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1.054/1.541 Mechanics and Design of Concrete Structures (3-0-9) Outline 10 Torsion, Shear, and Flexure
Torsion
o Stress distribution on a cross section subject to torsion
x x: narrow side y
max
y: wide side
max =
T x2 y
where = shape factor, T = torque, x , y = dimensions of the cross section. The shape factor is different for linear and nonlinear cases.
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Failure mode
o Torsion failure of plain concrete occurs suddenly with an inclined tension crack in one of the wider faces, then extending into the narrow faces. Concrete crushing occurs in the opposite wider face.
T is the applied torque and M, Ttw, are the bending and twisting moments, respectively, on the M=
T , b = 2y, 2
2 y x2 6
plane.
( S=
x2 y 3 2
Tup 3T M t = = 2 2 = 2up , S x y x y 3 2
where Tup = ultimate torsion for plain concrete when reaches t . Tup = x2 y t 3
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y1
s = stirrup spacing.
o Torsional moment with respect to axis of the horizontal stirrups
Ts 2 = ( At 2 f s ) x1 y1 s
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Design concept
o Total ultimate torsion capacity, Tu Tu = Tc + Ts where Tc = torsional capacity contributed by concrete, and Ts = torsional capacity contributed by reinforcement.
Tc = Tup ( 0.4 )
Thus,
Tc = 0.8 f c' x 2 y
The coefficient represents reduction in torsional strength provided by concrete after cracking. Upon cracking of concrete stress and strain are partially transferred to steel. Stiffness and strength of the system will depend on the amount of transverse and longitudinal reinforcements.
o The final failure may be in one of the following ways: 1. Under reinforced Both transverse and longitudinal steel yield before failure. 2. Over reinforced Concrete crushes before yielding of steel. 3. Partially over (under) reinforced o For under reinforced elements, t is independent of the steel ratio.
Tu
t
Tc
At f s
x1 y1 s
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o Code suggestion:
t = 0.66 + 0.33
y1 1.50 x1
Tc
+
Vc
=
Vs
2T V + =1 3 T0 V0 V V0
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ACI Code
o Design for torsion Same interaction as in members without transverse reinforcement. o Excess torque Over and above that resisted by concrete, the same amount of reinforcement is provided in members subject to torsion plus shear as would be required for purely torsional members. This torsional reinforcement is added to that required for carrying bending moments and flexural shears. o Tu Tn = (Tc + Ts ) where Tu = factored torque,
o Tc =
T0 T V 1+ 0 c V0 Tc
2 2
where T0 = 0.8 f c' x 2 y = pure torsion and shear. T0 x 2 y 0.4 bd = 0.4 = and CT = 2 V0 bd CT x y
V0 = 2 f c' bd = pure
o Assume
Vc Vu = , such that Tc Tu
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Tc =
Vc =
2 f c' bd T 1 + 2.5CT u Vu Av f y d s
2
Ts =
t At f y
s
x1 y1 ,
Vs =
Tu = (Tc + Ts ) = Tn
Ts = Tu Tc
At =
(T Tc ) s sTs = u t f y x1 y1 t f y x1 y1
o Ts 4Tc is required to assure yielding of steel first. o Minimum spacing of torsional stirrups 4 ( x1 + y1 ) or 12 in.
where
(x y )
n 2 i =1 i i
Hollow sections
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h ( x y ) by 4 . x
2
o When h <
General formulation of post-cracking behavior of flexure, shear, and tension interaction in R/C beams Discussion of applications: Concrete guideway systems from monorail and maglev transportation infrastructure. Design Example Shear and torsion
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