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HC
SA
RA
Define the sequence of operation for: WINTER operation and: - case when humidity is not controlled - case when humidity is precisely controlled
Solution on the whiteboard
Economizer
Fresh air volume flow rate control
enthalpy Fresh (outdoor) air
100%
% fresh air
TOA (hOA)
damper
mixing
Recirc. air
T & RH sensors
If TOA < Tset-point open the fresh air damper the maximum position Then, if Tindoor air < Tset-point start closing the cooling coil valve
If cooling coil valve is closed and T indoor air < Tset-point start closing the damper till you get T indoor air = T set-point Other variations are possible
Terminology
Sensor
Measures quantity of interest
Controller
Interprets sensor data
Controlled device
Changes based on controller output
Figure 2-13
outdoor
Direct
Closed Loop or Feedback
Indirect
Open Loop or Feedforward
Set Point
Desired sensor value
Control Point
Current sensor value
Error or Offset
Difference between control point and set point
Anticipator can be used to shorten response time Control differential is also called deadband
Cooling coil
air
water
K Td
Proportional Controllers
x A K (Tset point Tmeasured )
x is controller output A is controller output with no error (often A=0) Kis proportional gain constant e = Tset point Tmeasured is error (offset)
Unstable system
Stable system
Figure 2-18a
But
HVAC controlled devices are too slow responding Requires setting three different gains
Proportional
value Set point
Set point
25% energy savings from correcting control problems Commissioning is critically important