PROOF BY BYGONE EXPERIENCE

(MY RECENT WRITING)

Mr. SANONG HAUYRERAI

MATHEMATICS TEACHER

RATTANAKOSINSOMPHOT BOWONNIWET

SALAYA SCHOOL FROM JUNE TO JULY, 2012 EDDUCATION YEAR, 2012

Proof by creating according to bygone experience That bygone experience has to be excellent experience that be arisen By our continuously distinguished practice, that is important we ought to have The distinct goal as follows. we will do what only we like and we will like What only we do we have to accept that every-one have same time but The excellent experience make we have the time greater than the others. 1.1 Several example Example 1 Prove that < Proof Let P(n): < And n): < + < + + = + + so + + + +...+ <
)

+...+ < , n , n>1 , n>1

, n>1

+...+ < ; n +...+ ; n

Since < And since

(2) is to be true.

We will get That is

+...+

(k+1) is to be true for all positive integer more one. (n) is to be true

By mathematical induction we conclude that And let (n): + + +...+ < , n , n>1

It can be proved by mathematical induction and be left the proof as an exercise. Example 2 Prove that there is not an integer lying between n and n+1 for all n Proof Assume that there exists x such that n<x<n+1 that make

By definition of < will have L and K n+k=x and n+1=x+L=(n+K)+L=n+(K+L)

So, 1=K+L and will get K<1 and L<1 (contradiction) Therefore there is not x that make n<x<n+1, n such that such that x= +n< ) = +n, n

Example 3 Prove that there is not x Proof Assume that there exists x Considering Hence < < +n< +n and )

+n, n

That is

< <

And then n<x<n+1 (contradiction) Therefore there is not positive integer x that make x (n,n+1), n Example 4 Let a, b, c are sequence of integer, Prove that the difference of the product ac And the sum a+b+c are odd number Proof Hint: let a=n, b=n+1 and c=n+2 (the proof is left as an exercise.) Example 5 Prove that the sum of the power of two and the power of three of Can be written in pattern perfect square if and only if the sum of that number and 1 Is perfect square Proof ( )Let n Considering and + = + = , k

(n+1)=

Now, we have (n+1)= =( ) = , j That is to say that number can be written in pattern perfect square ( ) this proof is left as an exercise. Example 6 Find all n Solution since So n+1= + = -n+1 that make ( +1) and + can be written in pattern perfect square. -n+1)

+1=(n+1)(

By solving an equation will get n=0, 2 Therefore n according to condition is only 2. Example 7 Prove that the sum of k number being sequence of an integer will be divided By k then there is remainder is if and only if k is even number Proof ( ) Assume that k is odd number, where k=2j+1, j And let (x+1)+(x+2)+(x+3)+...+(x+k) is the sum of sequence of an integer k number So (x+1)+(x+2)+(x+3)+...+(x+k)= (x+1)+(x+2)+(x+3)+...+(x+2j+1) =(2j+1)x+
) )

=(2j+1)(x+j+1) (contradiction) Therefore k has to be even number ( ) the proof is assigned as an exercise.

Example 8 Prove that 1) k+(k+1)+(k+2)+(k+3)+...+n= 2) 2k+2(k+1)+2(k+2)+...+2n=

=(n-k+1)(n+k) -1)=(n-k+1)(n+k-1)

3) 2k-1+2(k+1)-1+2(k+2)-1+...+2n-1=

Proof 1) k+(k+1)+(k+2)+(k+3)+...+n= k+(k+1)+(k+2)+(k+3)+...+k+(n-k) = [k+k+k+k+...+k (n-k)+1 term] + [1+2+3+...+(n-k)] = k[(n-k)+1]+ = [(n-k)+1][k+ = (n-k+1) =
) ) ) )

]
)

Point 2 and 3 are left the proof as an exercise. Example 9 Prove that 1) (x, x+4)=1, 2, 4 and 2) (x, x+6)=1, 2, 3, 6; x Proof 1) Let x is integer, where x=4n, 4n+1, 4n+2, 4n+3; n 1.1) Let (x, x+4)=(4n+1, 4n+5)=d We will get d/(4n+5-4n-1) and then d/4 (1, 2, 4) But d/4n+1, so d=1 1.2) Let (x, x+4)=(4n+2, 4n+6)=d We will get d/(4n+6-4n-2) and then d/4 (1, 2, 4) But d/4n+2, so d=2 1.3) Let (x, x+4)=(4n, 4n+4)=d We will get d/(4n+4-4n) and then d/4 But d/4n, so d=4 Point 2 is left the proof as an exercise. Example 10 Define 1) ( , 3) ( , = , = )=n+1 3) ( 4) ( , ) and , = , Prove that

)=n 2) ( , )=1, 4, 12

)=1, 4, 12 )=n

Proof All points are left as an exercise. Example 11 Let a, b, c, d are sequence of positive integer, where a is odd number And more than or equal to three

Prove that [a, c]>[b, d] Proof The proof is to be an exercise. Example 12 Let sequences 1+1!, 2+2!, 3+3!,...,n+n! Find all n that make n+n! is perfect square.

Show showing is left an exercise. Example 13 Let N=1.1!+2.2!+3.3!+...+n.n! Prove that N+1=(n+1)! Proof Hint: (n+1)!=n!+n!+n!+...+n!...n-term +n! The proof is to be an exercise. Or by using mathematical Induction 1.2 THE SUM AND THE PRODUCT As positive real number have closure property for addition and multiplication So, we can find the sum and the product when defined two all positive real number But what we require knowing is when the sum is lesser than the product, when the sum is Equal to the product and when the sum is more than the product. Please look at the Following property. Theorem 1 a+b=ab a= , a,b

Proof The proof is an exercise. Theorem 2 a+b=ab a=b=2, a, b are natural number. Proof according to theorem 1 So, a=b=2 Theorem 3 If a<2 and b=2 then ab<a+b, a Proof since a<2 so, a+a<2+a now, 2a<a+2 Therefore ab<a+b Theorem 4 1) If a<2 then <2a, a b=2

2) If a<2 and b<2 then ab<a+b, a,b Proof The proof is left as an exercise. Theorem 5 If a>2 and b=2 then ab>a+b, a,b Proof Its proof is an exercise. Theorem 6 1) If a>2 then >2a, a

2) If a>2 and b>2 then ab>a+b, a,b

Proof Its proof is an exercise. Lemma 1 If a 3 and b 3 then 2ab 3a+3b, a,b (the proof is an exercise.)

Theorem 7 If a<2 and b>2 then ab (2a, 2b) and a+b (a+2,b+2), a,b Proof Its proof is an exercise. 1.3 TRIANGULAR NUMBER Definition The positive integer n is called that triangular number if and only if n can be Written in pattern n=1+2+3+4+5+...+k, k According to definition we let So, =1+2+3+4+5+...n=
)

: nth number of triangular number

The following expressions are to be true that have to prove which arise from definition Above. 1) If n and m are odd number in order that is continuous then 2) If n and m are even number in order that is continuous then - =4k+1, k - =4k+3, k

3) When n is a triangular number then 9n+1 is the triangular number. 4) When E is odd number then the quotient of -1 by 8 is a triangular number.

5) The difference of square of triangular number in order continuous is perfect cube. 6) The sum of reciprocal of triangular number is equal to 2. 7) When m and n are a triangular number will get that 3m+n is triangular number. 8) When m and n are a triangular number will get that m+3n is triangular number. 9) When m and n are a triangular number will get that 10) When m ,n will get that + < < < + is triangular number.

11) The number of natural number lying between the triangular number in order that Is continuous from 1 to (n+1) is sequence of natural number from 1 to n, n 12) Let 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) = + + + + +
) ) )

and

2i-1) Prove that

+ n is the triangular number. + (n +1) is the triangular number.

is the triangular number.

)

is the triangular number.

is the perfect square if and only if n=3

6) 2 7)

+ n is the triangular number. +2n is the triangular number. - =4k+1, k

Proof 1) If n and m are odd number in order that is continuous then According to designed expression we find that - =
) ) )

=4k+1, k

6) The sum of reciprocal of triangular number is equal to 2. According to designed expression we find that The sum of reciprocal of Triangular number is = 2((1- )+( - )+( - )+...+( ) =2 10) When m ,n will get that )

=2 )+(

- ))=2(1- ) and

) =2.1=2 + < < < + , , and as follows

According to designed point, we have to find + = = = = =

) ) ) ) )

+
)

= =
) ) )

=
)

=
)

= =

1st case we see that 2nd case we see that 3rd case since

+ < <

since mn 9 since mn(mn+1)>mn(m+n): theorem 6 )>(m+n) ): theorem 6

(m+n)(3m+3n+2m+2n+2): lemma 1 =(m+n)(5m+5n+2)>(m+n)(4m+4n+4) So we conclude that That is + < < < <

11) The number of natural number lying between the triangular number in order that Is continuous from 1 to (n+1) is sequence of natural number from 1 to n, n Proof According to truth, the number of natural number lying between a and b are

(b-a)-1 when a and b are natural number that is a lesser than b So [ - ]-1 is the number of natural number lying between - ]-1=
) )

and

Considering

-1= =n by mathematical induction

The following we will show that is to be true all n Let P(n): - ]-1=n

1) P(1) is to be true because 2) Assume that P(k) is to be true That is - ]-1=k, k

- ]-1=(3-1)-1=1 (true)

Considering P(k+1) as follows, =k+1, Hence P(k+1) is to be true. Therefore P(n) is to be true for all n

) ]-1=

-1

We conclude that the number of natural number lying between the triangular Number from 1 to n+1 is sequence of natural number from 1 to n Assignment the remaining properties are left as an exercise. 1.4 ABOUT TRIANGLES When we say to a triangle, we have to recall to its sides and angles and connect to bearing of sides and angles together. The following we will say to concise theorem and An example that involve Theorem 8 Let ABC is a triangle having and are opposite side of and Respectively. We will obtain that = AC=AB

Proof It is left the proof an exercise (by creating the figure of triangle) Example 14 Let ABC is an triangle with and are opposite side of and Respectively prove that n( ) > n( ) n() > n(

Proof The proof is left an exercise (by theorem above) Example 15 Let ABC is all triangles prove that the sum length of two sides is greater than Remaining side. Proof The proof is left as an exercise.(by Pythagorean theorem) 1.5 INVERSE FUNCTION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

In this part we will say to merely inverse function of trigonometric function and want to Introduce the proof which be written from my bygone experience Definition 1 Arcsine function is a set of order pairs (x, y) when x [-1,1] and y [- , ] Where x= call y that arcsine of x, written by y=arcsinx x=

That is y=arcsinx

Definition 2 Arccosine function is a set of order pairs (x,y) when x [-1,1] and y [0, ] Where x= call y that arccosine of x, written by y=arccosx x=

That is y=arccosx

Definition 3 Arctangent function is a set of order pairs (x,y) when x (- , ) and y (- , ) Where x= call y that arctangent of x, written by y=arctanx x=

That is y=arctanx

Definition 4 Arccotangent function is a set of order pairs (x,y) when x (- , ) and y (0, ) Where x= call y that arccotant of x, written by y=arccotx x=

That is y=arccotx

Definition 5 Arcsecant function is a set of order pairs (x,y) when x (- ,1] [1, ) and Y [0, ) ( , ] where x= Y=arcsecx , that is y=arcsecx call y that arcsecant of x, written by x=

Definition 6 Arccosecant function is a set of order pairs (x,y) when x (- ,1] [1, ) and Y [- ,0) (0, ] where x= Y=arccscx, that is y=arccscx , call y that arccosecant of x, written by x=

Some property of inverse function of trigonometric function 1 Arcsin : [-1,1] [- , ] is one to one onto increasing function. 2 Arccos : [-1,1] [0, ] is one to one onto decreasing function. 3 Arctan : (- , ) (- , ) is one to one onto increasing function. 4 Arccot : (- , ) (0, ) is one to one onto decreasing function. 5 Arccsc : (- ,-1] [1, ) [- ,0) (0, ] is one to one onto decreasing function on sub domain. 6 Arcsec : (- ,-1] [1, ) [0, ) ( , ] is one to one onto decreasing function on sub domain. 7 Arcsin(-x) = - arcsinx , x [-1,1] 8 Arcsin(siny) = y, y [- , ]

9 Sin(arcsinx) = x, x [-1,1] 11 Arccos(cosy) = y, y [0, ] 13 Arcsinx + arccosx = , x [-1,1] 15 Arctan(tany) = y, y (- , ) 17 Cot(arccotx) = x, x 19 Sec(arcsecx) = x, x (- ,-1] [1, ) 21 Csc(arccscx) = x, x (- ,-1] [1, )

10 Arccos(-x) = - arccosx, x [-1,1] 12 Cos(arccosx) = x, x [-1,1] 14 Arctan(-x) = - arctanx, x (- , ) 16 Tan(arctanx) = x, x (- , ) 18 Arccot(coty) = y, y (0, ) 20 Arcsec(secy) = y, y [0, ) ( , ] 22 Arccsc(cscy) = y, y [- ,0) (0, ] ) ) )

23 If arctanx + arctany (- , ) then arctanx + arctany = arctan( 24 If arctanx + arctany<- then arctanx + arctany = - + arctan( 25 If arctanx + arctany> then arctanx + arctany = + arctan( 26 Arccot(-x) = -arccotx, x (- , ) 27 Arcsec(-x) = -arcsecx, x (- ,-1] [1, ) 28 Arccsc(-x) = -arccscx, x (- ,-1] [1, ) Proof 7 Arcsin(-x) = - arcsinx , x [-1,1] Since Arcsin(-x)= = -x, y [=x )=x arcsinx = -y -arcsinx = y Therefore Arcsin(-x) = - arcsinx , x [-1,1] 10 Arccos(-x) = - arccosx, x [-1,1] Since Arccos(-x)=y = -x, y [0, ] =x )=x arccosx = -y - arccosx = y Therefore Arccos(-x) = - arccosx, x [-1,1] ]

23 If arctanx + arctany (- , ) then arctanx + arctany = arctan( Let arctanx + arctany = , arctanx = A and arctany = B, where arctanx = A = x and arctany = B (- , ) and arctan( )= arctan( = = =y ) (- , ) = (- , )

Now, we have (A + B) = ,

n + )

)= n + =0 + = ,

Therefore If arctanx + arctany (- , ) then arctanx + arctany = arctan( And remaining properties are assigned the proof as an exercise. Theorem 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Proof 1 )= Since, arcsinx = y And So, 2 = )= )= Since, arccosx = y And = )= )= )= , x 0 )= , x 0 )= )= )= )= )= 2x )= ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x ,x , x [-1,1] , x [-1,1]

, x [-1,1] = x, y [- , ] ) = = , x [-1,1]

, x [-1,1] = x, y [0, ] ) =

So, 3

) )= , x 0

, x [-1,1]

Since, arccotx = y

= x, y (0, ) =

So, 4

)= )= , x 0

= ,

Since, arctanx = y

= x, y (- ,0) (0, ) = , y (- ,0) (0, )

So, 5

)= ,x 0 )= ,x = x, y (- , )
)

Since, arctanx = y And So, 6 ) = = )= Since, arctanx = y And So, That is 7 )= Since, arccotx = y And So, That is ) = = =
)

= )= = ,x

and then ,x = x, y (- , )
)

) = =

=
)

= )=

, y (- ,0) and [0, ] respectively = ,x

,x = x, y (0, ) =
)

=
)

, y (0, ] and ( , ) respectively = ,x

)=

)= Since, arccotx = y And So, ) = =

)

,x = x, y (0, ) =
)

= )= ,x

and then )= 2x

,x

Since, 2arcsinx = y

arcsinx = , y (- , ) =x = = 1-2 ) = 1 - 4 +4 =x

So,

) = 1-1 + 4 - 4 =4 - 4 =2(-x)(-) )= )= ,x , y (- , ) ) = +1 =2x 2x ,x , y (- ,0) and [0, ) respectively

Therefore, That is 10

Since, arctanx = y And So, ) = 1+ =

Finally, we have

)=

,x

Theorem 2 1 Arcsin(-x) = - arcsinx , x [-1,1] 2 Arccos(-x) = - arccosx, x [-1,1] 3 Arctan(-x) = - arctanx, x (- , ) 4 Arccot(-x) = -arccotx, x (- , ) 5 Arcsec(-x) = -arcsecx, x (- ,-1] [1, ) 6 Arccsc(-x) = -arccscx, x (- ,-1] [1, ) 7 Arcsinx + arccosx = , x [-1,1]

8 Arctanx + arccotx = , x 9 Arcsecx + arccscx = , x (- ,-1] [1, ) 10 Arccosx + arcos(-x) = , x [-1,1] 11 Arctanx + arctan( ) = , x 0 Proof 7 Arcsinx + arccosx = , x [-1,1] According to definition, we have - <arcsinx< and 0<arccosx< , where x [-1,1] So, 0< +arcsinx< and - < -arccosx< And, then And +arcsinx)=-arccosx)= arcsinx)=-x

- arccosx)= x

Hence, arcos(-x)= -arccosx= +arcsinx And arcsinx= -arccosx Therefore, arcsinx + arccosx = , x [-1,1] 8 Arctanx + arccotx = , x According to definition will get that - <arctanx< and 0<arccotx< , where x Rearrange form as follows. 0< + arctanx< and - < - arccotx< Now, we have And + arctanx)=arccotx)=x arctanx)=-x

arccotx)=

So, arccot(-x)= -arccotx= + arctanx And arctanx= arccotx That is arctanx + arccotx = 9 Arcsecx + arccscx = , x (- ,-1] [1, ) Since, 0 arcsecx< or <arcsecx and arccscx<0 or 0<arccscx

So, -

arcsecx- <0 or 0< arcsecx- < and 0 arccscx+ < or < arccscx+

Now, we will get that csc( arcsecx- )=-sec(arcsecx)=-x And arccscx+ )=-csc(arccscx)=-x

So, arccsc(-x)=-arccscx= arcsecx- ) and arcsec(-x)= -arcsecx=arccscx+ Finally, we can conclude that arccscx+arcsecx= 10 Arccosx + arcos(-x) = , x [-1,1] Since, 0 arccosx and 0 arccos(-x)

So, 0 arccosx + arcos(-x) 2 , x [-1,1] But, as a+b)= + ) (x)=0

)

, a,b

, we can substitute arcos(-x)) arccosx)

arccosx+arcos(-x))= = (-x) +

arcos(-x))+

But, sine has to be one-one onto function on [ Therefore, arccosx+arcos(-x)= 11 Arctanx + arctan( ) = , x 0 Since, - <arctanx< and - <arctan( )< It make <arctanx+ arctan( )< But, as a+b)= + arctanx) = + =1 , a,b

, we can substitute arctan( ) arctanx)

arctanx+ arctan( ))= =

arctan( )+

But, sine has to be one-one onto function on [ Therefore, arctanx+ arctan( )= Remark the remaining points are left the proof as an exercise. Theorem 3 If xy < 1 then arctanx + arctany = arctan( If xy > 1 and x < 0 then arctanx + arctany =If xy > 1 and y < 0 then arctanx + arctany = ) + arctan( + arctan(

) )

Proof

Since, arctanx, arctany (- , ), we will imply that arctanx + arctany (- , ).....(1) and arctan( Let arctanx+arctany= ; Now, we have = (- , ) arctanx+arctany)= = ).....(3) n +arctan( )) (- , ).....(2)

And it make arctanx+arctany = n +arctan( And from (1), (2) we find that n { -1, 0, 1 } We can consider n as follows. From (3), sin(arctanx+arctany)=sin(n +arctan( Sin(arctanx) Sin(n ) arctany)+ ))+ + arctany) arctan( =
(
( ) )

)), 1-1 onto )=

arctan(

))
) )

n ) )
) ) | ) | )

So, we obtain Rearrange term,

)
)

) =

Finally, we have

) =|

and if
| |

xy<1 then 1-xy>0 which make

=1 and, then n=0 )

)

Therefore, arctanx + arctany = arctan( xy>1 then 1-xy<0 which make |

|

=-1 and, then n=-1 or 1

In the case x<0 will obtain y<0 which make arctanx, arctany (- ,0) So, - <arctanx+arctany<0 and - <arctan( )< >0

But, as xy>1, where x<0, y<0 will obtain x< , y< and Now, we are obviously 0<arctan( )< and make n=-1

Therefore, If xy > 1 and x < 0 then arctanx+arctany =- +arctan(

And in the case x>0 will obtain y>0 which make arctanx, arctany (0, )

So, <arctanx+arctany< and - <arctan(

)< <0

But, as xy>1, where x>0,y>0 will obtain x> ,y> and Now, we are obviously - <arctan(

)<0 and make n=1 )

Therefore, If xy > 1 and x > 0 then arctanx+arctany = +arctan(

Theorem 4 Formula of arcsinx into term of arcos, arctan, arcsec, arccsc and arccot Where x [-1,1] 1 Arcsinx={ 2 Arcsinx=arctan( 3 Arcsinx={

( ( ) ) )

) )

or arcsinx= -arccosx

) )

4 Arcsinx=arccsc( ), x [-1,0) (0,1] ( ( ( ( arcsinx 0

5 Arcsinx={

) ) ) ) +arcsinx )

Proof

1 Arcsinx={ 1) Since, -

or arcsinx= -arccosx

And cos( +arcsinx)=-sinarcsinx=-x arccos(-x)= +arcsinx So, -arccosx= +arcsinx arcsinx= -arccosx 2) Let arcsinx=y (1) -1 x 0 Since, =x, where x [-1,1]= arcsinx 0 so, y 0 0 -y = , where y 0, 0 11 , y [- , ]=

Now, we have arcos( So, k=-y, that is arcos( (2) 0<x 1 0<arcsinx 0<y

=k k [0, ] but, as y [- ,0] =k=-y=-arcsinx

Hence, But arcos(

>0, see a graph of arccosx=y, y (0, ] )=k k (0, ),where y (0, ) )=k=y=arcsinx ( ( ) ) or arcsinx= -arccosx

Therefore, arcos(

Finally, we can write arcsinx={ 2 Arcsinx=arctan( Let arcsinx=y And 1) -1<x 0 And make But arctan( ) =
) )

) =x, where x [-1,1]= =

) )

, y [- , ]= =
| |

= y 0 =

then

arcsinx 0 =-
| |

=-

0 arctan(

)=y

)=k

- <k 0 and y (- ,0] )

Therefore, arcsinx=y=k=arctan( 2) 0<x<1 0<arcsinx< And make But arctan( =

| |

0<y< = >0 arctan( )=y

)=k 0<k< and y (0, ) ) )

Therefore, arcsinx=y=k=arctan(

Finally, we conclude that arcsinx=arctan( 3 Arcsinx={ Let arcsinx=y Consider ) =

) )

) ) , y [- , ]= and =

=x, where x [-1,1]=

)

1) -1<x<0 - <arcsinx<0 - <y<0 0<-y< We find that But, arcsec( = >1>0, see a graph of arcsecx=y, y (- ,0)

)=k k (0, ), where y (- ,0)

We are obviously that k=-y Therefore, arcsec( 2) 0<x<1 0<arcsinx< In this case But, arcsec( = )=k=-y=-arcsinx, -1<x<0 0<y< >1>0, see a graph of arcsecx=y, y (0, )

)=k, k (0, ), where y (0, ) which make k=y )=k=y=arcsinx, 0<x<1

Therefore, arcsec(

Finally, we can write arcsinx={ 4 Arcsinx=arccsc( ), where x [-1,0) (0,1] Let arcsinx=y Which make

) )

) )

=x, where x [-1,1]= ) =

)

, y [- , ]=
|

=|

| |

, where x [-1,0) (0,1]

1) We find -1 x<0) And make

arcsinx<0 -

y<0

=-| |=- = <0, see a graph of arccsc( )=y, y [- ,0)

But, arccsc( )=k k [- ,0) and y [- ,0) which make k=y Therefore, arccsc( )=k=y=arcsinx 2) We see 0<x 1 0<arcsinx And will obtain 0<y

= >0, see a graph of arccsc( )=y, y (0, ]

But, arccsc( )=k k (0, ] and y (0, ] which make k=y Therefore, arccsc( )=k=y=arcsinx Finally, we conclude that arcsinx=arccsc( ), where x [-1,0) (0,1] ( (

5 Arcsinx={

) ) )

Let arcsinx=y

=x, where x [-1,1]=

, y [- , ]=

Since,

) =

) )

) )

so,

| |

1) When -1<x<0 - <arcsinx<0 - <y<0 We have = | |

<0, see a graph of arccotx=y, y (- ,0)

And we know arccot(

)=k k ( , ) but, y (- ,0) which make y=k

Therefore, arcsinx= arccot( 2) Since, 0<x<1 0<arcsinx< So, =

| |

)- =- + arccot( 0<y<

>0, see a graph of arccotx=y, y (0, )

But, arccot(

)=k k (0, ), y (0, ) and, then k=y

Therefore arccot(

)=k=y= arcsinx

Finally, we conclude that Arcsinx={ ( (

) ) )

Theorem 5 Formula of arctanx into term of arcsin, arcos, arcsec, arccsc And arccot when x 1 Arctanx=arcsin( 2 Arctanx={ ) ( ( ( (

) ) ) )

3 Arctanx={ 4 Arctanx=arccsc( 5 Arctanx={ Proof 1 Arctanx=arcsin(

), x 0 ( ) ( ) ) or arctanx= -arccotx

Let arctanx=y We have ) =

=x, x
)

=
)

, y (- , )= = = , =
| |

1) Since, x 0 - <arctanx 0 - <y 0 We find And, arcsin( =-

| |

<0, see a graph of arcsinx=y, y (- ,0]

)=k k (- ,0], when y (- ,0] which make k=y )

Therefore arctanx=y=k=arcsin( 2) Since, x>0 0<arctanx< Which make While arcsin( = 0<y<

>0, see graph of arcsinx=y, y (0, )

)=k k (0, ) and y (0, ) so, y=k ) )

Therefore, arctanx=y=k= arcsin(

Finally, we conclude that arctanx=arcsin( 2 Arctanx={ Let arctanx=y We obtain ) = ( ( ) =x, x

)

= =
)

, y (- , )= = , =

1) Consider x 0 - <arctanx 0 - <y 0 Now, we have And, arccos( = >0 (see a graph of arccosx=y, y (- ,0]

)=k k [0, ) while y (- ,0] so, y=-k )

Therefore, arctanx=y=-k=-arccos( 2) Consider x>0 0<arctanx< We find that And, as arccos( = 0<y<

>0, see a graph of arccosx=y, y (0, )

)=k k (0, ), where y (0, ) so, y=k )

Therefore, arctanx=y=k=arccos(

Finally, we can write arctanx={ ( ( =x, x ) =1+ ) = ) =1+ )

( ( )

3 Arctanx={ Let arctanx=y Consider

, y (- , )= so, =

1) x<0 - <arctanx<0 - <y<0 We find = >0, see a graph of arcsecx=y, y (- ,0) )=k k (0, ) but, y (- ,0) so, y=-k

And, while arcsec(

Therefore, arctanx=y=-k=-arcsec( 2) x 0 0 arctanx< We have But, arcsec( = 0 y<

>0, see a graph of arcsec( )=k k [0, ) and y [0, ) so, y=k ) ( ( ) )

)=y, y [0, )

That is arctanx=y=k=arcsec( Finally, we conclude that arctanx={ 4 Arctanx=arccsc( Let arctanx=y We see ) =1+

), x 0 =x, x =
)

, y (- , )= = so, =
| |

) =1+

1) x<0 -- <arctanx<0 - <y<0 We obtain But, arccsc(

=-

| |

<0, see graph of arccscx=y, y (- ,0)

)=k k (- ,0) and y (- ,0) so, y=k

It make arctanx=y=k= arccsc(

2) x>0 0<x< We will obtain

0<arctanx< =

0<y< >0, where y (0, )

While (0, ) arccsc(

)=k k (0, ) and y (0, ) we have y=k

Thence, arctanx=y=k=arccsc(

We conclude that arctanx=arccsc( 5 Arctanx={ Let arctanx=y Consider ) = ( ) ( ) =x, x

)

), x 0

or arctanx= -arccotx = , y (- , )= =
| |

= and

1) x<0 -- <arctanx<0 - <y<0 0<-y< So, =- = <0, see a graph of arccotx=y, y (- ,0)

And we know arccot( )=k k ( , ) where y (- ,0) so, y=kTherefore, arctanx=y=k- =arccot( )2) x>0 0<arctanx< We have 0<y<

= >0, where y (0, )

And we see obviously arccot( ) (0, ), while y (0, ) Therefore, arctanx=y=arccot( ) 3) Since - <arctanx< So, +arctanx)=0< +arctanx< arctanx)=-x arccot(-x)= +arctanx -arccotx= +arctanx -arccotx=arctanx We conclude that arctanx={ ( ) ( ) or arctanx= -arccotx

Theorem 6 formula of arccosx into term of arcsin, arctan, arcsec, arccsc And arccot, when -1 x 1 1 Arccosx={ ( (

or arccosx= -arcsinx ) )

2 Arccosx={

3 Arccosx=arcsec( ), x 0 4 Arccosx={ 5 Arccosx=arccot( Proof 1 Arccosx={ Let arccosx=y Since, 1) -1 x 0 We have ) =1arccosx )= ( ( ) )

), -1<x<1 =x, x [-1,1]= ) =1so, y >0, see a graph of arcsinx=y, y [ , ] )=k k [0, ] while y [ , ] so, y= -k ) or arccosx= -arcsinx , y [0, ]= =

And, as arcsin(

Therefore, y= -k, arccosx= -arcsin( 2) 0<x<1 0< arccosx< We find = 0<y< >0, y (0, )

And, arcsin(

)=k k (0, ), where y (0, ) thence y=k ), 0<x<1

That is, arccosx=y=k= arcsin( 3) Arccosx= -arcsinx Consider - <arcsinx<

- <-arcsinx<

0< -arcsinx< , y (0, )

Now, we have cos( -arcsinx)=sin(arcsinx)=x arccosx= -arcsinx

Finally, we conclude arccosx={ ( (

or arccosx= -arcsinx

2 Arccosx={ Let arccosx=y Considering, 1) -1 x<0 So, =-

) ) , y [0, ]= =
| |

=x, x [-1,1]= ) =
)

-1= -1 so, <y

<arccosx
| |

0, see a graph of arctanx=y, y ( , ] k (- ,0] and y ( , ] so, y= +k

But, arctan(

)=k

Therefore, y= +k that is arccosx= +arctan( 2) 0<x 1 We have arccosx< =

), -1 x<0

0 y<

>0, see a graph of arctanx=y, y [0, ) )=k k [0, ) while y [0, ) so, y=k

And, as arctan(

So, arccosx=y=k=arctan(

), x (0,1] ( (

Finally, we obtain arccosx={ 3 Arccosx=arcsec( ), x 0 Let arccosx=y Considering = =x, x [-1,1]=

) )

, y [0, ]=

= , x 0 x (- ,0) (0, ), y [0, ) ( , ] arcsec( )=y=arccosx

Therefore, arccosx=arcsec( ), x 0 4 Arccosx={ ( ( ) )

Let arccosx=y Considering 1) Since -1<x 0 So, =

=x, x [-1,1]= ) =
)

, y [0, ]=
)

= y<

arccosx< >0, y [ , )

And, as arccsc(

)=k k (0, ], while y [ , ) )

We find that -y= k (0, ], therefore arccosx= -arccsc( 2) Since 0<x<1 0<arccosx< Hence, = 0<y<

>0, y (0, ) )=k k (0, ) and y (0, ) ) ( ( ) )

When arccsc(

Therefore, arccosx=arccsc( Finally, we write arccosx={ 5 Arccosx=arccot( Let arccosx=y Considering 1) -1<x We have ), -1<x<1

=x, x [-1,1]= ) = arccosx< =-

| | ) )

, y [0, ]= , and =
| |

= y<

0, y [ , )

But, as arccot(

)=k k [ , ) when y [ , ) )

Therefore, arccosx=arccot( 2) 0<x<1 0<arccosx< We find = 0<y< >0, y (0, )

And, as arccot(

)=k k (0, ), where y (0, ) ) ), -1<x<1

Therefore, arccosx=arccot(

Finally, we obtain arccosx=arccot(

1.6 EQUATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC INVERSE FUNCTIOIN Real numbers that is obtained from solving that equation of trigonometric inverse Function always have to be tested by substitution of variable in that equation. As the real numbers that is obtained from solving that equation did not require To be its answer. Example 1 solve the following equation 1) arcsinx=2arctanx 2) arccos(2x)-arccosx= Solution 1) arcsinx=2arctanx Let arctanx=A Consider, So, x=2 = = Thence, x { } arcsinx 0 and 2arctanx 0

3) arcsinx +arcsin(1-x)=arccosx 4) arctan( )+arctan( )=

=x, A (- , ) )= ) : theorem 1 ): ): sine is a fuction 2x)=2

Test : 1) -1 -1 0 2) 0 is to be true.

3) 0<1 1 0<arcsinx

and 0<2arctanx

1)-3) do not arise contradiction. Therefore, { } is solution set

Remark: Ordinarily, test does not require to find value of the inverse function, merely Observe that the real numbers that is obtained when be substituted in the equation Do not arise enough contradiction. 2) arccos(2x)-arccosx= Let arccos(2x)=A So, A= +arccosx = +arccosx)= arccosx)arccosx) =2x, A [0, ]

2x= -

: theorem 1

4x=x- 9 =3(1- ) 4 =1 and, then x {- , } Test: 1) since, arccos(-1)-arccos(- )= -( - )= And, arccos(1)-arccos( )=0- =So, {- } is solution set 3) arcsinx +arcsin(1-x)=arccosx Let arcsinx=A And arcsin(1-x)=B =X =1-x = = , A [- , ] , B [- , ]

Now, we see (A+B)=arccosx, A+B [0, ] And, Hence, Substituting, Rearranging, Rearranging again, )= ) arccosx) =X -x(1-x)=x )=2x-

-2 - +2x=4 -4 +

Rearranging again, 2 -5 +2x=0 Factorizing, x(2 -5x+2)=x(2x-1)(x-2)=0 We have x {0,1, } which have to test as follows When x=0, arcsin0+arcsin(1-0)=0+ =arccos0= : true When x= , arcsin +arcsin(1- )= + =arccos = : true When x=2, it is to be false, as arcsin2 is not defined. Finally, we obtain solution set is {0, } 4) Since, arctan( So, )+arctan( ) )= ))=

And make Now following, Rearrange term, We see that x {

) )

=1

=1 =1

, } and can test as follows

When x=- , arctan(

)+arctan(

)=arctan(

)+arctan(

=arctan( =arctan1 = X=

is left the test as an exercise. EXERCISE

1 Find value of the following functions. 1) arcsin

2) arccsc2 4) arccot 6) 8) 10) ) ) )) arcsin ) arccot )

3) arctan 5) 7) 9)

arccos(- ) arctan(- )) arctan2)

arccos ) - ))

11) arcsin( 13) arctan( 15) arcsin(

12) arccos( 14) 16)

arcsin(- )) arcsin )

2 Find the solution of each of the following. 1) 3) arcsin )+ arccos(- )) 1) 4) arcsin +arcsin ) arctan(- )+arccos(- ))

arctan -arcsin )

5) 7) 9)

arcsin +arcsin ) 2arcsin +arccos ) 2arctan -arctan ) ) )

6) 8) 10)

arcsin(- )-arccos ) arctan(- )+arcsin ) 2arctan(- ))+ arctan(- ))

11) arcsin(

12) arctan +arctan 14) arctan +arctan +arctan +arct6an

13) arctan2+arctan3 3 Show the following expressions 1) arcsin +arcsin =

2) arcsin +arccos +arcsin = 4) arctan +arctan +arctan = 6) arctan +arctan =arctan +arctan 8) arccot -arctan -arccos =0

3) 2arctan =arctan 5) arctan -arctan1=arctan 7) 2arctan +arctan +2arctan =

9) arctan1+arctan2+arctan3= =2(arctan1+arctan +arctan ) 10) If A=arctan and B=arctan then 4 Prove the following expressions. 1) arcsinx=arccsc , | | 2) arccosx=arcsec , | | 3) arctanx=arccot , x 4) 2arctanx)=2 1 1 and x 0 arctanx+arctan ) =

5) arctanx+arctan = , x>0 and arctanx+arctan =- , x<0 6) 2arctanx+arcsin( 7) A= )= , x>1

B, A=arctan , B=arctan

5 Find a solution set of each of the following. 1) arcsinx=2arctanx 3) arctan(x+1)+arctan(x-1)= 5) arctanx+arctan = 2) arctan2x+arctan3x= 4) arcsinx+arccosx= 6) arccos2x-arccosx=

7) 2arcsinx+arcsin(2x 6 Show that the function (x)=arcsin( )-2arcsin

)=

is constant for x [0,4]

1.7 SYMMETRY AND APPLICATION In this part we want to introduce symmetry of graph being basic type its definition and test Lastly we want to lead this knowledge for using to prove basic theorem about trigonometry Function that concern angles ( - ), ( + ), ( - ), ( + ), ( - ), ( + ) and , where is length <

Of circumference of the unit circle beginning from a point (1, 0) to anti-clockwise and 0 And that is important it is convenient and easy understand which I am so proud. Symmetry of graph A graph of an equation that is said to be symmetric with respect to the X-axis means that

If the Cartesian plane were folded along the X-axis, the portion of the graph to the left of the X-axis would coincide with the portion to the right of the X-axis. Another way to describe this Symmetry is to say that the graph is a reflection of itself with respect to the X-axis. Symmetry With respect to the Y-axis can be described similarly Knowing that a graph has symmetry before attempting to sketch it is helpful because then We need only half as many solution points as we would otherwise. We define five basic types of symmetry, as shown in a figure below.
P(x, y) P(x, y) Q(-x, y) P(x, y)

Q(x, -y) Q(y, x) P(x, y) Q(-y,-x) P(x, y) Q(-x,-y)

Figure of five symmetry

Definition1 (Symmetry) 1 A graph is said to be symmetric with respect to the X-axis if, whenever (x, y) is a point on the graph, (x, -y) is also a point on the graph. 2 A graph is said to be symmetric with respect to the Y-axis if, whenever (x, y) is a point on the graph, (-x, y) is also a point on the graph. 3 A graph is said to be symmetric with respect to the origin if, whenever (x, y) is a point on the graph, (-x, -y) is also a point on the graph. 4 A graph is said to be symmetric with respect to the identity (f(x)=x) if, whenever (x, y) is a point on the graph, (y, x) is also a point on the graph. 5 A graph is said to be symmetric with respect to the inverse of identity ( g(x)=-x if, whenever (x, -y) is appoint on the graph, (-y, x) is also a point on the graph. Or, that is to say. Definition2 1 A graph of if, whenever That is, 2 A graph of if, whenever That is, 3 A graph of if, whenever That is, 4 A graph of p if, whenever That is, ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) let ) ) is an equation ) are points lying on its graph. ) (x, y) p

)=0 is said to be symmetric with respect to the Y-axis

)=0 is said to be symmetric with respect to the X-axis ) are points lying on its graph. ) (x, y) p

)=0 is said to be symmetric with respect to the origin ) are points lying on its graph. ) (x, y) p

)=0 is said to be symmetric with respect to the identity function ) are points lying on its graph. ) (x, y) p

5 A graph of p

)=0 is said to be symmetric with respect to the inverse of

Identity function if, whenever (x, y), (-y , -x) are points lying on its graph.

That is, (x, y) p

(-y, -x) p, (x, y) p

TEST FOR SYMMETRY 1 The graph of an equation in x and y is symmetric with respect to X-axis if replacing y by -y yields an equivalent equation. 2 The graph of an equation in x and y is symmetric with respect to Y-axis if replacing x by -x yields an equivalent equation. 3 The graph of an equation in x and y is symmetric with respect to the origin if replacing x by -x and y by -y yields an equivalent equation 4 The graph of an equation in x and y is symmetric with respect to the identity function if replacing x by y and y by x yields an equivalent equation. 5 The graph of an equation in x and y is symmetric with respect to the inverse function of the identity function if replacing x by -y and y by -x yields an equivalent equation. Example1 Show that 1 An equation y= 2 An equation x= has symmetry property along the Y-axis. has symmetry property along the X-axis.

3 An equation xy=1 has symmetry property along the identity function. 4 An equation xy=-1 has symmetry property along the inverse function of identity function. 5 An equation y= 6 An equation ) = has symmetry property along the origin + =1 has all symmetry property (the five types)

Solution 1 When replacing x by -x in its original will get y= = which see obviously yields an equivalent equation. has symmetry property along the Y-axis.

So, an equation y= ) =

2 When replacing y by -y in its original will get x= = which see obviously yields an equivalent equation. has symmetry property along the X-axis.

So, an equation x=

3 When replacing x by y and y by x in its original will get 1=xy=yx=xy which see obviously yields an equivalent equation. So, an equation xy=1 has symmetry property along the identity function. 4 When replacing x by -y and y by -x in its original will get

-1=xy=(-y)(-x)=yx=xy which see obviously yields an equivalent equation. So, an equation xy=-1 has symmetry property along the inverse Function of identity function. 5 When replacing x by -x and y by -y in its original will get 0= -y= ) -(-y)=- +y= -y which see obviously yields an equivalent equation. has symmetry property along the origin. = ) and + = + ) ,

So, an equation y= 6 Since, =

So will obtain that an equation

+ =1 has all symmetry property (the five types).

Symmetry about straight line Its one property is its symmetric axis has to halves and be perpendicular with line segment That is connected by two points that is symmetrical. Symmetry about an origin point Its one property is its symmetric point has to halves line segment that is connected by two Points that is symmetrical. The following we will use two properties above and 6th item in an example1 for leading to Prove theorem of trigonometric function that concern an angle or length of a circumference as follows. , ( - ), ( + ), ( - ), ( + ), ( - ), ( + ) and - , where 0< < Prove by the figure Theorem1 the following expressions are true. When 0< < 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 ( ( ( ( ( )= )= )=)= )=)=)=)= 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 ( ( ( ( ( )= )= )=)=)=)= )=)=-

17 19 21

( )=)=-

)=

18 20

( )=

)=-

Remark: we can prove secant, cosecant and cotangent of these values similar.
F(-y, x) G(x, -x) E(0, 1) D(y, x) C(x, x)

H(-x, y) I(-1, 0)

B(x, y)

A(1, 0) Q(x, -y)

J(-x, -y)

K(x, x) P(x, -x) L(-y, -x) M(0, -1) N(y, -x)

Proof A figure above is the figure of a unit circle having a point O is a centre,

and

halve

And be perpendicular each other, where A(1, 0), E(0, 1), I(-1, 0) and M(0, -1) are main points That make n( )=n( )=n( )=n( )= and X-axis, f(x)=x, Y-axis and f(x)=-x are symmetric axis respectively. is a line segment having O(0, 0) and B(x, y) are initial point and terminal unit

point respectively and length of an arc

by using its two properties above and property of an unit circle Now, we have C(x, x), D(y, x), E(0, 1), f(-y, x), G(x,-x), H(-x, y),I(-1, 0), J(-x, -y), K(x, x), L(-y, -x) M(0, -1), N(y, -x), P(x, -x), Q(x, -y) respectively, where AB=DE=EF=HI=IJ=LM=MN=QA And by relation of chord and arc of a circle will get length of arc as follows. n( )=n( )=n( )=n( )=n( )=n )=n( )=n( )= units respectively.

And since n( )= - , n( )= + , n( )= - , n( )= + , n( )= - , n( )=

and n( )=- respectively which we see obviously all points D, E, H, J, L, N and Q Correspond with B. But in trigonometry define B(x, y)=B( So, D(y, x)=D( H(-x, y)=H(L(-y, -x)=L(Q(x, -y)=Q( , , ,,) ) ) ) , ) F(-y, x)=F(J(-x, -y)=J(N(y, -x)=N( , ,,) ) )

Finally, we will obtain 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 - )= + )= - )= + )=- )=+ )=- )=2 5 8 11 14 17 20 - )= + )=- )=+ )=- )=+ )= - )= 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 - )= + )=- )=+ )= - )= + )=- )=-

By 21 items above, we can think and write promptly values of remaining trigonometric Functions and be accurately. I hope that it has to be so helpful for all learners having the problem concerning trigonometry. Exercise2 1 Show that 1.1 +xy=3 hasnt symmetry along the X-axis, the Y-axis, f(x)=x and f(x)=-x

1.2 | |-| |=1 hasnt symmetry along f(x)=x and f(x)=-x

1.3 1.4 y= 1.5 y=

+ x=1 hasnt symmetry along the Y-axis, f(x)=x, f(x)=-x and the origin hasnt five symmetry properties. hasnt five symmetry properties.

2 Test for symmetry. 2.1 = +y 2.2 y= 2.5 y= 2.8 y= +x 2.3 2.6 2.9 = -4x y- -4y=0 -xy+ =1

2.4 x =5 2.7 = -4x

3 There are conjecture as follows. 3.1 If an equation A has symmetry along X-axis then the inverse of the equation A has Symmetry along Y-axis 3.2 If an equation A has symmetry along Y-axis then the inverse of the equation A has Symmetry along X-axis 3.3 If an equation A has symmetry along the origin then the inverse of the equation A Has Symmetry along the origin 3.4 If an equation A has symmetry along the f(x)=x then the inverse of the equation A Has Symmetry along the f(x)=x 3.5 If an equation A has symmetry along the f(x)=-x then the inverse of the equation A Has Symmetry along the f(x)=-x All five items, if it is true, show the proof and if it is false, show the counter example. 4 Prove that if the graph of )=0 is symmetric with respect to the X-axis, Y-axis, then

It is symmetric with respect to the origin, given an example to show that the converse Is not to be true 5 Prove that if the graph of ) ) )=0 is symmetric with respect to the one axis and the )=0

Origin, then it is symmetric with respect to the remaining axis also. 6 Let -x, write the definition to show that the graph of

Is symmetric with respect to Is symmetric with respect to

) )

-x, and prove that the graph of )

)=0

-x if and only if it is symmetric

With respect to the X-axis, the Y-axis and the origin Law can be evaded but khamma can not be evaded.