;lIR:-

MQ:-

RELAY:-

DIGITAL INPUTS
Digital inputs can be define as that which inputs those having in digital signal condition i.e. high or low, either Vs or VE on other hand in binary form 1 or 0 these types of signal are known as digital inputs signals. These digital inputs are provide by digital sensor modules or switches. Here we use for digital inputs some switches and IR sensor digital module which gives us a digital inputs to the controlling part of this project

IR Module
In this tutorial we will see how to make simple infrared sensor module for detecting reflecting surface. This sensor can be used to detect reflecting silver/white strip, obstacle detection, flame detection, etc. These sensors are primary requirement of any simple line follower robocar.

WORKING OF IR SENSORS

IR LED emits infrared radiation. This radiation illuminates the surface in front of LED. Surface reflects the infrared light. Depending on reflectivity of the surface, amount of light reflected varies. This reflected light is made incident on reverse biased IR sensor. When photons are incident on reverse biased junction of this diode, electron-hole pairs are generated, which results in reverse leakage current. Amount of electron-hole pairs generated depends on intensity of incident IR radiation. More intense radiation results in more reverse leakage current. This current can be passed through a resistor so as to get proportional voltage. Thus as intensity of incident rays varies, voltage across resistor will vary accordingly. This voltage can then be given to OPAMP based comparator. Output of the comparator can be read.

IR LED is used as a source of infrared rays. It comes in two packages 3mm or 5mm. 3mm is better as it is requires less space. IR sensor is nothing but a diode, which is sensitive for infrared radiation. This infrared transmitter and receiver is called as IR TX-RX pair. It can be obtained from any decent electronics component shop and costs less than 10Rs. Following snap shows 3mm and 5mm IR pairs. Colour of IR transmitter and receiver is different. However you may come across pairs which appear exactly same or even has opposite colours than shown in above pic and it is not possible to distinguish between TX and RX visually. In case you will have to take help of multimeter to distinguish between them

The IR LED is just like any other LED, in that a current-limiting resistor is useful to control the device current and therefore the light intensity. With a 100 ohm resistor and the approximately 1.5V forward voltage drop of the IR LED, we'll have a LED current of about 35mA. That's fairly high, but more light emitted will yield more light coming back to our sensor. The phototransistor is a device with an exposed silicon junction. When light passes through the plastic casing, most non-IR wavelengths are simply absorbed by the plastic, but the infrared light makes it to the sensor within.

Each photon striking the silicon junction causes an electron to flow. Because this is a phototransistor and not a photodiode, this current is multiplied by the transistor's current gain, so each photon may actually cause perhaps 10 to 100 electrons to flow. This current has nowhere to go except through the 10K resistor, and as the current passes through the resistor, the voltage across the resistor rises (V=IR). This change in voltage is read by our microcontroller's Analog to Digital Converter (ADC).

LM358

MQ5 (LPG DETECTOR SESNOR)

FEATURES High sensitivity to LPG, iso-butane, propane Small sensitivity to alcohol, smoke. * Fast response . * Stable and long life * Simple drive circuit APPLICATION They are used in gas leakage detecting equipments in family and industry, are suitable for detecting of LPG, iso-butane, propane, LNG, avoid the noise of alcohol and cooking fumes and cigarette smoke.

Structure and configuration of MQ-6 gas sensor is (Configuration A or B), sensor composed by micro AL2O3 ceramic tube, Tin Dioxide (SnO2) sensitive layer, measuring electrode and heater are fixed into a crust made by plastic and stainless steel net. The heater provides necessary work conditions for work of sensitive components. The enveloped MQ-6 have 6 pin ,4 of them are used to fetch signals, and other 2 are used for providing heating current.

12V RELAY

A relay is a switch which is operated by electricity. It is usually electromagnetic device which has coil. When this coil is supplied with power, a magnetic field created and will operate mechanical switch. There are solid state relays which do not have moving

parts but are very expensive compared to small mechanical relays. Pictures in this page shows typical small electro mechanical relay. Relay is used when we need to handle high voltages and currents through microcontroller operated system.

A relay is a switch which is operated by electricity. It is usually electromagnetic device which has coil. When this coil is supplied with power, a magnetic field created and will operate mechanical switch. There are solid state relays which do not have moving parts but are very expensive compared to small mechanical relays. Pictures in this page shows typical small electro mechanical relay. Relay is used when we need to handle high voltages and currents through microcontroller operated system. elay coil's current requirement is usually more than 100mA (for small relay about 100mA) and microcontroller cant supply this much of current to relay by it self. So as shown in following schematic diagram, we have to use transistor to handle this current requirement. Base pin of NPN transistor used here is connected to ground pin via resistor to make sure that relay will stay off when microcontroller does not output +5V to transistors base. This will make sure only logic 1 on microcontroller pin will activate relay. It is better to use Darlington transistor to handle current requirement for relay, because darlington transistor can handle more current than single transistor. It is essential to connect a diode across relay coil in reverse bias to protect transistor form back EMF created when relay is released from energized or ON state. If this diode is not used, transistor and/or microcontroller which is driving relay may be damaged upon releasing energized relay. The diode will short out the back EMF produced by coil when it turned OFF from ON state.

Transistor

The BC548 is a general purpose epitaxial silicon NPN bipolar junction transistor found commonly in European electronic equipment. The part number is assigned by Pro Electron, which allows many manufacturers to offer electrically and physically interchangeable parts under one identification. The BC548 is commonly available in European Union countries. It is often the first type of bipolar transistor young hobbyists encounter, and is often featured in circuit diagrams and designs published