Lenses Notes

Convex or Converging Lens

Concave or Diverging Lens

Determining the Focal Length of a Lens

Ray Diagrams

Definitions:

We will deal only with thin lenses when solving lens problems. I. Locating a Real Image

1 2

Rules: 1. Rays parallel to the principal axis will refract so that they pass through the focal point F. 2. Rays passing through the middle of the lens will continue through without refracting. 3. Rays passing through the focal point F will refract so that they are parallel to the principal axis.

II.

Locating an Imaginary (Virtual) Image

Ray Diagram for a Thin Concave (Diverging) Lens

The Lens Equation

f is the focal length (distance from lens to focal point) do is the distance from lens to the object di is the distance from lens to the image We can locate the image with the lens equation The Magnification Equation

hi: negative when inverted (h - height) di: negative when on the same side of the lens as do (virtual image) f: positive for convex/converging lens and negative for concave/diverging lens

Example: A glowing object 4 cm tall is placed 9 cm from a concave lens. If the lens has a focal length of 5 cm, what is a) the distance of the image from the lens? OR

( ( )

)( (

) )

Virtual Imagesame side of the lens as the object (because di is negative) b) the size of the image? ( )( )

Uprighthi is positive c) the characteristics of the image? virtual, diminished (smaller), upright image d) Draw the ray diagram to confirm. Refer to Ray Diagram for a Thin Concave (Diverging) Lens

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Curved Mirrors Converging (Concave) Mirrors

When the object is farther away than the focal length, the image is inverted.

When the object is at the focal length, there is no image.

When the object is closer than the focal length, there is a larger, virtual image. The Mirror Equation and Magnification Equation We can determine the location and size of the image from a mirror with the following equation:

( ) ( ) ( )( ( ) ( )

( (

) ) )

Converging of real light rays

Uses reflecting telescopes car headlamps

Diverging (Convex) Mirrors

Uses Parking lot mirror. Security mirror in stores (you can see more in a convex mirror than in a concave mirror).

Example Find the location and the characteristics of the image if an object 2 cm in height is 5 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm.

Enlarged, Upright, Virtual Image

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( ( Out of Focus? Spherical Aberration

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Chromatic Aberration

Solved with the addition of an achromatic lens

Correcting Myopia (nearsightedness)