 1 ) cylinders and (b) the correction to the scattering of the plane waves in (2) from the other ( N - l ) cylinders, i.e. the corrections to the "back-scattered' waves. This potential, consisting of part (a) and part (b), is given by

Pg D(rj,Oj,~) +
kg:j e~k

Cke D(rj,Oj,et,~) cosh koz e -it.

(39)

The equivalent plane wave amplitude Cjk is the total scattered wave from the kth cylinder evaluated at the jth cylinder as discussed above and may be determined as follows. The plane wave amplitude cjk consists of two parts, one due to the scattering of the incident wave by cylinder k and the other due to the scattering by cylinder k of the plane waves scattered by all the other cylinders i.e. the plane wave components of the back-scattered waves. So,
N

cjk = Pk S(Rkj,akj,~) + ~ Cke S(Rkj,etki,aeg)

~=1 ~k

(40)

and applying this condition for j,k = 1,2 . . . . N, j :/: k, gives N ( N - 1 ) equations for the equivalent plane wave amplitudes cjk. The total wave potential for each cylinder may now be obtained by re-solving the isolated cylinder problem discussed in the previous section where in each case the incident wave field has been modified according to the above analysis to take into consideration hydrodynamic interference effects.
5. N U M E R I C A L R E S U L T S A N D D I S C U S S I O N

In this section, numerical results for a number of test cases are presented. For each of the test cases analyzed, the results will be presented as dimensionless force or moment coefficients where the loading on the array member has been normalized by the corresponding loading component on an isolated cylinder. Figure 3 presents simple sketches of all six array configurations numerically investigated in this study. Due to the direct application of the present work to the tension leg platform design concept the acronym TLP precedes these cases. For convenience, all columns are assumed to be of equal radius a and draft b = 3a, the water depth in all cases was taken to be equal to ten radii, i.e. d = 10a. Also, the center-to-center spacing between adjacent cylinders was taken to be uniform, R = 5a. The only exception to the above occurs in Fig. 4 where the numerical results obtained using the present approach are compared to those of Matsui and Tamaki (1981). For this case d = 10a, b = 0.5a and an additional spacing of R = 3a is also considered. One consequence of the draft b = 3a chosen for the numerical examples is that the vertical (heave) force component is very much less than the horizontal (surge, sway) components whenever these are non-zero. Thus the normalized pitch and roll

560

A . N . WILLIAMS and Z, DEMIRBII.EK

R / / R

I JR

"-,,#
TLP 2 TLP

I
2 L ~ R

"/

,,"
\

#
""

'
~-...
t~
TLP

IR I I

X
\
)z

\
R\
\ /

/
/

TLP 6

I
TLP 4
I

IR I I

I I R I

I I I

I I I

TLP6R

Flo. 3. Geometric configurations investigated in this study. overturning moments are indistinguishable from the normalized surge and sway forces in the following figures. It is emphasized that this is simply a consequence of the example geometry chosen and, in general, the pitch and roll moments will contain significant contributions from the hydrodynamic pressure component acting both on the side walls and on the underside of the structure. The contribution from the vertical

Hydrodynamic interactions in floating cylinder arrays--I

PRESENT ST UDY 25 o x .....
2

561

M&T SEPARATION DISTANCE R = 50 SEPARATION DISTANCE R = 50 SINGLE BODY 2.5 i I, ".~k, '.~

PRESENT STUDY

MST
~

2.0

.4".,'-Xt
tC 0.'.

/3,',
I 1.0

1.5
ol

.....

~
I 0.5

SEPARATION DISTANCE R=~k:l ~ ,~ SEPARATION;DISTANCE R = 50 . . . . . SINGLE BODY

,_.

---@

i.o

"-~..

0.,5

I 0.5

I 1.5 koO

I 2.0

I 2.5

I 5,0

0 0

I 1.0

I 1.5

I 2.0

I 2.5

I 3.0

%0

Cylinder 1

PRESENT STUDY

MaT SEPARATION DISTANCE R = 50 ~ SEPARATION DISTANCE R = 5a ........ SINGLE BODY 2~

PRESENT STUDY

MST

2~

........ 2

SINGLE BODY

2,C

No :=

1.5

---,- @ ............ z ; ; t ....... ..

t,." I.C

u-N

I.G

Q~

0.~

O.D

1.0

1.5
koO

2.0

2.5

I 3,0

I 05

I I.O

I 1.5 koO

I 2D

I 2.5

50

Cylinder 2 FiG. 4. Surge and heave exciting forces on two cylinder array for 13 = 0, b/a = 0.5, d/a = 10. Comparison of present method with results of Matsui and Tamaki (1981). pressure c o m p o n e n t to the overturning m o m e n t may be expected to be most significant for bodies o f shallow draft.

5.1. Two cylinder array (TLP2)

One objective in studying this geometry was to compare the results from the present theoretical study with those obtained by Matsui and Tamaki (1981), who solved the

562

A. N, WILLIAMSand Z. DFMIRBII.[K

two cylinder problem using an axisymmetric Green's function approach. The overall agreement between the two approaches has been found to be very good, as can bc seen from Fig. 4. For the smaller separation distance (R = 3a), the present method overestimates the net surge force on cylinder 2 especially in the midfrequency range. However, at a separation distance of R = 5a the predictions exhibit much better agreement, validating the present theory. Further analysis of the TLP2 configuration has been made for constant R/a, b/a and d/a with 13 = 0 , 45 and 90 , the detailed results of which are presented in Figs 5-7. It is noted that the hydrodynamic interaction effects depend strongly on the wave frequency. From the figures it can be seen that interaction effects are not significant at very low frequencies and therefore might reasonably be neglected when estimating drift forces. It is also noted from the figures that the angle of wave incidence plays a major role in determining t h e degree of hydrodynamic interference. The maximum surge force and pitch moment occur at 13 = 0 , but their maxima for the upstream (1) cylinder are reduced by about 30-40% when 13 = 45 and by approximately 70% when 13 = 90 . Although there is a corresponding increase in the same force and moment for the downstream (2) cylinder with increasing 13, this increase is not as substantial. As expected, the sway force and roll moment exhibit an opposite trend to the surge force and pitch moment behavior. For oblique waves with an incident angle of 45 , the downstream (2) cylinder experiences a larger sway force than the upstream (1) cylinder over nearly all the frequency range of interest. Obviously, both columns will have equal sway forces and roll moments for 13 = 90 as depicted in Fig. 7. Although the heave forces on the upstream (1) and downstream (2) cylinders are not equal for any given koa and 13 they attain approximately the same maximum values over the range of koa investigated. For 13 = 45 , the heave force on the downstream (2) column decreases by about 20% at most for koa < 1.25. However, for koa > 1.25, this force increases over that for [3 = 0 and for k~a -- 1.9, this increase is of the order of 35%. For the case 13 = 90 , the heave force on both columns becomes identical at all frequencies, as expected, and may differ from that on an isolated column by as much as 30%. 5.2. Three cylinder array (TLP3) Results for this particular TLP configuration are shown in Figs 8-10. Comparisons with the corresponding figures for the TLP2 configuration show that the loadings on cylinder No. 1 exhibit similar behaviour in both cases. However, for the TLP3 case there is a more pronounced influence of the interaction effects. It is noted that the surge force on cylinder No. 1 is increased by approximately 10-20% over that of the TLP2 case when 13 --- 90 over most of the frequency considered. Also, as expected, the surge loads decrease substantially with increasing 13. However, the surge load on cylinder 1 may be as much as 95% of the isolated cylinder value for 13 = 45 and 40% for 13 = 90 . It is noted that increases of 60% or more may occur in the heave force at certain frequencies due to interference effects. 5.3. Four cylinder array (TLP4) This configuration models a conventional, square, four column TLP. The computed wave loads on all columns are depicted in Figs 11-13 for three different incident wave

Hydrodynamic interactions in floating cylinder a r r a y s - - I

, i , i i ,

563

',+'

',4,'

~e. o.oR,

/
/

le-.--- e - - - e , I

~:,~

50

1.0

0.1~

0.( 0.0

0.5

1.0
koa

1.5

2.0

1.4

2 CYL B.O" L2

~'~
d 1~

I.C

u.

O~

0.~

OC 0.0

,\
I

0.5

I 1.0
ko0

I 1.5

J 2.0

IA 2 CYL /9 o 0 . 0 "
R mSO

b,3a d ,10o 12

0.~

0.~ 0.0

0.5

I 1.0
koo

I
1,5

I 2.0

FIG. 5. Normalized exciting forces and m o m e n t s on two cylinder array for ~ = 0 , R/a = 5, b/a = 3, d/a = 10.

564

~ l N. WI[.I.IAMN a n d Z . DEMIRBIIIK

121

'

I.

R 5o ~'~o

d IOa

~_.~"

OB

06

i
080

2O koO

2 CYL .0 4 5 R : 5a b 30 d I0o

'

065

O.

i!

0.5

ID

1.5

20

koO
I I 2 /YL B - 45* R,51 b-3o

Ot

OJ OO

I
05

I
1.0 koo

I
15

i
2D

FIG. 6. N o r m a l i z e d exciting forces and m o m e n t s o n two cylinder array for 13 = 45 , R / a = 5, b / a = 3,

d/a

10.

H y d r o d y n a m i c interactions in floating cylinder a r r a y s - - I

O.t~,
, ,

565

2 CYL ~'90"

( ~

'?
R

R "~

b "~ d IOo

02

0 OO

05

1.0

1.5

2.0

koo

I'I I

'

'

I 2 CTL ,

je.90 o R.Sa b.3o d.lOo

90 O. 0

0.5

1.0 %0

L5

2.0

l-41

I 5) CYL ,8 90" R'5O

b 30

08

06 O0

I 05

I 1.0 k~

I 1.5

i 2.0

FIG. 7. N o r m a l i z e d exciting forces and m o m e n t s on two cylinder array for [3 = 90 , R/a = 5, b/a = 3, d/a = 10.

566
I

A. N, WILLIAMS and Z. DEMIRBILEK

t 3 CYL

/~,0 ~ R,Sa b,3o d lOo 13

I.I

09

o7

O~ 0.0
I

+,
]

u'
I

'+
, i

0.5

1.0 koo

15

20

I 3 CYL B'O*
R

b ,3a 0l

50

02

O~

OJ

OO ~ OD

I Q5

I I.O ka~

I 15

i 20

18

IE

3 CYL B'O" R 50 b ,30 d I00

14

0.(

O!

O'Wo.o

0.5

LO koQ

I.S

2D

FIG. 8. Normalized exciting forces and m o m e n t s on three cylinder array for 13 = 0 , R l a = 5, b / a = 3, d / a = 10.

Hydrodynamic interactions in floating cylinder arrays--I

1,0 3 CYL
I I I i I i

567

D,eo"
08 R.Sa b-3o d IOQ

OJ6

O2

0.0 0.0

I 0.5

l 1.0
koO

I 15

2D

3 CYL
,8 ee,

R-5o b -3o 1.2

io

06

C~ OD

J 05

I 1.0 koo

I 1.5

2,0

I.JE I.E 3 CYL ~ " 60= fl , 5 o b ,3o d -ICo

0.(

0.~

02~ O0

I 0.5

I 1.0

I l, 5

J 2.0

ko.

FIG. 9. Normalized exciting forces and moments on three cylinder array for 13 = 60 , R / a = 5, b/a = 3, d/a = 10.

568
05

A, N. WILLIAMS and Z. DEMIRBII.EK

I
CYL R fx~ b ,3o

o4

o~.

OI

O.C oo

05

1,0 w@

I 5

20

i 3 CYL ~ = 90' R=Sa b -SQ d ,tOo

12

IC

OE

O( O0

i 05

, I0 koO

, 15.

, 20

3 CYL
B = 90

R 5~ b "5o

I0

O0

60O

05

1.0 k@

1.5

20

FIG. 10. N o r m a l i z e d e x c i t i n g forces and m o m e n t s o n t h r e e c y l i n d e r array for 13 = 90 , R/a = 5, b/a = 3, d/a = 10.

Hydrodynamic interactions in floating cylinder arrays--I

569

'

'

I 4 CYL

BoO' R,SO b J~la d tOo

t~

I.C

0.~

0~' OO

05

%*
I '

1.0

1.5

2D

o,~ ,,,
4 CYL

0.4

B,O* R,~o b ,So d ,IOo

02

O~

0.1

O0 0.0

0.5

1.0 koa ' I i

1.5

2D

B,O*
d I00

4 CYL

(i).0

%0

05

10

1.5

2.0

to*

FI~. 11. Normalized exciting forces and moments on four cylinder array for 13 = 0% R / a = 5, b/a = 3, d/a = 10.

57(I

A . N . WILIAAMSand Z. I)EMIRBILI~K
I I I

I
12

4 CYL ~ 3 0~ R 5o
b ~a

1.0

~E 08

~o

0.5

I0 koO

15

20

I 4 CYL B,30 ~ b.3a d ,lOo

O(

04

Coo

0.5

1.0
koO

1.5

20

4 CYL

B,30 ~ R .5o b -3o d -~Oo

12

08

OE

04

Oo ~~

05

I0 koa

I5

20

F]o. 12. N o r m a l i z e d

e x c i t i n g f o r c e s a n d m o m e n t s o n f o u r c y l i n d e r a r r a y for 13 = 30 , R/a = 5, b/a = 3, d/a = 10.

Hydrodynamic interactions in floating cylinder arrays---I

571

45" R'5~ I

=,.
" O(

O~

O;

O0

O0

0.5

I0 koO

1,5

20

4 CYL ~,45 b.3o

i-'

06

04

02 O0

05

I0 kOe

1.5

20

2.C 4 CYL

LiE

d IOg

1.4 1.2 ~ I.C O! 0,( 0,~ O| O,C O,O n I 0.5 I I 1.0 k~ n I 1.5 i 20

FxG. 13. Normalized exciting forces and moments on four cylinder array for 13 = 45 ,
d / a = 10.

R / a = 5, b / a = 3,

572

A . N . Will.tAMS and Z. DI-;MIRRtH~K

angles. It is observed that for [3 - 0 . the normalized surge force and pitching moment for the upstream (1 and 3) columns fluctuate between 1.3 and 0.6 while those for the downstream (2 and 4) columns have a normalized value of about l.I) throughout the frequency range considered. For [3 = 30 , the surge force and pitch moment coefficients of column Nos 2 and 4 are approximately equal for koa < 1.25, with significant differences beyond this value. As expected, the same coefficients for column No. 1 slightly decrease while those associated with column No. 3 do not display any significant change with increase in [3. With a further increase in 13 to 45 , the expected symmetry in the force coefficients for each of the columns may be observed. When 13 = 0 , for koa < 1.2, the sway force and roll moment coefficents of the front columns are larger than those of the rear columns while for k~a > 1.2 the reverse is true. While these coefficients show oscillatory behavior for column Nos 1 and 3, it is rather interesting to note that for this case a steadily increasing trend with increasing frequency is observed for column Nos 2 and 4. A very noticeable increase in the sway force and roll moment coefficients is visible when 13 is changed from 30 to 45 . The largest increase occurs for koa < 1.75. For [3 = 0 , the normalized heave force coefficients for the weatherside (1 and 3) columns oscillates between 0.6 and 1.5 with two local maxima occurring at koa ~ 0.75 and 1.75. Columns Nos 1 and 3 experience the largest heave force over the frequency range of this study for all three flow angles considered. Column No. 4 experiences a heave force which decreases with increasing frequency at [3 = 30. In this case, the heave force on column No. 2 fluctuates around that of column No. 4 with a normalized magnitude of _+0.2. For 13 = 45 , column No. 1 experiences a heave force approximately 80% greater than that on an isolated cylinder at koa ~ 1.0. 5.4. Five cylinder array (TLP5) This particular configuration consists of five columns positioned so that they form the vertices of a regular pentagon. Results for this specific geometry are depicted in Figs 14 and 15. As expected, for [3 = 0 the surge force and pitch moment coefficients of column Nos 2 and 5 are the same. Similarly, column Nos 3 and 4 have identical coefficients since they are symmetric with respect to the x-axis. Moreover, it is noted that column Nos 3 and 4 have the smallest surge and pitch coefficients of all the columns for [3 = 0. As anticipated, column No. 1 has the largest surge and pitch coefficients in this case. For [3 = 90 , a substantial reduction in these coefficients is clearly seen, including those columns on the weatherside of the approaching waves. Column No. 5 has the smallest surge and pitch coefficients for [3 = 90 (as it intuitively should), followed by column No. 4. Columns Nos 2 and 5 exhibit the largest sway force and pitch moment coefficients for [3 = 0 followed by column Nos 3 and 4. The front column, column No. 1, has zero loading in this case. For [3 -- 90 , very large increases and fluctuations for these coefficients are predicted. Column Nos 1, 2, and 3 experience the largest sway and pitch loading as anticipated. It should also be pointed out that the coefficients for column Nos 4 and 5 exhibit the least fluctuation and their maximum normalized values do not exceed 1.0 for all frequencies.

H y d r o d y n a m i c interactions in floating cylinder a r r a y s - - I

i I i I

573

/9.0"
30

d -IOo

,'

'~ 9.
113 Q6

0E

O~

or

OO

0.5

I0 koO

1.5

20

0., 5 CYL B'O" R=5o

%o
2.0 5 18 ~."~L

0.5

I0 kO0

1.5

20

'

R ,Sa

d ,I0o

12

o, el
Q6 I

o41
0.~ OC QO

I
0.~

I ID k~

I i.5

I
2D

FIG. 14. N o r m a l i z e d exciting forces and m o m e n t s on five cylinder array for 13 = 0 , R/a = 5, b/a = 3, d/a = 10.

574

A.N.

WILLIAMS and Z, DEMIRBILEK

I , t '

O6

5 CYL .~, 90' R "50 b .3a d .IOQ

0.2

o 0,0

05

1.0 koO

15

20

5 CTL ,e.90 ~
3o

04 O0

05

IO

15

20

ko~
I i I I

5 CYL ~e . 9 0 ~
R ,50 b .30

14

12

OE

0.(

O4

0 --0

0.5

1.0 k@

15

2.0

FIG. 15. Normalized exciting forces and m o m e n t s on five cylinder array for 13 = 90 , R / a = 5, b / a = 3, d/a = 10.

Hydrodynamic interactions in floating cylinder arrays---I

575

For 13 = 0, the largest heave coefficient and variation with frequency occurs for column No. 1. These coefficients for column Nos 3 and 4 decrease with increasing frequency while those of column Nos 2 and 5 oscillate around a normalized amplitude of 1.0 with a variation of ---0.3. For 13 = 90 , column No. 5 has the smallest heave force coefficient while column No. 3 displays the greatest excursions about 1.0 for this coefficient over the frequency range considered. It is instructive at this stage to compare the numerical results obtained for the three cylinder and five cylinder configurations. Comparing Fig. 8 to Fig. 14, it can be seen that for the corresponding columns in TLP5, at least a 10% increase in the surge force and pitch moment is seen. This increase must solely be due to the hydrodynamic interference of the additional columns. A similar trend also exists between the surge force and pitch moment coefficients of these two T L P configurations when 13 = 90 , as can be seen by comparing Figs 10 and 15. As far as the sway force and roll moment coefficients are concerned, an examination of the figures reveals that the loading on the corresponding columns between these configurations is, in many cases lower for the five cylinder configuration, TLP5. These coefficients at 13 = 0 do not monotonically increase and, in fact, have substantially lower values for TLP5 compared to those for TLP3 at some frequencies. For this wave heading, these coefficients are larger for TLP5 than those of TLP3 only at very high frequencies, i.e. beyond kt~u > 1.75. A comparison for the 13 = 90 case indicates many similarities in the sway and pitch loadings between the three and five cylinder configurations. The heave force coefficients of column Nos 2 and 5 in TLP5 are, in general, higher than those of their counterparts in TLP3 except for 0.4 < koa < 0.6. For these columns, the largest difference is about 50% at k ~ 1.7 for 13 = 0 . When 13 = 90 , the heave force coefficients between the corresponding columns of these TLPs are similar. 5.5.

Six cylinder array-hexagon (TLP6)

For this configuration the cylinders were arranged with their centers at the vertices of a regular hexagon. Figures 16 and 17 present the force and moment coefficients for the hexagon configuration. From the figures it can be seen that column No. 1 experiences the largest surge and pitch loading for 13 = 0 . When 13 is increased to 90, the largest surge loading is experienced by column Nos 2 and 3 for 0.6 < koa < 1.1, for column Nos 1 and 4 for 1.1 < koa < 1.6 and finally column Nos 5 and 6 for 1.6 < koa < 2.0. As expected, the sway force and roll moment coefficients exhibit a somewhat opposite trend to the above observations. The sway force and roll moment coefficients for all columns in this configuration show significant increases with increasing 13. When 13 = 0 column Nos 3 and 5 experience sway and roll loads which increase with frequency up to koa - 1.6 while columns Nos 2 and 6 experience large loads near k~a - 1.0 and 2.0. For 13 = 0 column Nos 2 and 6 have the smallest loads for 1.1 < koa < 1.8 whereas it is over this range that the maximum loads of column Nos 3 and 5 occur. The sway force and roll moment coefficients for column Nos 1 and 4 are zero for 13 = 0. As expected, when 13 is increased to 90 , column Nos 2 and 3 experience the largest sway and roll loads, followed by column Nos 1 and 4. Also, at this incident wave angle, column Nos 5 and 6 experience the smallest loads. For 13 = 0 , column Nos 1, 2 and 6 experience the largest heave force while column No. 4 shows a normalized heave load of between 0.7 and 1.0 throughout the frequency

576
2C

A, N. WILUAMS and Z. DErvlIRBII.i~K

I

6 CYL j3.0 R" 5o

~:,~

16
I
i

141

~01 08 06
04 O0

I
05

I0
ko0 I

I I5

20

ii

6 CYL /~=0 ~ R "5o b =30 d IOo

- o~

o~

QO
O0 05 I0 koo

I5
I

~0

2{
le

6 CYL ,~=0o d = I0o ' ~

I

16; 14' 12,

2~ qo
08

06

0.4

02 OC ~ I 05 i I tO 1 i 20

1,5

k~

FIG. 16. Normalized exciting forces and m o m e n t s on six cylinder array (hexagon) for 13 = 0 , R/a = 5, b/a = 3, d/a = 10.

Hydrodynamic interactions in floating cylinder arrays---I

577

6 CYL

'

X~

(9

(9'

'

0#1

.@ O),

O0

0.5

1.0 tOa

1.5

2.0

6 CYL

~: ~.

~ 0.6

02' O0

0.5

I0 koO

15

2.0

2.0 6 CYL ~:~" t6

bw~ d ,10o

12

O.(9 .

08

O6

O2
oo I ,

QO

05

1.0 %0

1.5

2.0

FIG. 17. Normalized exciting forces and moments on six cylinder array (hexagon) for 13- = 90 , R / a = 5, b/a = 3, d/a = 10.

578

A . N . WILLIAMS and Z. DLMIRBU~t:~:

range considered. W h e n 13 = 0 the m a x i m u m heave force occurs in the midfrequency range 0.8 < koa < 1.6. For 13 = 90 , the m a x i m u m heave force is experienced by column Nos 2 and 3 with the largest force occurring at higher frequencies. For [3, 90 , the m i n i m u m heave force for all columns occurs at koa -~ 1.35. 5.6. Six cylinder array-rectangle ( TLP6R) T h e rectangular a r r a n g e m e n t is a m o r e conventional configuration for a six-legged TLP. Results for this g e o m e t r y are presented in Figs 18-20 based on three incident wave angles, 13 = 0 , 45 and 90 . A c o m p a r i s o n of these figures shows that the surge force and pitch m o m e n t coefficients decrease with increasing [3. For [3 -- 0 , column Nos 1 and 4 experience the largest surge loads followed by column Nos 2 and 5. For 13 = 0 column Nos 3 and 6 experience the smallest surge loads. At [3 = 45 , h o w e v e r , there is some decrease in the coefficients of the heavily loaded columns (1 and 4) from the [3 = 0 case. H o w e v e r , column No. 6 remains the least loaded in terms of surge and pitch at [3 = 45 . At [3 = 90 , the center columns (i.e. column Nos 2 and 5) experience zero loads, while column Nos 4 and 6 experience the largest loads for koa > 1.2. For this value of [3, column Nos 1 and 3 experience the m a x i m u m wave loads for koa < 1.2. The m a x i m u m sway force and roll m o m e n t coefficients for this configuration occur for [3 = 90 and the m i n i m u m for [3 = 0 . For [3 = 0 , column Nos 3 and 6 experience the smallest sway load over 0.25 < koa < 1.0 while column Nos 1 and 4 are least heavily loaded in terms of sway over 1.0 < koa < 1.6. For 13 = 45 , the largest variation of the sway and roll coefficients is seen for column Nos 1, 2, 3 and 6. M a x i m u m values of the sway load occur b e t w e e n 0.35 < koa < 0.85 and 1.2 < koa < 1.7 while m i n i m a occur at koa - 1.0. For 13 = 90 , column Nos 1, 2 and 3 experience the largest sway loads while column Nos 4, 5 and 6 are the least loaded. For [3 = 0 , column Nos 1 and 4 exhibit large variations in the heave coefficient over the entire frequency range considered. For this wave heading, the m i n i m u m heave loads occur at koa ~ 1.15. For [3 = 45 , column Nos 1-4 are again heavily loaded in terms of heave, the m a x i m u m loads occur around k~ja - 1.1 for all columns and steadily increase thereafter with frequency until koa ~ 1.5. C o l u m n s Nos 1, 2 and 3 exhibit large variations in the heave force coefficient with wave frequency. For [3 = 90 , the heave loads on all columns are a m i n i m u m near koa = 1.2. A comparison between the hydrodynamic exciting forces and m o m e n t s experienced by typical hexagon and rectangular six cylinder T L P configurations m a y now be made. At [3 = 0 , both T L P s experience a p p r o x i m a t e l y the same surge force and pitching m o m e n t . T h e s e values a p p e a r to decrease m o r e rapidly for the hexagon T L P with increasing wave frequency. At 13 -- 90 , the rectangular T L P experiences a smaller surge force and pitch m o m e n t up to koa ~ 0.9. This trend reverses in favor of the hexagon T L P for 1.0 < koa < 1.75. In terms of the sway force and roll m o m e n t coefficients, the hexagon T L P is superior to the rectangular T L P because it generally experiences similar or smaller loads over the entire wave frequency range for [3 = 0 . This advantage also holds true at [3 = 90 for the a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d coefficients, the only exception being the greater loads experienced by column Nos 2 and 3 of the hexagon T L P at k,~ ~ 1.38. T h e heave forces displayed by both the hexagon and rectangular T L P s generally have m a x i m a of the same o r d e r over the frequency range

Hydrodynamic interactions in floating cylinder arrays---I

18

579

I
A

, , @ ~
B i~ ~ R_.p ~ "
R

'

~=
B,O ~ R,5o db,3o

1.6

I.C

o~
o~ o~

~:

'

0.5

LO koa

15

2.0

6 CYL RECT ~,0" R 5o b, 3e d iOo

on

oz

013 ~
OD 0.5

I
LO koa

I
1.5

2.0

~(
6 CYL R " 50 b " 30 d I0o

....

RECT

I,E

_ J;I
LC 0,8 i O6; i 0.4I

0.2 0.0

I 0.5 1.0

I 1,5

I 2,0

%0

FIG. 18, Normalized exciting forces and moments on six cylinder array (rectangle) for 13 = 0, R/a = 5, b/a = 3, d/a = 10.

580

A . N . WILLIAMS and Z. DEMIRBILEK

6 CYL RECI /3 4 5 " R ,50 b,3o

IC

O~

u~ OE

0 z

O~

,e
oo
' ' ' 6 CTL RECT /~ 45" R =5o b,5o 05

,
I0 koo

15

20

'

08

06

04

OC O0

I
05

A
I0 k~ 15 20

'

'

'

"

6 CYL RECT b =3o t6 14 12

OE OE

Oi

0000

0.5

I0

15

2 0

FIG. 19.Normalized exciting forces and m o m e n t s on six cylinder array (rectangtle) for 13 = 45 , R / a = 5, b / a = 3, d / a = 10.

Hydrodynamic interactions in floating cylinder a r r a y s i I

i i i

581

6 CYL

RECE

0.!

d " lOa

-- o,

O0

05

1.0 ko*

1.5

20

1.6

I ~ CYI-90 RECT o",

IA

R 5a b 3o

1.2

IC

O.E

0.(

0~

, 2.0

0.5

1.0 koO
i I

I5

20 IB L6 1.4 12
u."

6 CYL RECT. ~'90" R'SO

i UEI 06 O~ 02 OC O0
, I i I , I ,

0.5

1.0 koo

1.5

2D

FIG. 20. Normalized exciting forces and moments on six cylinder array (rectangle) for I~ = 90 , R / a = 5, b / a = 3, d / a = 10.

582

A. N, WILLIAMSand Z. DEMIRBILEK

c o n s i d e r e d . H o w e v e r , for koa < 1.0, the h e x a g o n T L P e x p e r i e n c e s c o n s i d e r a b l y s m a l l e r heave forces a n d the possibility exists of e x p l o i t i n g this a p p a r e n t a d v a n t a g e of the h e x a g o n c o n f i g u r a t i o n in actual d e e p w a t e r T L P design. 6. C O N C L U S I O N S A n a p p r o x i m a t e , c o m p u t a t i o n a l l y efficient m e t h o d has b e e n p r e s e n t e d for e s t i m a t i n g the h y d r o d y n a m i c i n t e r a c t i o n s due to w a v e scattering b e t w e e n the m e m b e r s o f an a r r a y of s t a t i o n a r y t r u n c a t e d circular c y l i n d e r s s i m u l a t i n g the c o l u m n s of an i d e a l i z e d T L P . T h e s o l u t i o n t e c h n i q u e is essentially a l a r g e - s p a c i n g a p p r o x i m a t i o n and involves r e p l a c i n g d i v e r g e n t s c a t t e r e d waves by e q u i v a l e n t p l a n e waves t o g e t h e r with n o n - p l a n a r c o r r e c t i o n t e r m s . N u m e r i c a l results have b e e n p r e s e n t e d which show the influence of the v a r i o u s wave a n d s t r u c t u r a l p a r a m e t e r s on the h y d r o d y n a m i c l o a d i n g for a n u m b e r of e x a m p l e c y l i n d e r configurations. It is f o u n d t h a t for certain p a r a m e t e r c o m b i n a t i o n s , large increases in h y d r o d y n a m i c l o a d i n g are p r e d i c t e d c o m p a r e d to the l o a d i n g that the c y l i n d e r w o u l d e x p e r i e n c e in i s o l a t i o n , even at relatively large spacings. T h e s e results clearly i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e h y d r o d y n a m i c i n t e r a c t i o n s b e t w e e n n e i g h b o r i n g c o l u m n s should be c o n s i d e r e d by d e s i g n e r s a n d r e s e a r c h e r s a s s o c i a t e d with T L P s . REFERENCES ABuL-AzM, A.G. and WILLIAMS,A.N. 1987. Interference effects between flexible cylinders in waves. Ocean Engng 14 (1), 19-38. DEMIRBILEK, Z. and GASTON, J. 1985. Nonlinear wave loads on a vertical cylinder. Ocean Engng 12 (5), 375-385. GARRETT,C.J.R. 1971. Wave forces on a circular dock. J. Fluid Mech. 46, 129-139. KA6EMmO, H. and YUE, D.K.P. 1986. Interactions among multiple three-dimensional bodies in water waves: an exact algebraic method. J. Fluid Mech. 166, 18%209. MClVER, P. 1984. Wave forces on arrays of floating bodies. J. Engng Math. 18, 273-285. MCIVER, P. and EVANS, D.V. 1984. Approximation of wave forces on cylinder arrays. Appl. Ocean Res. 6, 101-107. MARTIN, P.A. 1984. Multiple scattering of surface water waves and the null-field method. Proc. 15th Symp. Naval Hydrodynamics, Hamburg, Germany, pp. 119-132. MATSUI,T. and TAr~nKl,T. 1981. Hydrodynamic interaction between groups of vertically axisymmetric bodies floating in waves. Proc. Int. Syrup. Hydrodynamics Ocean Engineering, Trondheim, Norway, Vol. 2, pp. 817-836, OHKUSU, M. 1974. Hydrodynamic forces on multiple cylinders in waves. Proc. Int. Syrup. Dynamics Marine Vehicles and Structures in Waves, London, U.K., pp. 107-112. SARPKAYA,T. and ISAACSON,M. 1981. Mechanics of Wave Forces on Offshore Structures. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. SIMON, M.J. 1982. Multiple scattering in arrays of axisymmetric wave energy devices, part 1: a matrix method using a plane-wave approximation. J. Fluid Mech. 120, 1-25. SPRING, B. H. and MONKMEYER,P.L. 1974. Interaction of plane waves with vertical cylinders. Proc. 14th Conf. Coastal Engineering, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 1828-1847. WATSON,G.N. 1944. A Treatise on the Theory of Bessel Functions, 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. APPENDIX
M a t r i x coefficients This appendix contains the expressions for the coefficients of the simultaneous matrix equations (18) and (19) used to determine the potential coefficients in the isolated cylinder case. F~o ) H,~(koa) 2 x/-2koh ( - 1 ) ~ sinh koh 1 H',,(koa) [1 + sinh 2kod/2kod] t (k~h 2 + n2~r2)'

(A. 1)

Hydrodynamic interactions in floating cylinder arrays--I

583

~,2) = _ Km(koa) 2 ~r2kqh(-1)n sin kqh for q >- 1, K',.(koa) [1 + sin 2kqd/2kqd] (k2qh2 - n2"tr2)
R~., ) = 2 ~.,i'+lkoh(-1)n sinh koh { J',,,(koa) cosh kod (kt~h2 + n2"n "2) Jm(k(l) - ifm(koa) m sinh koh G('2) = ~ a d k 2 [1 + sinh 2kod/2kod] ~ m sin kqh G~q')= ,l~ad k2q [1 + sin 2kqd/2kqd] ~ G(o,~) f o r q - > 1,

(A.2)

(A.3) (A.4)

(A.5)

# n r r h ( - 1 ) ~ sinh koh l',,,(mra/h) d[1 + sinh 2kod/2kod]~I.,(mra/h)(k~h 2 + n2rr2) f f ncth(- 1)" sin kqh [.,,(nwa/h ) d[1 + sin 2kqd/2kqd]il,,,(n'tra/h)(k2qh 2 - n21r2)

f o r n -> 1,

(A.6)

G~qT=

for n,q >- 1.

(A.7)