INTRODUCTION TO COMPANY

Ludhiana Builders is a partnership firm which was established in the year 1991-1992 to foray into the civil and road construction business. Since its inception the company has excelled in its operations and has completed a number of prestigious projects in the last two decades. The company is being managed by two brothers Mr. Inderjit Singh & Mr. Jaswinder Pal Singh. It is an ancestral business with them and they entered this business in the years 1975 and 1979 respectively. Previously the work was being executed under the name of two sister concerns M/S Bhagat Singh & Co. and M/S Ludhiana Builders Engineers Pvt. Ltd. Later the business was consolidated as M/S Ludhiana Builders in the year 1991. The company is ably supported and driven by Mr. Jaswinder Pal Singh's son Mr. Ishmeet Singh who joined the business in the year 2010. Inderjit Singh is a post graduate in Mathematics and Statistics, and Jaswinder Pal Singh a post graduate in Statistics. Both have a vast experience in the field of infrastructure development as builders of different kinds of buildings such as Housing, Industrial, Schools, and Multistory Complexes; roads and other civil works. Ishmeet has formal education in the fields of Engineering and General Management with 7 years of industrial experience working with multinational companies both in India and abroad. The technical team of employees is headed by Mr. Mahaveer Singh a Retired chief Engineer of Govt. of Rajasthan, having a vast experience in the field of Civil Construction Works. Company under his able guidance has progressed tremendously. Mr. Singh is further supported by more than 40 qualified Engineers and technical persons. The company has also hired highly qualified retired engineers. Road
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designing is done by senior engineers who are expert in Auto Cad, cal quan and other Dedicated Road Designing Software. Surveying is done under guidance and the work done on site is done as per the instruction of client and in accordance of guidelines indicated in MORTH. The site team and plant are regularly in touch with laboratory, which keeps on performing numbers of scientific tests to ensure the best of quality.

MISSION

To perform for our customers the highest level of quality construction services at fair and market competitive prices. To ensure the longevity of our company through repeat and referral business achieved by customer satisfaction in all areas including timeliness, attention to detail and service minded attitudes. To maintain the highest levels of professionalism, integrity, honesty and fairness in our relationships with our suppliers, subcontractors, professional associates and customers.

PROJECTS

On Going
S.No. Project IREO Group\'s Integrated Mega Housing Project Description IREO Group\'s Integrated Mega Housing Project, near village Devatwal at Ludhiana.(Client-IREO Waterfront) Road Works for Phase-2A, Approach Road works, Development of Green area below HT Line & Development works for park in Extended plot villas.(Client-IREO Waterfront) Construction of Shops-Cum-Office at Vipul World, Ludhiana.(Client-Vipul Limited) Value 188 lacs Year Area 9 nos. GType Villas

2012

Road Work

281.47 lacs

2011

190m

Construction of Shops-CumOffice

112.99 lacs

2010

54 Nos.ShopsCumOffice 54 Nos.ShopsCumOffice 38 Villas 560 Dwelling Units 432 Dwelling Units

Electric Works

Electric Work for Shop-Cum-Office at Vipul World, Ludhiana.(Vipul Limited)

16.89 lacs

2011

Construction of Housing Project

Construction of Housing Project - Rajgarh Villas.(Client-Rajgarh Estates) Construction of 560 Dwelling Units at village Dhandari Kalan, Ludhiana.(ClientMunicipal Corporation,Ludhiana) Construction of Dwelling Units in village Giaspura, Group-ll, BSUP-JNNRUM scheme DPR-l.(Client-Municipal Corporation,Ludhiana)

460 lacs 1263 lacs

2011

Dwelling Units

2009

Dwelling Units

974 lacs

2008

Construction of Villas

Civil structural & Internal Finishing works, together with External Development and Boundry wall works of villa Development nr. Vilaage Devatwal at Ludhiana.(Client-IREO Waterfront)

1619.59 2010 lacs

E1 type Villas

Completed
S.No. Project Description Construction of Multi-level Parking Complex at old office site of old Municipal Corporation,Ludhiana.(Client- Municipal Corporation,Ludhiana) Construction of office building of Zone-D, Sarabha Nagar, Ludhiana.(ClientMunicipal Corporation,Ludhiana) Value Year Area

Multi-level Parking

1073.00 1996 lacs

2.00 lac sft

Office Building Zone-D

275.00 lacs

2000

50,000 Sft

Central Fire Station

Construction of Office and residences for Central Fire Station opposite Railway Station.(Client- Municipal Corporation,Ludhiana)

153.24 lacs

2004

25,000 Sft

HIG/HIF Super Flats

Construction of 54 Nos. HIG/HIF (Super Flats in 475 acre scheme.(Client-Const. Div.-II,PWD B&R,Ludhiana) Up-gradation Ottalan Bhari Road via Bhangla, Sarvanpura, Kotla Under PMGSY in Distt. Ludhiana.(Client-Const. Div.-II,PWD B&R,Ludhiana)

665 lacs

2005

1.00 lac Sft

Up-Gradation Ottalan Bhari Road

600 lacs

2007

Length 14km, Width 7mtr 75,000 Sft

MIG-I Flats

Construction of 50 MIG-I Flats I Sukhdev 515 Enclave, Hambran Road, Ludhiana.(Clientlacs Improvement Trust,Ludhiana)

2006

Civil Work for Sales Office

Civil Work for Sales Office & Utility block in and around Village Detwal, Dakha, 67.04 Essewal, Gahour Distt. Ludhiana.(Clientlacs VAR Realtors Pvt. Ltd.) Up-Gradation of Chawa to Rara Sahib(ODR-26) via Payal, Ghudni up to Blk Boundry.Package No. PB1020.(Client-Const.Div-lll,PWD B&R,Ludhiana)

2009

15,000 Sft

Up-Gradation of Chawa to Rara Sahib

1067.42 2008 lacs

Length 19km, Width 7mtr

Judicial Court Complex

Balance work of Judicial Court Complex at 400 Samrala, Ludhiana.(Client-Const. Div-ll, lacs PWD B&R, Ludhiana)

2010

60,000 Sft

INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT 1
IREO WATERFRONT
Ireo Waterfront derives its name from the picturesque lake of sparkling water that lies at its centre,

with pedestrian piers and peaceful embankments. Well-laid out pathways lead to residential neighborhoods with integrated parks and leafy avenues. An upscale clubhouse complex, a commercial plaza, a business park and a vibrant community centre overlook the waters of the lake. The 27m wide Waterfront Driveway forms the central spine of the city, linking spaces meant for work, entertainment, leisure and living. Ireo Waterfront is truly a city where sky, water, trees and space have been optimally organized to suit the populace.

SITE PLAN PROPERTY DESCRIPTION:

Ireo Multiply the Joy of Living At Ireo, our stated goal is to multiply our customers quality of life expectations from their home. This commitment and our conviction that better designed living spaces lead to better lifestyles, are the genesis of Ireos philosophy of Open Living. Distilled from years of interaction and research with urban planners, home designers and customers, Open Living focuses on bringing an enhanced sense of openness and freedom to our customers lifestyles; through intelligent design and careful planning of multiple interlinked lifestyle needs. Not just within the four walls of ones home, but also extending in to the surrounding eco-system. Ireo Waterfront Plot Ludhiana Just minutes away from the city Centre of Ludhiana, this is a complete town planned along the lines of the best in the world. With a glittering lake at its Centre, its sound planning reflected in beautiful layouts, green environs, clean water and air, while cutting edge technology assures efficient functioning of all systems. Designed to take the hard work out of urban living, this is a town that works for you. Day after day. 500 acres of well-balanced sustainable development Luxury villas Apartments and independent floors Business park Perfect range of mixed-use centres for business, retail and leisure Comprehensive social infrastructure with community, health and educational facilities Well-mapped green recreational zones and pedestrian-friendly streets Fully developed utility/services infrastructure

SPECIFICATION:
IREO Waterfront derives its name from the picturesque lake of sparkling water that lies at its centre, with pedestrian piers and peaceful embankments. Well-laid out pathways lead to residential neighborhoods with integrated parks and leafy avenues. An upscale clubhouse complex, a commercial plaza, a business park and a vibrant community centre overlook the waters of the lake. The 27m wide Waterfront Driveway forms the central spine of the city, linking spaces meant for work, entertainment, leisure and living. IREO Waterfront is truly a city where sky, water, trees and space have been optimally organized to suit the populace. 7

GENERAL LOCATION OVERVIEW:

IREO Developer has brings new project in Ludhiana. IREO waterfront with 2, 3 and 4 bedroom apartments with excellent amenities such as a club house, swimming pool, gymnasium, kids play area and more. Living Choice Plots IREO Waterfront as a new residential project at a short distance from Ludhiana with the beautiful views such as Sidhwan Canal falling near to Chandigarh comes availing the desirable living such as IREO Waterfront Plots people in Chandigarh wishes for, covetously. IREO Waterfront Plots (155-200,300 & 500 sq. yards.) coming as the very desirable preferences for people in Chandigarh is really the composition replete with best of features, facilities and the very super lush specifications. IREO Waterfront Plots deliberate to deliver the best of lifestyle i.e., the individualized l iving space each one dreams about after the grand success of IREO Arch in Gurgaon is an art of ultra-modern urban living ensuring to live in a lap of nature with a wonderful presence of ecological surroundings. Overall IREO Waterfront new residential project, spread over approx. 500 acres of area, falling to avail the very location advantages such as 8

educational institutes, medical centers and shopping malls comes also well-connected to the common areas of Chandigarh, Punjab. Villa IREO Waterfront- the front with the lines of best of artistries, world-class infrastructure as well as composition of quality homes such as IREO Waterfront 3 to 6 bedrooms Villas available in the sizes from 2000-8000 sqft. at the attractive price points is a new residential project liable to change the face of living through its availability of best of construction. IREO Waterfront villas content of healthy & wealthy lifestyle gets fallen near to the fast developing neighborhood with the inimitable attendance of eco-friendly environs. IREO Waterfront new residential project located at a short distance from Ludhiana city centre with the picturesque Sidhwan canal falling near to Chandigarh and Jalandhar appears out as the wholesome banking of lushness way of life & very convenient access to health care facilities, educational institutes and commercial/retail space. Indeed, IREO Waterfront Villas as the best realty draft at Ludhiana, Chandigarh in concern to bring visible the standard of living people from Chandigarh step in, happily. Ireo, plot for sale, Ludhiana ireo, ireo waterfront plot, ireo waterfront, Ludhiana plots, Ludhiana property, property for sale, waterfront ireo plots, ireo, residential plot for sale, residential plots,

SITE VIEW:

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MACHINERY EMPLOYED AT SITE :

The various t ypes of equipment set up at the site by the contractor are: 1. CONCRETE VIBRATOR 2. J.C.B 3. CONCRETE MIXER

1. CONCRETE VIBRATOR: For proper compaction of concrete vibrators are set up at the site. These vibrators are run with the help of electricit y. Some can even run on fuel (diesel). These vibrators are small round equipment made of iron. These produce very strong vibrations which are transferred to concrete through a nozzle is of different sizes as per its diameter i.e. 1.5, 2, 2.5 inches. These vibrations helps in proper compaction of concrete as the air voids are expelled out completel y

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2.J.C.B: Actuall y JCB is the name of the company which deals in major machines (diggers, excavators & loaders) used everywhere in the world.Full form of JCB is Joseph Cyril Bamford . JCB Backhoe Loader(commonl y called as JCB in India) a most commonl y used machine in all civil works in India.It consists of a powerful engine along with a loader in front & a excavator at back.It runs on wheels.It is used for excavation & loading at every site.JCB 3DX is used at site.

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3.CONCRETE MIXER: Concrete Mixer is used for providing R.M.C(Ready Mix C oncrete) at far away sites. it Mixer consists of a large hollow tilted circular drum fitted with a water tank.Diffrent constituents of concrete are mixed in the concrete mixer drum at batching plant & transported to require d site.Th drum keeps on revolving during the journey which doesnt allow concrete to get stabilized.One Truck Mixer contains 7 cubic meter of concrete.

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MATERIALS USED AT SITE

Following materials are used at site: 1. Cement 2. Bricks 3. Water 4. Aggregates 5. Steel & Concrete 6. Shuttering or Formwork

1. CEMENT: When gypsum is added to the clinker,it forms a lump.This lump is then pulverised into very fine powder.This fine powder is known as Cement.

Cement used at site has following details: Cement Binani Cement Source (P.P.C - 53 grades) Weight of 1 cement bag 50 kg Setting time 30 min

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Storage of cement: The cement is stored in storage shed, which is kept waterproof. The bags are stacked in piles. The piles are kept little away from the walls of shed. The moisture is kept away from the cement. For the removal of bags, first in first out principle is follo wed. A chart is maintained outside the shed for the removal of bags, which indicates the opening balance, bags taken out, consumption and closing balance.

Following precaution is to be taken care for the storage of cement. Moisture: If moisture is kept aw ay from cement, it is found that cement will maintain its qualit y for indefinite period. Absorption of one to two percent of moisture has no appreciable effect on qualit y of cement. But if moisture absorption exceeds 5%, the cement becomes totall y useless. Hence, when cement is to be stored for longer period, it should be stored in airtight container. Period of storage: The loose cement may be stored indefinitel y in airtight container. But it is advisable to avoid storing of cement in jute bags for a period longer than 3 months. If it is unavoidable, the cement should be tested to ascertain its properties. Piles: The cement bags are too stacked in piles. It is economical to form piles of 10 bags of cement. A distance of about 300 mm should be kept between the piles of cement bags and exterior walls of building. The passages of width about 900 mm should be provided between the piles. For long storage, the top and bottom of piles should be covered with tarpaulins or water proof paper. Qualit y of cement : The cement, which is finel y ground, is more active and consequentl y, it absorbs moisture rapidl y from the atmospher e. Hence

extraordinary precautions should be taken to store finel y ground cement. Removal of cement : When cement bags are too removed from piles of sufficient height, the steps should be formed by taking out two or three bags from the piles. It is also adv isable to remove cement in order of its storage period i.e. 15

cement which is stored previousl y should be taken out first, in other words, the rule first in first out should be followed.

2. BRICKS: The common brick is one of the oldest building material an d it is extensivel y used at present as a leading material of construction because of its durabilit y,strength,reliabilit y,low cost,easy availiabilit y etc.Bricks are obtained by moulding clay in rectangular blocks of uniform size and then by drying and burni ng these blocks.

Bricks at site have following details: Bricks uesd = Traditional bricks Size = 9 x 4.5 x 3 Type = Grade A Used in = Rampwork, Foundations & Floor Levelling

TESTS FOR BRICKS: -

Hardness: - The surface of the bricks should not produce any scratch when scratched with finger nails. Shape and size: - the bricks used should be of uniform shape and size. A row and column in the stack of bricks should be checked for uniformity in shape and size. Soundness: - The bricks when strike aga inst each other should produce ringing sound

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3. WATER: For the manufacture of cement concrete, water is one of the most important constituents. The increase or decrease in water cement ratio both have adverse affect on the strength of concrete with the increase in water cement ratio lead to decrease in compressive strength of concrete while decrease in ratio reduces the workability of the concrete. Therefore water cement ratio should be adequate and correct as per specifications.

The properties of water have also been found to influence the properties of concrete to great extend. In concrete water is used for the following purposes I. Water for preparing concrete. II. Water for washing aggregates. III. Water for curing concrete.

4. AGGREGATES : Aggregates are inert or chemicall y inactive materials which form the bulk of cement concrete. Aggregates should have high crushing strength & should be highl y durable.

Aggregates are of 2 types: a. Fine aggregates b. Coarse aggregates

a.Fine Aggregate: Fine aggregates shall be natural sand or sand derived by crushing material like gravel or stone and shall be free from coagulated lumps. Sand derived from stone unsuitable 17

for coarse aggregates shall not be used as fine aggregates. The caustic soda test for organic impurities shall show a color not deeper than that of the Standard solution. The amount of fine particles as ascertained by the Laborator y Sedimentation test shall not exceed 10% for crushed stones. The settling test for

natural sand or crush ed stone shall be made, and after being allowed to set in for 3 hours the thickness of the layer of silt deposited on the coarser material shall not exceed 10%.The grading of a natural sand or crushed stone i.e. fine aggregates shall be such that not more than 5 (five) percent shall exceed 5 mm in size, not more than 10% shall pass IS sieve No. 150 not less than 45% or more than 85% shall pass IS sieve No. 1.18 mm and not less than 25% or more than 60% shall pass IS Sieve No. 600 micron.

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b.Coarse Aggre gate : Coarse Aggregates shall be crushed stone. The pieces shall be angular, rounded in

shape and shall have granular or crystalline or smooth (but not glossy) non -powdery surface. Fragile, flaky and laminated pieces and mica shall not be present. The The amount of fine

"Aggregates Crushing Value" shall not exceed 45%.

particles occurring in a free state or as a loose adherent shall not exceed 1%. When determined by the laboratory sedimentation test, after twent y four hours immersion in water. A previousl y dried sample of the coarse aggregates shall not have gained in

weight more than 5%.Size of coarse aggregate shall be maintained within tolerance limit of 2.5%.The grading of coarse aggregate shall be such that not more than 5% shall be larger than 20 mm and not more 10% shall be smaller than 5 mm and not less than 25% or more than 55% shall be smaller than 10 mm. Maximum size of coarse aggregate shall be of 20 mm unless otherwise noted.

5. STEEL & CONCRETE : Steel is material which conta ins no free graphite in its composition.In steel,the carbon content varies from anything below 0.25% to 1.50% maximum.Steel acts as reinforcing material in RCC works.

Steel used at site is TOR STEEL = Fe -500 Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, aggregates & water.This mixture has high compressive strength, high durabilit y & is the most preferable material in the field of Civil Engg.

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Concrete used at site is M20 grade Concrete (1:1.5:3)

6. SHUTTERING OR FORM WORK : The Shuttering or Formwork is temporary ancillary construction used as a mould for the structure, in which concrete is placed and in which it hardens and mature. The cost of form work may be up to 20 to 25% of the cost of structure in building work.

Shuttering or Formwork det ails at site: Material: - Steel and Pl ywood. Transportation source: - Truck Weight (per plate): - 27 29 kg Size: - 2 4 & 1 X 4 (per plate) 20

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS USED

Following tools & equipments are used at site:

BRICK HAMMER : It is used for cutting bricks, also for pushing the bricks in courses.

DYE ROD : It is uesd for bending steel bars where required.It is also uesd for straightening of steel bars.

WELDING SET : It is used of welding of steel bars & shutter plates at narrow corners.

TROWEL : It is used for lifting and spreading mortar, also for cutting bricks.

PLUMB BOB : It is used for checking verticalit y of brick walls and columns. This is done by suspending the plumb bob from a top point on one face of form work of column and if the edges of the plumb bob if in accordance with the center line of the column then it is ok other wise the difference in the distance is adjusted with the help of wooden ballies.

TAPES : These are used for making various measurements. Small 3 m or 5m steel tapes can be seen with the site engineer, foreman, supervisor and certain masons. Even 30m long linen cloth tape or steel tape is also provided to measure long spans.

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MECHANICAL DRILL : This equipment is used for De-Concreting of an y structural elements.It means it is used for removing concrete after it has attained its strength.It consists of a long & sharp rod fitted to power source

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FOUNDATION
Foundations are structural elements that transfer load from the building or individual columns to ground. The foundations are designed to prevent excessive settlement or rotation, to minimize differential settlement and to provide adequate safet y sliding and overturning.

Foundations are generall y of 2 t ypes: 1. Shallow foundations 2. Deep foundations

TYPE OF FOUNDATION USED AT SITE: ISOLATED FOUNDATION: Isolated foundation is a t ype of shallow foundation.This t ype of footing is used under individual column. These ma y be square, rectangular or circular in plan.Sometimes,it is stepped or haunched to spread the load over a large area.

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Isolated footing at site has following details: Footing sizes = Varying from 6 feet x 6 feet (smallest) Upto 13.5 feet x 13.5 feet (biggest)

Footing depth = Varying from 2 feet x 2 feet (smallest) Upto 3.5 feet x 3.5 feet (biggest)

Concrete used = RMC of grade M 20 (1:1.5:3) Steel used = Tor Steel: Fe 500 Dia of bars used = 12 mm @ 7 c/c Minimum Cover to steel reinforcement: In Columns = 40 mm In Footings = 60 mm

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SLAB
Slabs are plate elements forming floors and roofs of buildings and carrying distributed loads primaril y by flexure.Inlined slabs may be used as ramps for multistorey car parks or as a staircas e.A slab may be supported by beams or walls and may be used as the flange of a T - or L- Beam. Moreover, a slab may be simpl y supported supported,or continous over one or more supports.

Slabs are classified according to the manner of support: 1. One way sl abs spanning in one direction. 2. Two way slabs spanning in both dierctions. 3. Circular slabs. 4. Flat slabs resting directl y on columns with no beams. 5. Grid floor and ribbed slabs.

TYPE OF SLAB USED AT SITE:

Two t ypes of slabs are used at site:

1. One way slab, for which length to breadth ratio is more than 2.

1. Two way slab, for which length to breadth ratio is less than 2.

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Slab at site has following details:

Thickness = 7 inches

Concrete used = RMC of grade M 20 (1:1.5:3)

Steel used = Tor Steel : Fe 500

Dia of bars used = 10 mm & 12 mm

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COLUMN
A Column may be defined as an element used primaril y to support axial compressive loads and with a height of at least three times its least lateral dimension. Column is a compression member subject ed to pure axial load rarel y occurs in practical. All columns are subjected to some moments, which may be due to accidental eccentricit y, or due to end restraint imposed by monolithicall y placed bead. A column may be rectangular, square, circular or pol ygo n in cross -section.

Columns are classified as:

1. Depending upon effective slenderness ratio (a) Long column (b) Short column

2. Depending upon loading (a) Axiall y loaded column (b) uni-axiall y loaded column (c) bi- axiall y loaded column

3. Depending upon position of longitudinal bars (a) Tied column (b) Spiral column

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Details of Column at site: Column height up to ground floor = 18 feet

Column size: Cicular column = 2 feet in diameter Square column = 2 feet x 2 feet & 1.5 feet x 1.5 feet Rectangular column = 1.5 feet x 0.75 feet

Concrete used = RMC of grade M 20 (1:1.5:3) Steel used = Tor Steel: Fe 500 Dia of bars used = 8 mm, 12 mm, 16 mm & 20 mm Minimum Cover to steel reinforcement: In Columns = 40 mm In Footings = 60 mm

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BEAM
Beam is a horizontal member which support the slab & further transfers the load to the columns.Also the overcoming load on slab and self weight of slab is distributed by beams.

Beams may be classified as: 1.According t o shape: T beam & L beam Rectangular beam Square beam Beams curved in plane

2.According to steel: Singl y Reinforced beam Doubl y Reinforced beam

According to the reinforcement details of the beams as given in the drawing, the steel bending and laying team is instructed. The bars to be used for the beam are cut and bend accordingl y.

The skeleton of reinforcement is prepared and the same is place d in the shuttering provided for the beams. The instructions given to the teams should be in explicit and any doubt whatever should be clear before the bars are cut and bent. 29

Details of beams at site: Slab beams: Width = 1 feet Depth = 2 feet Dia of bars used = 10mm, 16mm & 20mm

Ramp beams: Width = 16

Depth = 11 Dia of bars used =8mm, 10mm, 25mm.

Concrete used = RMC of grade M20 (1:1.5:3)

Steel used = Tor steel: Fe 500 Minimum cover to steel reinforcement: For beam = 25

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PCC FLOOR
PCC stands for Plain Cement Concrete.The floor made up of PCC layers are known as PCC floor. Basicall y it used in footing & in basements to attain hard strata.

Procedure adopted for laying of PCC floor: 1. Leveling of earth. 2. Compaction of so il 3. Application of concrete

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1. Leveling of earth - Leveling of earth is done by two method s (a)-by using level pipe (b)-by using auto level. After completion of leveling, they give final shape to soil. 2. Compaction of soil - Compaction of soil is done by : (a)Mechanical Compactor (b)Manaull y Mechanical compactor is used on site to compact the soil. This requires less effort to compact the soil as compared to manuall y compaction and efficiency is also more. 3. Application of concrete - Concrete is applied by: (A) Using concrete pump. (B) Using titled drum mixer. Both the ways are used at our site and then it is leveled by workers. Details of PCC floor at site: Thickness of PCC below column footing = 6 inches Thickness of PCC below retaining wal l = 6 inches Thickness of PCC floor in basement = 4 inches Ratio of materials used in PCC = 1: 4: 8 Cement used in PCC = Binani Cement

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CASTING OF ELEMENTS

1. LAYOUT 2. SHUTTERING 3. LEVELLING 4. REINFORCEMENT 5. CONCRETING 6. BRICKWORK 7. CURING 8. FINISHING 9. PLASTERNG

1. LAYOUT:

The layout of the building is the first stage before the execution of the project. The layout is carried on every floor which is important for the casting of various units of the floor. Layout should be carried out by an experience d mason in presence of site engineer. Layout is the fixing of center line for columns and beams and other structure i.e. lit etc. Generall y two reference points are given on site according to which the outlines of the building are fixed. One reference poin t is used to make the horizontal grid and one reference point is used for vertical grid. From the given reference points several reference points are fixed at different spaces according to the drawings in front of every grid. Form these reference, every gr id is marked by placing theodolite at the reference point station . After the complete marking of horizontal and vertical grids, the reinforcement, for the foundation is carried out. On the reinforcement the sizes of columns is marked by color and additional reinforcement is carried out for columns. After the casting of the 33

columns, the bench mark is fixed at plinth level of the building on the ground floor. For fixing shuttering of the plinth beam, a plumb bob is suspended from the centre of the bottom and it should touch the centre line marked on the floor. The height of the column is taken as per drawings. Layout of the other floors is carried according to the ground floor. Here it is supposed that the layout of the ground floor is absolutel y correct an d on level. A plumb bob is suspended from the first floor to the ground floor and distance measured between plumb line and face of wall and column or any other structure. The measured distance should be same on 1 s t floor. A line is marked on the first floor which is considered to be correct one. Further layout of different units on the floor is carried out according to the mark line. For making cement mortar of ratio 1:4 or 1:5 are used and after placed wet mortar, dry cement is sprinkled to dry quickl y and to have clear marking. The markings are carried out with the help of a thread . Each marking is checked by the site engineer before the casting of starter for the column.

2. SHUTTERING: The shuttering is of one of most important step for the progress of work. It should have smooth even surface and its joints should not permit the leakage of any concrete slurry. Steel shuttering is used at site for columns, beams and slabs. Wooden ballies and steel pipes are used for propping purpose. The steel shutters should be free from any defects i.e. holes in the shutters, distorted shapes of the shutter or other defects that may disturb the concrete surface. The timber should be well seasoned free from loose knots, projecti ng nail splits or other defects. Form work should be of rigid construction as per the shape and dimension mentioned in the drawing it should be strong enough to withstand the dead and live loads and forces caused by vibration in concrete while compaction a nd that during ramming and other incidental loads imposed on it during and after casting of concrete. It should be made sufficientl y rigid by using adequate number of braces and ties.

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MATERIAL FOR SHUTTERING : - Steel, Timber, Pl ywood or any other approv ed material.

ADVANTAGES OF STEEL FORM WORK: -

It provides ease of stripping. It ensures an even and smooth concrete surface. It posses greater rigidit y. It is not liable to shrinkage or distortion.

ADVANTAGES OF PLYWOOD FORM WORK : -

It ensures even smoother concrete surface as compared to steel form work. It provides ease of stripping. It can be made of desired shape and size.

PROPPING AND CENTERING : -

Props are used for centering and transferring the load of a floor being casted to the ground. It should be remembered that in a building having more than two floors, the load of the upper floor being casted should be suitabl y supported on a floor below the topmost floor already casted. Formwork and concrete should not be done unless concrete o f lower floor has set at least for 14 days.

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SURFACE TREATEMENT OF SHUTTERING : The surface of shutter coming in contact with the concrete should be well wetted with either raw linseed oil or some other oil y solution so that concrete doesnt adheres to the surface. At site oiling of steel shutters is done before concreting.

TIME FOR REMOVAL OF FORMWORK : The formwork should not be removed before specific time period for various R.C.C. structures so as to prevent any damage to various R.C.C. structure is as follows:

S.NO. PARTS OF STRUCTURE 1) 2) 3) Columns, Beams & Walls Underside of slab up to 4.5m span

PERIOD OF REMOVAL 48 Hrs 7 Days

Underside of slab up to 4.5m span & 14 Days Underside of beam up to 6m

4) 5)

Underside of beam over 9m span

28 Days

Underside of beam over 6m & up to 9m 21 Days

Different t ypes of shuttering used in various steps on one floor are as follows: a) Shuttering for columns b) Shuttering for beams c) Shuttering for slabs First of all on a floor shuttering for columns is fixed and these are casted after complete checking. In 2 n d step shuttering for beams is prepared. In this first of all channels are fixed by props and then sides of the beams are fixed. After fixing of sides spans for slab shuttering are placed. On these spans, plates for slab shuttering are fixed. 36

CHECKING OF SHUTTERING WORK: a) CHECK FOR COLUMN SHUTTERING: -

Size of column should be checked as per drawing. Corner should be checked with the help of a t ray square i.e. it should be 90 otherwise it must be corrected by loosening and tightening of screws. It should be vertical. It can be checked with the help of a plumb bob suspended from the top of the framework touching its face and if there is any difference in the distance at top, bottom or any intermediate point, it should be corrected with the help of props. The 2 n d face checked in the same way.

The shuttering should be done in such a manner that the r/f is not touching the sides of the shuttering. Oiling of the form work for columns should be properl y done.

b) CHECK FOR BEAM AND SLAB SHUTTERING: -

Size of the beam as per drawing. Oiling of slab should be proper. The open space between two consecutive plates should not be more than 1.5 mm and if it is than it should be fitted with either sand or some steel strip (Patti) should be fixed here.

Centering and propping should be proper and tight. The complete supervision of shuttering is required during casting of different R.C.C. units on a floor as shutte ring can sometimes fail due to repeated use. Stability and strength is main check for shuttering.

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3. LEVELLING:

Leveling is very indispensable for whole building and before the casting of any unit i.e. slabs, landing of stairs etc. The following steps for leveling are followed. A bench mark is already fixed at site. It is transferred from one floor to another. After setting the levels of the floor, levels are marked with the help of a water level because there will be no fluctuation in the water level due to undulation in the slab.

4. REINFORCEMENT:

Type:

Steel for bar and fabric reinforcement shall conform to mild steel of tested quality as specified in the drawings. The steel shall be kept clean and free from pitting, loose rust, mill scale, oil, grease, earth, paint or any material which may impair the bond between the concrete and the reinforcement or which may cause corrosion of the reinforcement or deterioration of the concrete.

Storage of Reinforcement

Before and after bending, reinforcement shall be stored on raised racks in separate lots by size and t ype and protected from damage, contamination and the effects of the weather. For the purposes of identification each lot shall be marked plainl y and

securel y by approved methods. All reinforcement should be free from loose scales, rust, dust, oil or other coatings which may reduce the bond. It should be stored in such a way so as to avoid any distortion and to prevent corrosion and deterioration. 38

REINFORCEMENT FOR COLUMNS : -

After marking of cement line of columns the reinforce ment is extended b y overlapping of 50 for the continuation of the column. Rings are provided and bound with the help of binding wire as per the drawing.

REINFORCEMENT FOR BEAMS AND SLABS : -

The following are various steps for providing reinforcement fo r beams and slabs: The beams are prepared by binding bars according to design with the projected bars of the columns. The whole beam is than lowered into the prepared shuttering after placing the cover blocks. In the slab reinforcement the main bars plac ed in the slab reinforcement. Finall y cover blocks and conducting s carried out and slab is ready for concreting after cleaning the reinforcement.

CHECKING OF REINFORCEMENT: -

Reinforcement should be as per drawings. The following are the vario us points to be checked before l aying of concrete: Number of bars Spacing of bars. Diameter of bars. Length of bars and length of overlaps if there are any should not be less that 47 as beams are tension members. Extra bars should be checked carefull y. 39

The binding of bars in the slab reinforcement should be proper. Proper cover blocks should be put.

CLEAR COVER TO REINFORCEMENT IS AS FOLLOWING

Slabs = 20mm or diameter of bar , whichever is greater Beams ( longitudinal bars ) = 25mm or diameter of ba rs , whichever is greater Walls (earth retaining) = 25mm, for face of the wall in contact with earth . Footings = 50mm , from all sides Column vertical bars = 40mm + diameter of link End of bar = 50 or 2*diameter, where diameter is of larger bar in cas e of more than one bars.

LAPS IN REINFORCEMENT

Laps shall not be provided Within a joint Within a distance of 2 x effective depth at mid span for bottom bars 0.3 x effective depth for top bars

The minimum lap length should be 50 x dia of smaller bar. Not more than 50 % bars shall be lapped at any section. Dia used at the site : 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, mm.

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Unit weight of steel: Dia of bar (mm) Unit weight (kg/m)

6 8 10 12 16 20

0.223 0.396 0.62 0.892 1.58 2.47

No lapping is done more than 33% of bar length Length of embedment of beam bars within into the column is given by Ld + 10*(diameter of reinforcement)

5. CONCRETING: Mix required for the CLOSE NORTH was transported from a batching plant set up nearby by the civil contractor, UNIBIILD . For columns up to basement level and first four floors of towers, M35 grade was and for columns beyond M30 grade was used. For beams and slabs M25 grade was used. The procedure of preparation of concrete is explained below: 41

The material used for prepar ation of concrete are: -

1. Cement 2. Fine aggregate 3. Coarse aggregate 4. Water

The operation involved in the production and execution of the item of concrete can be broadl y divided in following stages:

1) Batching of materials:

In order to ensure uniformit y in the qualit y of concrete it is necessary that all materials that go into its production are measured accuratel y within permissible tolerances. Batching of material can be done manuall y or by using batching plant. The choice of s ystem to be adopted for batching depends upon the magnitude work involved and the rate at which concrete is required to be produced. While batching cement is always measured by weight, the weight of one bag of cement is taken as 50 Kg. fine and coarse aggregate are measured by volume in case of manual batching and by weight in case of mechanical batching i.e. by batching plant. In case of manual batching the quantit y of coarse and fine aggregates are so adjusted as to require one bag of cement for one batch. In this case wooden frames are normall y used for gauging aggregates by volume. Use of batching plant is carried out for all important works involving large amount of concreting work and requiring controlled condition for production. Depending upon the size of work the batching 42

equipment can vary from a small wheel barrow scale, feeding a portable mixer to a complicated automatic or semi -automatic.

The correct measurement of the various materials used in the concrete mix is called batching. It has been observed that batching errors are partl y responsible for the variation in the qualit y of the concrete. This operation can be properl y and better controlled than other factors responsible for the variation in the qualit y of concrete. It has been observed that poor batching is responsible for more variation to an insignificant amount. Thus batching operation is a very important operation.

TYPES OF BATCHING : - Batching can be done in two ways as follows: Volume batching Weight batching

Volume batching: - In this system of batching, the material are measured by volume. The gauging of cement is most inadvisable as it is difficult to secure accuracy in its measurement as the actual volume of a given weight of cement depends upon how it is filled into a gauge box and whether it is shaken down. The densit y of cement may vary from 1.12 g/cum if it is lightl y poured into container to 1.6 g/cucm if tamped down sufficientl y hard. Therefore it is convenient to use complete bag of cement is required, then it should be weighed into a bucket suspended from an ordinary spring balance. Aggregate can be gauged by volume and for this purpose wooden batch boxes are used. The size of these boxes should be such as to measure the corre cted quantity of aggregate to be used with bag of cement for the required mix. They should not be made so large as to be unwieldy.

Each cement bag as delivered by factories is packed to contain a net weight of 50kg. As one liters of cement weighs 1 .44kg, the volume of 50kg will be 50/1.44 =34.72 liters, but for sake it is taken as 35 liters. The wooden batch boxes should be 43

of convenient size, to measures in multiples of 35 liters. Tall and narrow wooden batch boxes should be preferred than shallow and wide ones. In India the dimensions of wooden batch boxes is 40 35 25 cm. The wooden batch boxes should be made of 3cm thick prepared timber, so that it may be strong enough. Water is usuall y measured by volume, provided the equipment is reliable. T he water contained i n coarse and wet sand is difficult to measure. Weight batching: - Now a day for the production of good concrete all materials are measured by weight. The mixes are incorporated with weight batching devices, such that the weight of any material placed in the loading skip is clearl y shown on the dial gauge fitted in it. There are several forms of weight batching equipment available covering a wide range of capacities to suit jobs of different sizes.

2) Mixing of concrete:
Mixing of concrete is an important process. Method of mixing should be decided properl y and following points should be adopted. The volume of the unmixed ingredients can be 50% greater than compacted volume.

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The object of mixing of concrete is to coat the surface of all aggregate particles with cement past and to blend all ingredients of conc rete into a uniform area. During the process of mixing great care is taken to ensure that the materials are in maintained condition.

3) Transportation of concrete:

Concrete should be transported from place of mixing to the place of final deposit in shortest possible time, so that there is no segregation or loss of ingredients and the remains workable while placed in position. Different methods adopted are: by steel pans, by wheel barrows, dumpers, trippers, truck mixer, hoist, cableways, cranes , pumping.

The method adopted at our site was by mixer trucks. Hence transportation of concrete of fresh concrete is an important operation. Segregation occurs because concrete is not a homogenous combination, but a mixture of materials of differing in size and s pecific gravit y. Thus as soon as concrete is discharged from mixer, internal as well as external forces start acting to separate the dissimilar constituents. If over wet concrete is confined in restricting forms, the coarser and heavier particles tend to s ettle and finer and lighter materials tend to rise.

Thus the equipment for conveying concrete from mixer to form should be such as to result in uniform concrete of all desired consistency at the form. The method of conveying should not require wette r concrete than is required at form for placing nor should it produce segregation or excessive drying or stiffening etc. to avoid segregation, when concrete is to be transferred from one conveyance to another. This belief is not correct that segregation pr oduced during conveyance can be rectified by compaction. 45

At our site the concrete was transported by pump through pipes from the mixer trucks to the site where it is to be placed.

Transportation of concrete by pumps has been found useful in following ci rcumstances:

At congested sites where mixing plant cannot be taken close to the point of placing concrete. At sites where storing of aggregates is not possible due to non -availabilit y of the working space. When mass concreting is to be done. (At site 30 0 Cumic concreting is done in a single day during slab casting).

Concrete by this method can be delivered to points over a wide area otherwise not easil y accessible.

This mode of transportation has been found very useful for tunnel large mass concrete structure, densel y reinforced concrete structures, etc. This method is more economical where large quantities of concretes are required at the site. Pumped concrete is f ree from segregation. Pumping delivers the concrete directl y from the truck mixer to the site and thus avoids double handling. Placing can be proceed at the rate of the output of the mixer and is not held back by the limitation of transporting and placing equipment. The selection of the mode of transportation of concrete is made keeping in view the size of the work as well as the rate at which concrete is required. Transportation by mode of pumping is restored to when concrete work is to carried out on the large areas or at height. The pipeline is made up of steel tube of 3 m in length and 100 to 125 mm in diameter. It is very fast and efficient method. 46

4) Placing of concrete:
Concrete should be placed and compacted immediatel y after mixing. Placing and compaction are the most critical field activities. Unless care is exercised in these operation, a very poor job may result even through concrete is prepared best. To avoid segregation is the most important, if it occurs. When concrete is placed in deep forms, it is usuall y allowed to drop regardless of the height. This result in segregation, damage to form and embedded fixtures. Reinforcement and forms above the level of placement become coated with mortar which may dry before the concrete comes to that level. This condition should be avoided by dropping the concrete into an outside pocket and allowing it to flow over into form without segregation. In case of horizontal layers, it should be deposited close to its final location. In case of placing concrete in a slab, it should be dumped into face of previously placed concrete. When concrete is to be placed on a slight slope vibration tends to shift it down the slope. The arrangement for placing should be planned so that mixed mass is used within 30 min. this is necessary to prevent initial set. Before laying concrete shuttering should be cleaned of the dust. Concrete should be laid in layer and compacted properl y. Precaution t o be taken while placing concrete: -

1. In case of reinforced concrete, thickness of the concrete may vary from 15 to 30 cm; it should be laid in horizontal and uniform layers. 2. Concrete should not be thrown from a height of more than 1 m to prevent segregation. 3. No person should be allowed to walk on freshl y prepared concrete. 4. Placement of concrete should be stopped during rainfall. 5. In order to prevent formation of irregular surface, concrete should be laid continuousl y. 6. The alignment of reinforcement and conc rete should not be disturbed. 7. In R.C.C slabs concreting should start from widthwise from the end. 8. In order to prevent better bond between concrete and reinforcement, grease, oil, dry cement should be removed. 47

5) Compaction of concrete:
Compaction of conc rete should proceed immediatel y after placing. The function of compaction of concrete is to expel the air bubbles in the mass and make it impermeable enough to attain desired strength. Thus the object of compacting is to obtain a dense mass of concrete wit hout voids, to get the concrete to surround all reinforcement and to fill all the corners. Compaction of concrete affects the strength, durabilit y, impermeabilit y of concrete to great extend. Each one percent less compaction reduces the strength of concret e by about 5 % on an average. During the process of manufacture of concrete a considerable amount of air is entrapped forming voids in it. The concrete mass should be consolidation or compaction till the cream of the cement starts appearing on the surface. Over compaction may lead to segregation of concrete while under compaction may leave air -voids in concrete. Consolidation may be done by hand or by mechanical devices. Voids present in concrete in the form of small pores reduce the strength and densit y of the concrete. Various t ypes of voids are: 1. Water voids: - These voids are present due to the water in excess of that needed for hydration. 2. Air voids: - These are either due to insufficient compaction or due to deliberate entrainment of the air in the mix. Concrete containing air voids left due to insufficient compaction of freshl y prepared placed concrete lowers the strength very much. Experimental results have shown that about 10 % air voids left in concrete reduce its strength by 50 %. Thus freshl y laid concrete should be compacted sufficiently so that air voids are completel y removed. Voids due to poor compaction can be seen readil y when they are at the surface.

METHOD OF COMPACTION: - The method of compaction depends upon its

workabilit y, so that it can be full y compacted. In the words the required workabilit y of the concrete depends on how much it is to be compacted and by which method. It will also depend on the job condition. Usuall y following methods are adopted for 48

compaction.

1. Hand compaction: - Hand compaction may be done by rodding, tamping or hammering. Tamping is usuall y adopted for compacting concrete for slabs or other such surfaces, rodding is done for thin vertical members while hammering is done for massive plain concrete works. Thi s method is adopted for members having reinforcement, pavements, narrow and deep member etc. rammers and iron rods are used for this purpose. Mass concrete should be compacted in layers not less than 30 cm in the thickness with templates or light rammers. For compacting reinforced concrete work iron rods are used. In case the thickness of concrete layers should be more than 15 cm. the most satisfactory method for compacting concrete properl y is to consolidate each layer separatel y so that its top surface becomes level and fairy smooth before the next layer is placed. While tamping is carried out, care should be taken that the rod should penetrate the full depth of the last layer placed and to some extend into the l ying to ensure proper bond between them. Se condl y the reinforcement and form work should not be disturbed from their positions.

2. Mechanical compaction: - Mechanical compaction is done by the use of vibrators. Compaction of concrete by vibration is considered essential for all important works especi all y in situations where reinforcements are congested or the member is required is to have exposed to concrete surface finish. When vibrators are used leaner but stiff, concrete mix should be used to obtain greater durabilit y and higher strength. Mixes whi ch are too stiff to consolidate by hand compaction can be easil y compacted by mechanical compaction. In case the concrete is compacted by vibration, during which the vibrator communicates rapid vibrations to the particles, increases the fluidit y of the con crete. Due to vibrations the particles occupy a more stable position and the concrete fills all the space and present is forced out to the surface, resulting in dense and durable concrete. Vibrated concrete has many advantages over the unvibrated concrete. 49

6. BRICKWORK: On site however bricks were used only for the construction of partition walls, supporting walls in the foundation and the boundary walls. First class bricks are used for the construction of all the walls. Cement mortar of ratio 1:4 and 1:6 is used for making brick walls of 4 and 9 thickness respectivel y. Brickwork in staircase steps is also done with first class bricks in cement mortar of 1:4 (1cement, 4 coarse sand). Construction of brick units bounded together with mortar is terme d as brick masonry. The strength of the brickwork primaril y depends upon qualit y and strength of the brick, the t ype of mortar and the method of bonding adopted in construction. In addition, the strength of a brick wall is also depends upon its slenderness ratio, lateral pressure due to wind and the degree of soundness in construction. Mortar not onl y acts as a cementing material but also imparts strength to the work b y holding the individual bricks together or act as a homogenous mass. Mortar is usuall y mixture of cement and sand or lime and sand, or mixture of three. Cement mortar is used for works of permanent character, where strength of work is of vital importance. Lime mortar is used for all t ypes of construction. TYPES OF BRICKS:

Bricks can be divi ded into two t ypes: Traditional bricks : - The dimensions of traditional bricks vary from 21 cm to 25 cm in length, 10 to 13 cm in width and 7.5 cm in height in different parts of the country. The commonl y adopted nominal size of a traditional brick is 23 11.5 7.5 cm with a view to achieve manufacture of uniform size of bricks all over the country.

Modular bricks : - Indian standard institution has established a standard size for the brick. Such a brick is known as modular brick. The nominal size of modular brick is taken as 20 10 10 cm whereas its actual dimension are 19 9 9 cm masonry with modular bricks work out to be cheaper since there is saving in the consumption of bricks, mortar and labour as compared with masonry with traditional bricks 50

STRENGTH OF BRICK MASONRY: The permissible compressive stress in brick masonry depends upon the following factors: 1. Type and strength of brick. 2. Mix of mortar 3. Size and shape of masonry construction.

The strength of brick masonry depends upon the strength of bricks used in the masonry construction. The strength of bricks depends upon the nature of soil used for making and the method adopted for mouldings and burning of bricks. Since the nature of soil varies from region to region, the average strength of bricks varies from as low as 30 kg/sq cm to 150 kg/sq cm the basic compressive stress are different for different crushing strengths. To increase the strength of brick masonry two 6 mm diameter bars in full length were embedded in mortar every third layer of brick.

BONDS IN BRICK MASONARY:

Bonding is a process of arranging of the bricks and mortar to tie them togeth er in a mass of brickwork. It is a weak portion of brickwork therefore should not be continuous in two successive courses. A wall having continuous vertical joints will act as independent column. Hence in such a case load on wall will not be uniforml y

distributed and therefore there are chance of appearance of cracks between the two surfaces, later resulting in the continuous joint . separation of masonry on two sides of the

bonds help in distributing the concentrated

loads over a larger

area . an unbounded wall with its continuous vertical joints has little strength and stabilit y.

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CLASSIFICATION OF BONDS: The bonds are classified as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Stretcher bond Header bond English bond Single Flemish bond Double Flemish bond Facing bond Brick on edge bond Dutch bond Raking bond

10. Zigzag bond 11. Garden wall bond 12. American bond

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ENGLISH BOND USED IN BRICKWORK

POINTS TO BE OBSERVED WHILE SUPERVISING THE BRICK WORK

1. The brick should be saturated with water so as to prevent absorption to moisture from the mortar. This is efficientl y done by providing a tank at the site of work and by immersing the brick for a period at least two hours before the brick actuall y placed in position. 2. The brick to be used should on firm with the requirement of the specification of work. 3. The brick should be properl y laid on their beds. The mortar should completel y cover the bed as well as sides of the brick. 4. The brick should be carried out in a proper bond. 5. The work should compile the requirement of the specification for the work. 6. The mortar to be used for the work should be of qualit y and proportion as specified. 7. In the brick-work, the brickbats should not be used expect as close. All the brick bats of size less than half brick should be rejected and not to be allowed to be used in the construction. 8. The single scaffolding should be adopted to carry out to the brick -work at a higher level. The required header taken out to create support for sca ffolding and they should be inserted when the scaffolding is removed. 9. After construction, the brick -work should be well water for a period about 2 or 3 weeks.

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7. CURING:

Curing of concrete is one of the essential requirements of the process of concre ting. Curing is the process of keeping the set concrete continuously damp for some days in order to enable the concrete gain more strength. It has been established that the strength of concrete increases with the age provided it is kept damp. During the process of curing the concrete absorbs the water necessary for its complete chemical action to reach its required strength. The strength of concrete increases more rapidl y in the first few days after setting and afterwards the rate of increase in strength go on retarding. The period for which curing should be continued depends upon the atmosphere conditions. In general the process of curing should be there for at least 7 days. Correct curing also increases resistance of concrete to abrasion and reduces shrin kage. Curing is the name given to procedures used for promoting the hydration of cement, and consists of a control of temperature and of the moisture movement from and into the concrete. As the hydration of cement takes place onl y in the presence of moistu re and at favorable temperatures, these conditions must be maintained for a suitable time interval called the curing period.

OBJECTS OF CURING: - Following are the object of curing.

1. The main object of curing is to keep the concrete saturated or as nearl y saturated possible, until the originall y water filled space in the fresh cement paste has been filled to the desired extent by the product of hydration of cement. 2. To prevent the loss of water by evaporation and to maintain the process of hydration. In case of site concrete the active curing stops long before the maximum possible hydration has taken place. 3. To reduce the shrinkage of concrete. 4. To prevent the properties of concrete. 54

NECESSITY OF CURING: - The necessit y of curing arises from the fact that hydration of cement can take place onl y in water filled capillaries. For this reason, loss of water by evaporation from the capillaries must be prevented. Further water lost internall y by self desiccation has to be replaced by water from outside.

Water required for chemical reaction with cement i.e. for hydration is about 25 to 30 % of the water added to the cement or less than 50 % of weight of cement, rest of the water is used for providing workabilit y and help to continue hydration. Thus hydration of sealed specimens can proceed onl y if the amount of water present in the pastes is at least twice that of the water already combined. Self desiccation is thus of importance in mixes with water/cement ratio less than 0.5 for higher water/cement ratios the rate of curing of sealed specimens is same as that of saturated specimen. It has been observed that onl y half the water present in the paste can be used for chemical combination, even if the total amount of water present is less than the water required for combination. This statement is important in view of the fact that formerl y it was believed that a concrete mix containing water in excess of that required for the chemical action with cement, a small loss of water during hardening and the gain in strength. Now it is known that hydration can take place onl y when the vapour pressure in the capillaries is sufficientl y high, about80 % of saturated pressure. For satisfactory development of the strength it is not necessary that all cement should hydrate, the qu alit y of concrete depends on gel/space ratio of the paste.

METHODS OF CURING: - As the common object of all methods of curing is to prevent the loss of moisture from the exposed surface of concrete and to keep the surface continuall y damp, following metho ds may be adopted for this objective of curing.

Actuall y the method of curing depends upon the nature of work and atmospheric. Usuall y following methods may be adopted. 55

1. Shading of concrete works. 2. Covering concrete surface with gunny bags. 3. Sprinkling water on the concrete surface. 4. Ponding of concrete. 5. Membrane curing.

8. FINISHING: Concrete is independentl y capable of giving architectural effect and finish. But during the shuttering some defects occur in the concrete surface i.e. small air voids, shuttering gaps etc. these defects are removed at the site by adding same proportion of cement and lime/plaster of Paris with suitable quantit y of water and make a paste of normal consistency. This paste is directl y applied over the defected surface and thus th e defected surface is finished.

9. PLASTERING: Cement sand mortar of ratio 1:5 is prescribed for use at site.

PURPOSE OF PLASTERING: 1. To provide an even, smooth, regular, clean and durable finished surface. 2. To protect the surface from the effect of weathering agencies. 3. To conceal the defective workmanship. 4. To cover the inferior qualit y of material used in the masonry. 5. To provide the smooth base for decorative surface finishes. 6. To protect the surface against dust, dirt and vermin nuisance in case of i nternal plastering. 56

ROLE & WORK AT SITE TILL DATE

ROLE:
During the 6 months period of the industrial training, it is the dut y of every trainee to take as much as possible field knowledge at the site. A trainee has got training about the constructional te chniques, surveying methods & estimation of costs.

As a trainee on the site our role at the site is as follows:

1. To learn & perform cost estimation of the constructional materials & labor rates. 2. To learn & perform the layout operation of the different structural components with the help of drawings.

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CONCLUSION
Completing training in an industry like Ludhiana Builders Constructions has been an extraordinary experience. The guidance they provided was great and would be very helpful in future career. The atmosphere that they have incorporated in the industry was very friendly and encouraging. The guidance provided by the site engineer had stirred a new interest in the field of construction. Plus working for Six months in an industry like Ludhiana Builders Construction has given us a glimpse of what our future could be like. The training has boosted my confidence and increased my hopes as a professional. I m sure that working in company will help me endlessly in the long run as an employee in construction industry. Even if that may not be the case the industrial experience of this training will help me in any large industry I may join in future.

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PROBLEMS FACED
Due to loads of work on the department they could not devote much time on us explaining our doubts. Sometimes concreting was done in the late night hours which caused a great inconvenience to us. Sometimes material used on site did not reach on correct time which delayed work.

REFERENCES
Project material received from Ludhiana Builders Construction. Wikipidea.com www.Google.com Text book of estimate and costing. Text book of building construction and materials by Rangawala.

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