Roles Of Somatostatin, VIP, Motilin In Digestive System

By MUHAMMAD HAKIME BIN MASRI (67)

Somatostatin
Also known as growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or somatotropin release-inhibitibing factor (SRIF). It has two active forms produced by alternative cleavage of a single preproprotrein: one of 14 amino acids, the other 28 amino acids. Somastostatin is release in stomach and intestinal mucosa, delta cells in pancrease and neuroendocrine neurons of the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Its stimulus depend at the site of its release. There are five known somatostatin receptors which is: SST1 (SSTR1) SST2 (SSTR2) SST3 (SSTR3) SST4 (SSTR4) SST5 (SSTR5) All are G protein-coupled seven transmembrane receptors. Somastatin has several functions in the digestive system such as: Somatostatin suppresses the release of gastrointestinal hormones Lowers the rate of gastric emptying, and reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine Suppresses the release of pancreatic hormones o Inhibits insulin release when somatostatin is released from granules in alpha-1 cells of pancreatic islet of langerhans cells o Inhibits the release of glucagon Suppresses the exocrine secretory action of pancreas. Inhibits gall bladder evacuation

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)

Vasoactive intestinal peptide is found in glands and neurons throughout the intestine, pancrease, and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus in the brain. Its stimulus is by neural stimulation and also distension of the gut by the chyme. There are two known receptors for the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) termed VPAC1 and VPAC2. Both receptors are members of the 7 transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor family.VPAC1 is distributed widely in the CNS, liver, lung, intestine and T-lymphocytes.VPAC2 is found in the CNS, pancreas, skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, adipose tissue, testis, and stomach. Vasoactive intestinal peptide has several roles in the digestive system that is:

Its seems to induce smooth muscle relaxation (lower esophageal sphincter, stomach, gallbladder) stimulate secretion of water into pancreatic juice and bile It cause inhibition of gastric acid secretion and absorption from the intestinal lumen. Its role in the intestine is to greatly stimulate secretion of water and electrolytes, as well as dilating intestinal smooth muscle Dilating peripheral blood vessels Stimulating pancreatic bicarbonate secretion Inhibiting gastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion. It also has the function of stimulating pepsinogen secretion by chief cells.

Motilin
Because of its ability to stimulate gastric activity, it was named "Motilin" Secreted by M cells that are numerous in crypts of the small intestine, especially in the duodenum and jejunum. Motilin receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor which binds motilin. Motilin receptors are found in the gastrointestinal tracts. Control of motilin secretion is largely unknown, although some studies suggest that an alkaline pH in the duodenum stimulates its release. Interestingly however, at low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulatory effect. The main function of motilin is to increase the migrating myoelectric complex component of gastrointestinal motility and stimulate the production of pepsin. Motilin is also called "Housekeeper of the gut" because it improves peristalsis in the small intestine and clears out the gut to prepare for the next meal. A high level of motilin secreted between meals into the blood, stimulates the contraction of the fundus and antrum and accelerates gastric emptying. It then contracts the gallbladder and increases the squeeze pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter. Other functions of motilin include increasing the release of pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin.

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT HORMONES

MUHAMMAD HARIS FADILLAH BIN MUHAMAD 65 MOHD HIKMI BIN RAZALI 66 MUHAMMAD HAKIME BIN MASRI 67 MUHAMAD HELMI BIN SAEDEN 68