Copyright 2007 Gemcom Software International Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Table of Contents
Course Overview....................................................................................................................... 4
Design underground blast holes............................................................................................................ 4 Find blasting safety hazards with DEWS.............................................................................................. 4 Report the safety features in your design.............................................................................................. 4

Introduction................................................................................................................................ 5
Pre-Design Setup.................................................................................................................................. 5 Traffic limitations, including height and width clearances, turning radius, and maximum tunnel grades. ................................................................................................................................................................ 5 Design limitations, including drainage and compressed air...................................................................5 Ventilation, water, and other pipes........................................................................................................ 5 Tunnel workspace(s)............................................................................................................................. 5 Tunnel-display profile............................................................................................................................ 5 Tunnel-type profile................................................................................................................................ 5 Rock-code profiles................................................................................................................................ 5 Polygon-fill profiles................................................................................................................................ 5 Set up an arch shaped heading profile (recommended) to extrude the tunnel centre line, or set up another shape......................................................................................................................................... 5 Open and display geological solids....................................................................................................... 5 Open as-built data (survey pickups)...................................................................................................... 5 Planning data (survey set-outs, control stations)...................................................................................5 Basic Workflow...................................................................................................................................... 5 Divide tunnel segments into intervals (if required) to report development progress by logical increments (e.g. 10 metre advances per day)......................................................................................... 5 Spacing and location of safety bays...................................................................................................... 5 Clearances between traffic and plumbing........................................................................................... 5

Tunnel Profiles........................................................................................................................... 6
Tunnel Display Profiles......................................................................................................................... 6 Colour: Choose a colour for the tunnel. ................................................................................................ 6 Colour: Choose a colour for the tunnel centreline.................................................................................7 Style: Choose a line style, or click Browse to create a new style. ........................................................7 Weight: Choose a line weight................................................................................................................ 7 Line formatting: Select the Colour, Style, and Weight of the footprint line. ...........................................7 Fill effects: Select a Background, Pattern, and Pattern colour. ............................................................7 Tunnel Type Profiles............................................................................................................................. 8 Tunnel Display Options....................................................................................................................... 10

Tunnel Design.......................................................................................................................... 11
Create Tunnels.................................................................................................................................... 11 Create Intervals................................................................................................................................... 12 Continue from the last interval: Choose this option if your sub-table already contains intervals, and youve simply added additional length to your tunnel segments, then select this option. Your original intervals will be preserved..................................................................................................................... 13 From this distance: Choose this option if there is a specific distance from the tunnel segment starting point where you wish so start creating intervals. To overwrite the number in here, click the button to the right to reset to <start of tunnel>........................................................................................................... 13 Create Safety Bays............................................................................................................................. 13 FEATURE: Type in the name of the pre-defined tunnel-type profile (use all CAPS) that will be used for this safety bay feature...................................................................................................................... 14
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FROM: Type in the starting point (measured from the start of the tunnel segment) of the safety bay. 14 TO: Type in the end point (measured from the start of the tunnel segment) of the safety bay............14 LEAD_IN: Type in the lead-in distance from the regular tunnel shape, to the new safety bay shape. This acts as a fillet to change the tunnel shape gradually, over a specified distance.........................14 LEAD_OUT: Same as LEAD_IN, except for the end point of the safety bay feature...........................14

Review...................................................................................................................................... 15

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Course Overview
The Gemcom GEMS Tunnel Design course is a one-day course designed for mine planners who need a quick and simple method to evaluate proposed underground advances for medium- to long-term plans.

Course Prerequisites
Before taking this course, you require the following: Successful completion of GEMS Foundation course Successful completion of GEMS Geological Modelling course Successful completion of GEMS Polygon Modelling course Successful completion of GEMS Mine Survey course

Expected Outcomes
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to accomplish the following: Starting from a tunnel design, you will be able to:

Design underground blast holes Find blasting safety hazards with DEWS Report the safety features in your design

Combine underground tunnel designs with your geology and excavation data to schedule the mine development and production Categorise volume and tonnage reports by working period and by production and development category Format tunnels to show development advances Set tunnel hierarchy automatically or manually Automatically create triangulation solids (not solid objects) from your tunnel centrelines Modify the attributes at any point along the tunnel Use the tunnels with GEMS Production Scheduler to create production schedules

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Introduction
When working with tunnels, GEMS creates tunnels using the principle of extrusion (the process of applying a profile shape along a centreline). Unlike the traditional method of creating underground excavation, which requires that two data objects (polyline and solid objects), creating tunnels only requires that one object be stored. When you have created the tunnels, you can display them as simple lines, as footprints (projected onto a plane, with fill patterns), and as triangulation solids.

Pre-Design Setup
Before you can start designing tunnels, you need to consider several factors that affect the whole design process. When designing tunnels you need to do the following: Understand the design specifications:

Traffic limitations, including height and width clearances, turning radius, and maximum tunnel grades. Design limitations, including drainage and compressed air. Ventilation, water, and other pipes. Tunnel workspace(s). Tunnel-display profile. Tunnel-type profile. Rock-code profiles. Polygon-fill profiles. Set up an arch shaped heading profile (recommended) to extrude the tunnel centre line, or set up another shape. Open and display geological solids. Open as-built data (survey pickups). Planning data (survey set-outs, control stations).

Ensure all GEMS settings are in place:

Open and display supporting data that will control the position and shape of the proposed design

Basic Workflow
When you are ready to create the tunnels, use the following workflow: 1. Create, format, and save tunnel centrelines (this work is usually done on plan views): Divide tunnel segments into intervals (if required) to report development progress by logical increments (e.g. 10 metre advances per day). 2. Confirm that safety standards are met: Spacing and location of safety bays. Clearances between traffic and plumbing. 3. Report or plot.

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Tunnel Profiles

Tunnel Display Profiles

Tunnel Profiles
When working with tunnels, you need to create the following profile types: Tunnel display profiles. Tunnel type profiles.

Tunnel Display Profiles

Tunnels display profiles control the appearance of the tunnel objects. The Tunnel Display Settings dialog box contains the following tabs, each one enabling you to configure specific display features of your tunnel: Tabs
Solids Centrelines Footprints Points Labels

Use this tab to

to control the appearance of the extruded 3D tunnel. to control the appearance of the tunnel centreline. to control the appearance of the 2D polygon representation of the tunnel floor. to control the appearance of vertices along the tunnel centreline. to enable you to annotate vertices (points), intervals, or the entire tunnel centreline.

The tunnel display profile enables you to format the tunnel centreline, the tunnel footprint (a polygon projection of the walls and end caps onto the current plane), the tunnel triangulation, the tunnel intervals, and tunnel features, such as safety bays. You can also add labels to any of these features. To create a tunnel display profile, follow these steps. 1. Choose Format > Tunnels to open the Tunnel Display Settings dialog box. 2. Click New Profile and name the profile. 3. Select a Workspace and enter a Comment to describe the profile. 4. In the Solids tab, enter the following information: Colour: Choose a colour for the tunnel. Click More to have the colour determined by a field value in the tunnel workspace. This is typically used to colour code tunnels based on the periods (days, weeks, months), in which they are scheduled.

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Tunnel Display Profiles

5. In the Centrelines tab, enter the following information: Colour: Choose a colour for the tunnel centreline. Style: Choose a line style, or click Browse to create a new style. Weight: Choose a line weight. Click More to have the colour determined by either the rock code value, or a field value in the tunnel workspace. This is typically used to colour code tunnels based on the periods (days, weeks, months), in which they are scheduled. 6. In the Footprints tab, enter the following information: Line formatting: Select the Colour, Style, and Weight of the footprint line. Fill effects: Select a Background, Pattern, and Pattern colour. Click More to have the line and fill effects determined by a field value in the tunnel workspace. This is typically used to colour code tunnels based on the periods (days, weeks, months), in which they are scheduled.

7. In the Points tab, choose a Colour, Symbol shape, and Height for the points. Click More to have the point display options determined by a field value in the tunnel workspace.

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Tunnel Profiles

Tunnel Display Profiles

8. In the Labels tab, you can display the labels for points, intervals, centerlines, and features. Click New to add a new label. For points, the label is typically the elevation value (LOCATION:Z) to indicate the change in slope.
Note: If your centerlines have many points, this option may clutter the screen with text.

9. Click Apply when you have finished setting the parameters for the profile. 10. To create more profiles, repeat steps 2 to 9. 11. Click OK to exit.

Tunnel Type Profiles

Tunnel type profiles help you identify characteristics of a tunnel. Later, when you create tunnels, you apply different tunnel-type profiles to the tunnels, to identify them by type. To create a tunnel type profile, follow these steps. 1. Choose Format > Tunnel Types to open the Tunnel Type dialog box.

2. Click New Profile, and enter a Profile name.

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Tunnel Profiles

Tunnel Display Profiles

3. In Shape (heading profile), select a shape to sweep along the centre lines of all tunnels that use this profile. Click Browse to create a new one if required.
Tip: In the series of tunnel shapes, use as many common points as possible.

The following image is an example of creating the best triangulation by adding an extra point in the basic tunnel heading shape (top image) and in the heading shape for the safety bay (bottom image).

4. In Default display profile, select a tunnel display profile to be applied to all tunnels of this tunnel type. Click Browse to create a new one if required. 5. In Default precedence for this tunnel type, enter the default hierarchy.
Tip: Plan to use a range of numbers that meet your design needs. Typically, main tunnels have a higher hierarchy (1 or 2) than lesser ones (3, 4, 5, etc.). When tunnels intersect, GEMS uses the hierarchy to draw the tunnels and to help determine their volumes.

In the following illustration, the blue tunnel (with hierarchy 3) intersects an orange tunnel (with hierarchy 2). The intersected volume belongs to the orange tunnel because it has the higher hierarchy.

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Tunnel Profiles

Tunnel Display Profiles

Tunnel Display Options

After you have defined tunnel display and tunnel type profiles, you can choose Tunnels > Display Overrides to open the Tunnel Display Options dialog box, where you can override some of the settings.

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Tunnel Profiles

Tunnel Display Profiles

Tunnel Design
In this chapter, you will learn how to do the following: Create tunnels Create intervals Create safety bays

Create Tunnels
Creating tunnels is similar to creating polylines. In fact, you can use some of the CAD tools from the Polyline menu when you modify the tunnel segments. In general, you will want to define tunnels on a plan view, so make sure you have one or more plan views defined. To create a tunnel, follow these steps. 1. Select a plan view. 2. Switch to 2D viewing mode. 3. Choose Tunnel > Create Tunnels to open a Create Tunnel tab to the left of the graphics area. 4. In this tab, you can select the Workspace, and enter a Description. GEMS auto-fills the Tunnel, Tunnel Type, and Plane fields. You can change these values if needed. 5. In the Vertex tab, you can manually edit the values, or digitise the starting point using your mouse in the graphics area. While you are in tunnel create mode, you can use the polyline CAD tools such as Set Point by Relative Bearing, Extend by Circular Arc, and Delete Last Segment.

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Tunnel Profiles

Tunnel Display Profiles

6. In the Feature tab, you can modify the feature for the tunnel.

7. In the Intervals tab, you can define intervals for the tunnel.

8. 9. 10. 11.

When you are finished defining the tunnel, click Next. When you are ready to create the tunnel, click Create. Repeat steps 4 to 9 to continue creating tunnel segments. When you are finished, save your work.

Create Intervals
After creating and saving the tunnel segments, you can further subdivide the segments into smaller intervals. These intervals typically represent the face advances of the tunnels during development, as reported by the working period used for the plan. For example, short-term plans might use intervals expressed in daily advances (e.g. 10m), whereas medium- to long-term plans might use intervals expressed in weekly or monthly advances (e.g. 100m or more). In either case, you always create intervals from the start of the tunnel segment. This would be the first that is digitised when you were creating the tunnel segments. You can also create intervals by continuing them from the last interval in the sub-table. To create intervals in tunnel segments, follow these steps. 1. In the Project View Area, open all the tunnel segments for which you want to create intervals.

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Tunnel Display Profiles

Note:

GEMS will create/overwrite intervals for every tunnel segment opened.

2. Choose Tunnel > Create Intervals to open the Create Intervals tab to the left of the graphics area. 3. Select the appropriate interval sub-table in which you will save the intervals. This is generally the SINTERVAL table. 4. Enter the size of the interval. 5. In Start creation, specify where to start the intervals. Continue from the last interval: Choose this option if your sub-table already contains intervals, and youve simply added additional length to your tunnel segments, then select this option. Your original intervals will be preserved. From this distance: Choose this option if there is a specific distance from the tunnel segment starting point where you wish so start creating intervals. To overwrite the number in here, click the button to the right to reset to <start of tunnel>. 6. In End creation, specify where to end the intervals. 7. Click Create to create the intervals. 8. Save your work. You can review the results using the Data Editor.

Create Safety Bays

The tunnel tools allow you to create safety bays of variable lengths at specified locations. GEMS stores this information in the FEATURES sub-table, which was automatically created when you created the tunnel workspace. Because safety bays typically have different outlines (cross-sections) to drifts, they require a unique heading profile, which you can create by choosing Format > Other Profiles > Heading. They also require a unique tunnel-type profile. You can only create safety bay intervals manually by entering specific starting and ending points in the Data Editor. The advantages to this method is that if your design approach require safety bays at regular intervals (which is often the case), you can use the Edit > Fill command in the Data Editor to automatically fill in the sub-table. The following image is an example of a typical FEATURES table entry.

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Tunnel Display Profiles

To create a safety bay, follow these steps. 1. 2. 3. 4. Start the Data Editor, and select the tunnel workspace you want to edit. Click the FEATURES tab. In the HEADER table, select the tunnel segment for which you will create the safety bay intervals. For each safety bay in the tunnel segment, enter the following: FEATURE: Type in the name of the pre-defined tunnel-type profile (use all CAPS) that will be used for this safety bay feature. FROM: Type in the starting point (measured from the start of the tunnel segment) of the safety bay. TO: Type in the end point (measured from the start of the tunnel segment) of the safety bay. LEAD_IN: Type in the lead-in distance from the regular tunnel shape, to the new safety bay shape. This acts as a fillet to change the tunnel shape gradually, over a specified distance. LEAD_OUT: Same as LEAD_IN, except for the end point of the safety bay feature. Alternatively, instead of typing in the name of the FEATURE for each record, use the Edit > Fill command to populate each record with the same tunnel-type profile name. The following image is an example of using longer lead-in distance than lead-out.

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Tunnel Display Profiles

Review
Use this review to test your knowledge on what you just learned. 1. True or False: Tunnel objects are polylines.

2. What are some of the required profiles for using tunnels?

3. How can you temporarily override the settings in the tunnel-display profiles?

4. Outline in brief the steps for defining intervals in your tunnels segments.

5. Outline in brief the steps for defining safety bays in your tunnel segments.

Time to complete: 5 minutes

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Index
C course......................................................... outcomes...............................................4 overview................................................4 prerequisites.........................................4 creating data.............................................. intervals..............................................12 safety bays..........................................13 tunnels................................................11 D display data................................................ profiles..................................................6 displaying data........................................... P profiles....................................................... creating................................................... display................................................6 type....................................................8 S setup.......................................................... pre-design.............................................5 W workflow...................................................5 override options..................................10

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