Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Oral Buyukozturk
1.054/1.541 Mechanics and Design of Concrete Structures (3-0-9) Outline 3 Failure Theories and Concrete Plasticity
Failure of concrete
o Concrete is a brittle material which fails through brittle cleavage (splitting) at the interfaces and in mortar except for high triaxial compression where shear slippage occurs resulting in a ductile behavior. Failure occurs by tensile splitting with the fractured surface orthogonal to the direction of the maximum tensile stress or strain.
Principal stresses:
3
2 1
3 2 1 3
1/14
1
2
max = limit = t
2/14
1 3 + ( 1 + 3 ) = 2 s
where 1 3 = shear stress,
1 3
2
=s
o The theory gives equal uniaxial tensile and compressive strengths. It is also independent of intermediate stress 2 . (pressure sensitivity)
o Consider the effect of normal stress on shear strength: S = K tan n where S = shear strength,
K = cohesive strength,
n = normal stress.
o Compression increases S and tension decreases S . 3/14
oct n = m = oct
o 1 > 2 > 3 o Failure occurs when the octahedral stress exceeds a limiting value.
oct =
1 3
( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 )
2 2
2 i , i = 1, 2, 3 3
4/14
where a =
1 15
( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 )
2 2
and
a = oct =
1 ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) 3
Invariant formulation
o A failure criterion should be based upon an invariant function of the state of stress, i.e., independent of the choice of the coordinate systems. o Stress invariants I1 = 1 + 2 + 3 , (more suitable for applying to concrete) I 2 = 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 , I 3 = 1 2 3 where 1 , 2 , 3 are principal stresses.
ij = ji i, j = 1, 2, 3
11 = 1 , 22 = 2 , 33 = 3 o m =
1 1 1 ( 11 + 22 + 33 ) = ii = I1 3 3 3
1 2 2 2 3 I I 1 2 15
5/14
Deviatoric stress
o
where S11 , S 22 , S33 are principal stresses. o Discussion of physical meaning of deviatoric and hydrostatic stresses.
Biaxial loading ( 22 = 0 )
o
S11 =
1 ( 2 11 33 ) 3 1 ( 2 11 + 33 ) 3
33 11
S 22 = S33 =
1 ( 2 33 11 ) 3
I1 = 11 + 33
J2 =
1 1 2 2 2 ( 2 11 33 ) + ( 11 + 33 ) + ( 2 33 11 ) 2 9
In general, stress invariants I1 , J 2 are used to characterize the behavior of concrete structures.
6/14
F ( I1 , J 2 ) = 0
o Failure criteria
3 J 2 + 3 I1 + I1 c = 5 9
2 2
and
F ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) = 0
o Stress invariants based
F ( I1 , J 2 , J 3 ) = 0
o One model considering the effect of all the three stress invariants and possessing the observed features of the failure surface such as smoothness, symmetry, convexity, and curved meridians is provided. f ( m , m , ) = r ( m , ) f c' 1
1 = 0
3 2 2 2 where m = oct = J2 , 5 5
m = I1 ,
r ( m , ) = 1 r ( m , ) 5 f c'
2rc ( rc2 rt 2 ) cos + rc ( 2rt rc 4 ( rc2 rt 2
1 3
r ( m , ) =
) 4 ( r r ) cos + 5r ) cos + ( r 2r )
2 c 2 2 t 2 2 c t
4rt rc
cos =
2 1 2 3
2 2 2 2 ( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 )
2
7/14
ic = f t ' i = 1, 2, 3
o In the compression-biaxial tension zone, the failure is defined as
1c = f c'
2 1 2c = ft ' 1 = 3c ' 3 fc
Damage model
o Incremental damage
dK = d 0p F ( I1 , )
D=
r R
where r = current stress vector (distance), and R = distance to bounding surface. When D = 1, the material is assumed to have failed.
8/14
( ln b ) oct oct c KT = a 1 +d b K0 c
9/14
( ln q ) oct oct r GT = p 1 +t q G0 c
K 2 3G K + 4 3G
(Youngs modulus: E =
3K 2G 9 KG , Poissons ratio: = ) 2 ( 3K + G ) 3K + G
o Isotropic strain model Nonlinear isotropic elastic model The nondimensional secant bulk and shear moduli:
KS 1 = ' 1.09 K 0 1 + 0.52 ( oct f c ) GS 2 = ' 1.7 G0 1 + 3.57 ( oct f c )
o Orthotropic model The concept of equivalent uniaxial strains The constitutive law in terms of the material stiffness tensor Dijkl
d ij = Dijkl d kl
10 / 1 4
G12
= 1 3 2 2 3
G12 , G23 , G31 = incremental shear moduli for planes parallel to
coordinates 1-2, 2-3, and 3-1. G12 = E1 E2 , G23 = E2 E3 , G31 = E3 E1 . For uncracked concrete, = The equivalent uniaxial strain iu
1 (1 + ) . 2
iu =
i +k 1 j i
where i = principal strain in direction i. o Elastic-hardening plasticity model It is developed for short-term monotonic compressive loading of concrete. The constitutive relationships feature such characteristics of concrete deformational behavior as inelastic dilatancy and frictional effect and inelastic shear caused by hydrostatic pressure (hydrostatic pressure sensitivity). 11 / 1 4
Following the incremental theory of plasticity, the total strain increments are
{d } = {d e } + {d p }
e d kl where d ij = Cijkl
e Cijkl =
e + d ijp or d ij = d ij
d ijp =
f f {d } + d = d
f 3I {d } + 1 d = d 2
P f 3I1 ' {d } = 1 H d 2
{d } = d
P
12 / 1 4
If the shape of the curve is assumed to expand uniformly in all directions, the flow rule is referred to as the isotropic hardening law. o Stress increment
therefore,
f f C ] [C ] [ C {d } = [ ] {d } 3I1 ' f f 1 H + [C ] 2
Note that for perfect plasticity, H ' = 0 , this formulation, leading to a non-singular [C ] , does not cause any numerical difficulty.
13 / 1 4
the need because of increased complexity of the problems requiring solution coupled with more severe demands being placed on the structure.
14 / 1 4