CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS

1.1 Understanding Physics explain what physics is recognize the physics in everyday objects and natural phenomena 1. A phenomenon is an that can be perceived by our. 2. In physics, we study . , such as the eruption of volcano, rain fall, formation of rainbow and the . of matter, such as length, temperature and volume. 3. There are many fields of study in physics, including ., .., , .., , , ., .. and . 1.2 Understanding Base Quantities and Derived Quantities explain what base quantities and derived quantities are list base quantities and their units list some derived quantities and their units. express quantities using prefixes. express quantities using scientific notation express derived quantities as well as their units in terms of base quantities and base units. solve problems involving conversion of units 1. 2. A physical quantity is a ..that can be Base quantities are . . that cannot be defined in terms of other .... There are base quantities:.., ., ., and .. Physical Quantity Base Quantity Quantity Symbol Length Mass Time Electric Current Temperature 3. Derived quantities are. . consisting of combinations of ..., by , , or both operations. Base S.I. Unit S.I. Unit Unit symbol

4.

Derived quantities as well as their units are expressed in terms of base quantities and base S.I. units as follows: Given that l : length, m : mass, t : time, I : electric current, T : temperature. Derived quantities Expressed in base quantities Derived units (symbol) Area (A) Volume (V) Density () Speed (v) Work or Energy (W or E)

Power (P)

Velocity (v)

v=

l t

Unit v =

m s

Acceleration (a)

v-u t u = initial velocity v = final velocity t = time taken a= F = ma m = mass a = acceleration Ft = change of momentum = mv mu m = mass u = initial velocity v = final velocity

1 = m s (read as metre per second) ms 1 Unit a = s 2 = m s (read as metre per second per second)

Force (F)

2 Unit F = kg x m s 2 = kg m s =N (read as newton)

Impulse (Ft)

Unit Ft = kg x m s 1 = kg m s 1 =Ns (read as newton second)

Momentum (p)

p = mv m = mass v = velocity F A F = force A = area P= Q m Q = heat energy m = mass = change in temperature c=

Unit p = kg x ms 1 = kg m s 1 =Ns (read as newton second) Unit P =

Pressure (P)

N m2

Specific heat capacity (c)

= N m 2 = Pa (read as pascal) J Unit c = kg oC = J kg 1 =

J kgK

C 1

= J kg 1 K 1 (read as joule per kilogram per kelvin) Frequency (f) 1 T T = period of swing; unit: second (s) f= Q = It I = electric current t = time V I V = voltage; unit: volt (V) I = electric current R= 1 s 1 = s = Hz (read as hertz) Unit Q = A s =C (read as coulomb) Unit f = Unit R = V A

Electrical charges (Q) Resistance (R)

1 = V A = (read as ohm)

5.

Prefixes are used to express some physical quantities that are either very big or very small. Prefix piko nano micro milli centi Symbol Value Prefix deci kilo mega giga tera Symbol Value

6. Standard form or scientific notation: A x 10n where 1 A < 10, n is an integer (integer positive or negative) 3

Physical Quantity Mass of earth Diameter of an oil molecule Speed or light in the vacuum Radius of earth Mass of hydrogen atom Time of a day Temperature of the centre of the earth Size of a flu virus

Value 6 020 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 kg 0. 000 000 000 74 m 299 792 458 m s-1 6 370 000 m 0. 000 021 kg 86 400 s 6 000 000 K 0.000 000 2 m

Standard form or Scientific notation

1.3 Understanding Scalar and Vector Quantities define scalar and vector quantities give examples of scalar and vector quantities. 1. 2. Scalar quantities are quantities that have . but no .. Vector quantities are quantities that have both and . Scalar Quantities Vector Quantities

3. 4.

Example: Distance(s) Total . of the. .. quantity Speed Rate of of Speed = quantity Displacement(s) Distance between .. measured along a specific direction .. quantity Velocity Rate of of .. Velocity = . quantity

Annie the ant is traveling down the road to buy an umbrella for these rainy days. She walks from her nest, A to B, B to C in 10 minutes time as shown in the picture below: (a) What is the distance she traveled? (b) What is her displacement from A? (c) What is her speed? 4

(d) What is her velocity?

U A 4m
Solution: (a) Distance traveled = = . =

Annie the ant

3m

(b) Displacement of the object from A = 5 m towards the direction of AC tan = =

= . o

The displacement of the ant is .. in the direction of from ...

(c) Speed =

(d) Velocity =

= towards the direction of ..

1.4 Measuring Instruments Measure physical quantities using appropriate instruments Explain accuracy and consistency Explain sensitivity Explain types of experimental error 5

 Use appropriate techniques to reduce errors Accuracy, Consistency and Sensitivity in measurement & Errors Definitions: 1. Consistency in measurements refers to .. . there is among the measurements made when a quantity is measured .. 2. Accuracy of a measurement is .. the measurement made is to the .. of the quantity. 3. Sensitivity of an instrument is its . to detect a in the quantity to be measured in a .. .. of . 4. Figure 1.4.1 shows the result for four shooters A, B, C and D in a tournament. Every shooter shot five times. Shooter A B C D Consistency Accuracy

Systematic Error Caused by: i. Error in instruments ii. Error in calibration Example i. . .. be reduced or overcome Way of correction i. Take the error into account

Random Error Caused by: i. Surroundings factors, such as temperature and wind ii. Carelessness of the observer Example i. .. ii. Error in . . be reduced Ways of correction i. Take several readings and calculate the average value.

5. Error is . caused by measuring or the .. or the . . of the surroundings. 6. Two main types of errors : . . and . Parallax errors Definition: A parallax error is an in reading an instrument because the observers eyes and pointer are not .. to the plane of the scale. 6

Concept & Explanation: 1. Figure 2, 3 and 4 show the correct positioning of the observers eyes to avoid parallax errors.

2.

How to avoid parallax error? (a) position of eyes must bewith the scale of the reading to be taken. (b) When taking reading from an ammeter, we must make sure that the eyes are exactly in front of the pointer, so that the of the pointer in the mirror is . . the pointer. In other words, the reflection of the pointer on the mirror could not be seen by the observer, then it is free from ..

Measuring Instruments & Accuracy Measuring Instruments: Physical Quantity Length Current Mass Temperature Time Voltage Measuring Instruments

Ruler A Sensitivity Accuracy Length of wire (A) Instruments measuring length 1. Metre Rule

Ruler B

Ruler A

wire
0 1 2 3 4 5

Ruler B

2.

Vernier Calipers The same wire is measured by a vernier caliper. The reading is as follows:
5

Sensitivity Accuracy Length of wire

0

10

Figure 6

3.

Micrometer Screw Gauge The diameter of the wire is measured by a micrometer screw gauge. The reading is as follows:
0 5 25

20

Sensitivity Accuracy Diameter of wire

Vernier Calipers

1) How to read from a vernier caliper? Figure 8 shows the use of a vernier caliper to measure the size of the inner diameter of a beaker. Inner diameter = main scale reading + vernier scale reading = 3.2 + 0.04 = 3.24 cm

Positive zero error

Negative zero error

Figure 10 Negative zero error = - ( 0.1 0.08 ) cm = - 0.02 cm All measurements taken with this vernier calipers must be corrected by subtracting - 0.08 cm, which is adding 0.08 cm to the readings Figure 9 Positive zero error = + 0.08 cm All measurements taken with this vernier calipers must be corrected by subtracting 0.08 cm from the readings. Eample Example

(i) (i) Figure 11 (ii) Zero error = + 0.04 cm Vernier caliper reading = 0.4 + 0.01 = 0.41 cm Corrected reading = vernier caliper reading zero error = 0.41 0.04 = 0.37 cm Exercise: 1 Write down the readings shown by the following (a)

Figure 12

(ii)

Zero error = -(0.1 0.07) cm = - 0.03 cm Vernier caliper reading = 3.6 + 0.02 = 3.62 cm Corrected reading = vernier caliper reading zero error = 3.62 (-0.03) = 3.62 + 0.03 = 3.65 cm

0
(b)
4 A B 5

10

Answer: ..

P 0

Q 10

Answer: ..

(c)
6 7

Answer: ..
0 5 1 10

(d)

Answer: ..
0 0 5 10 1

2. (a) The following diagram shows the scale of a vernier calliper when the jaws are closed.
0 5

10
10

Zero error =

(b) The following diagram shows the scale of the same vernier calliper when there are 40 pieces of cardboard between the jaws.
5 6

10

Reading shown

Corrected reading = =

Micrometer Screw Gauge

1. How to read from a micrometer screw gauge? Figure 13 shows the use of a micrometer screw gauge to measure the size of a spherical object. 11

Main scale reading = 5.5 mm Thimble scale reading = 12 x 0.01 = 0.12 mm Final reading = 5.5 + 0.12 = 5.62 mm 2. Positive zero error and negative zero error Positive zero error

Negative zero error

Positive zero error = + 0.04 mm All measurements taken with this micrometer screw gauge must be corrected by subtracting 0.04 mm from the readings Example

Negative zero error = - 0.04 mm All measurements taken with this micrometer screw gauge must be corrected by subtracting - 0.04 mm, which is adding 0.04 mm from the readings Example

Zero error = + 0.01 mm micrometer screw gauge reading = 2.5 + 0.35 = 2.85 mm Corrected reading = micrometer screw gauge reading zero error = 2.85 0.01 = 2.84 mm

Zero error = - 0.03 mm micrometer screw gauge reading = 6.0 + 0.08 = 6.08 mm Corrected reading = micrometer screw gauge reading zero error = 6.08 (-0.03) = 6.08 + 0.03 = 6.11 mm

Exercise: 1. Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges. (a) (b)
0 5 30
5 10 15 45

25

40

Answer: . (c)
0

Answer:.. (d)

10 5

0
12

35 30

Answer:

Answer:.

2. (a) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.

0 45

5 0

Zero error = .. mm

Zero error = ........ mm

(b) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.

5 0

20

15 Zero error = Reading shown = .. = Corrected reading =.. = .

(B) Instrument Measuring Current : Ammeter Ammeter ranged . Sensitivity =. Accuracy =.

Doubled ranged ammeter Upper scale ranged 13

Sensitivity =; accuracy =.. Lower scale ranged Sensitivity = accuracy = Reading =..

Miliammeter.. Sensitivity = Accuracy = Reading =..

(C) Accuracy = ..

Instrument Measuring Temperature:Thermometer (D) Instrument Measuring Time

Mechanical Stopwatch Accuracy =.. Reading =

Digital Stopwatch Accuracy = Reading = ..

1.5 Scientific Investigation Identify variables in a given situation Identify a queation suitable for scientific investigation Form a hypothesis Design and carry out a simple experiment to test the hypothesis Record and present data in a suitable form Interpret data to draw a conclusion Write a report of the investigation Clone of SPM Try Exam of the Perak State year 2003: Paper 3 / Section B/ Question 2 Notes: MV -manipulated variable; RV-responding variable; C- constant

14

Keywords to indicate RV is time of making a complete swing

Keywords to indicate C is mass

Keywords to indicate MV is length

Two twin brothers, Micheal and Jackson, of the same size, are swinging happily on the swings at a playground as shown in the figure above. However, the ropes that is holding the swing where Micheal is sitting is longer than Jacksons. And, Micheal notices that his swing is swinging slower than his brother, Jackson. Using this information; (a) make a suitable inference, [1 mark] (b) state one appropriate hypothesis that could be investigated, [1 mark] (c) describe how you would design an experiment to test your hypothesis using a bob, strings and other apparatus. In your description, state clearly the following: Keywords to indicate (i) aim of the experiment the must-use(ii) variables in the experiment apparatus and hinting (iii) list of apparatus and materials on the Pendulum (iv) arrangement of the apparatus experiment (v) the procedure of the experiment, which includes the method of controlling the manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable. (vi) the way you would tabulate the data (vii) the way you would analyze the data [10 marks]

Answer: (a) Inference: . influences . (b) Hypothesis: When the increases, the increases. (c) Marks 1st mark Aim To investigate the relationship between .. and . 2nd mark MV: C List of apparatus & materials RV:

/ / /

3rd mark
3

4th mark
4

, ............., bob, string, retort stand and clamp, split cork. 15

5th mark

Arrangement of apparatus

6th mark

Method to control MV

Measure by using a .. (Notes: Active or passive sentences are acceptable. Must have a value + measuring instrument)

7th mark

Method to control RV

Measure .. by using a Calculate period of a swing, T as follows: ..

8th mark

Repetition
9

: Repeat the experiment with l = ..using the same 10th mark / : Analyze data Plot graph ..against
10

9th mark / : Tabulate data

CHAPTER 2: FORCES AND MOTION

2.1 Linear Motion Define distance and displacement Define speed and velocity and state that v = s/t Define acceleration and deceleration and state that

a=v-u t

Calculate speed and velocity Calculate acceleration / deceleration Solve problems on linear motion with uniform acceleration using (i) v = u + at (ii) s = ut + at2 (iii) v2 = u2 + 2as Distance and Displacement 16

A:

Fill in the blank with the correct answer 1. Physical quantities can be divided into 2 : (a) (b) 2. 3. 4. quantity quantity

Distance is quantity which has . and no is a vector quantity which has magnitude and direction The SI unit for both physical quantities is .. Distance Displacement Distance taken with consideration of direction Scalar quantity

B:

Complete the table below : Aspect Definition Type of quantity SI unit

Speed and Velocity C: Complete the table below Aspect Definition Type of physical quantity Formula SI unit u, v u denotes initial speed v denotes final speed Average speed = Total distance Time Speed Scalar Speed = Total distance Time Velocity = m s-1 u, v u denotes initial velocity v denotes final velocity We usually consider the forward motion ( to the right ) as positive and the backward ( to the left) as negative ) Velocity Rate of change of displacement

Symbol

Acceleration D: Fill in the blank with the correct answer. 1. 2. Acceleration is the rate of change of .. Acceleration , a = Final velocity - Initial velocity Time taken

a=
3. 4. 5. 6. The SI unit of acceleration is . Acceleration is a .. quantity occurs when an object moves with . velocity. . occurs when an object moves with velocity 17

E:

Solve the problem. 1. A car starts from points from point O and moves to U, 50 m to the north in 60 s. The car then moves to B, 120 m to the west in 40 s. Finally, it stops. Calculate the : (a) total distance moved by the car

(b)

displacement of the car

(c)

speed of the car when it is moves to the north

(d)

velocity of the car

(e)

average speed of the car

2.

A bus stops at a station to pick passengers up. It then moves and attains a velocity of 15 m s -1 in 8 s. What is the acceleration of the bus ?

F. Complete the table below with the correct answer Increasing Speed Pattern (a) Direction of motion short decreasing increasing low far high Explanation same decreasing

. . . Initial
(b)

The distance between the dots is the . It shows that the object is moving with The distance between the dots is .. It shows that the object is moving very . 18

Final Direction of motion

................

Initial (c)

Final Direction of motion

. . . Initial
(d)

The distance between the dots is . It shows that the speed of the object is moving with .

Final Direction of motion

. . . . . Initial
(e)

The distance between the dots is . It shows that the speed of the object is .

Final Direction of motion

. . . Initial

. . . .
Final

The distance between the dots is . It shows that the speed of the object is

G:

Determine the acceleration of a trolley from the ticker tape 1. The ticker tape is divided into 5 parts. Every part has 2 ticks as shown in figure below. Find the acceleration. 1 cm 5 cm

A Solution :

Step 1. Time taken of one part

Solution One part = . Ticks = . x 0.02 s = . S 19

2. initial velocity, u = s initial t initial 3. Final velocity, v = s final t final 4. Determine the total time Total time = ( Total parts 1) x time of one part 5. Acceleration, a = v u t

u=

cm s

= . cm s-1 v= cm s = . cm s-1 Total time, t = ( ) x .. s = x ... s = . S a=vu t = = cm s-2

The equations of motion 1. Complete the table below Physical Quantity Displacement Initial velocity acceleration List the equations of linear motion. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Symbol v 2.

Questions 1. Solve the following problems using the equations of linear motion (a) A car moves from rest to a velocity of 10 ms -1 in 5 s .Calculate the acceleration of the car Solution :

(b) A car traveling with a velocity of 10 m s-1 accelerates uniformly at a rate of 3 m s -2 for 20 s. Calculate the displacement of the car. 20

Solution :

(c) A van that is traveling with velocity 16 m s-1 decelerates until it comes to a stop. If the distance traveled is 8 m, calculate the deceleration of the van. Solution:

2.2 Analysing Motion Graph Plot and interpret displacement-time and velocity-time graphs Deduce from the shape of a displacement-time graph when a body is: i) at rest ii) moving with uniform velocity iii) moving with non-uniform velocity Determine distance, displacement and velocity from a displacement-time graph Deduce from the shape of a velocity-time graph when a body is: i) at rest ii) moving with uniform velocity iii) moving with uniform acceleration Determine distance, displacement and velocity and acceleration from a velocity-time graph Solve problems on linear motion with uniform acceleration A: Describe the motion of an object as shown in the following motion graphs. (a) The Displacement-Time Graph 21

Graph of s against t s/m

Explanation

The displacement of the object from a fixed point is .. Therefore, the velocity of the object is . 0 s/m The gradient of the graph = ..of the object. The gradient of the graph is ., therefore the velocity of the object is . 0 s/m The gradient of the graph .. with time. Therefore the velocity of the object . with . 0 t/s t/s t/s

(b) The velocity time graph Graph of v against t v/m s

-1

Explanation

Velocity of object is . . The object is

t/s v/m s
-1

The object is moving with uniform

22

t/s v/m s-1 The gradient of the graph = The gradient of the graph is Therefore, the acceleration of the object is t/s v/m s-1 Area under the graph = .

t/s B. Describe the motion of a runner who is running in a straight line s/m

25 20 15 10 5
O 5 Solution : O-A A-B B-C C-D 10

C A B

t/s 12

D
t/s 15

Motion of the runner Running with a uniform velocity of 3 m s-1

C: Study the velocity-time graph.

v/m s-1 10 B 5 C

D
23

t/s

10

15

20

25

Calculate:(i) the acceleration, a, for sections AB, BC and CD (ii) total displacement

2.3 Understanding Inertia Explain what inertia is Relate mass to inertia Give examples to reduce the negative effects of inertia A. Fill in the blanks or underline the correct answers 1.

24

When the bus stops suddenly our feet are brought to rest but due to inertia, our body tends to continue its (forward/backward) motion. This causes our body to jerk forward.(thrown forward) 2.

When the bus moves suddenly from rest our feet are carried (forward/backward) but Due to inertia our body tends to keep us (rest/moving) . This causes our body to fall backwards. (thrown backbards) 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The inertia of an object is the.................................. of the object to remain at ........... or if ...................... to continue its uniform motion in a straight line The mass of an object is the amount or quantity of matter contained in the object. The SI unit of mass is .. The mass of an object is wherever it is measured. It is different from .. which is affected by the . of gravity. An object with a larger mass has a .. Inertia.

Effects of inertia B. Explain the positive effect by using the clues given.
Clue : Drying a wet umbrella Clue : Pour our Tomato sauces

25

Positive effect Of inertia

Clue : Tighten the Hammer head

Clue: Running zig-zig when chased by a bull.

C .Match the correct explanation to each of the characteristics Characteristic (a) The tank which carries liquid in a lorry should be divided into smaller tanks (b) the part between the drivers seat and load should have strong steel structure (c) Safety belts (d) Airbag Explanation Hold the passengers to their seat during collision Prevent the driver from hitting the steering in an accident Prevent the load from being thrown to the front To reduce the effects of inertia when stopped suddenly.

2.4 Analysing Momentum Define the momentum of an object Define momentum(p) as the product of mass (m) and velocity(v) ie p=mv State the principle of conservation of momentum Describe the applications of conservation of momentum Solve problems involving momentum A. Fill in the blank with the correct answer 26

1. 2.

Momentum is defined as the product of and . The formula of momentum is given by : Momentum = .. p = . x .

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Momentum is a .. quantity The SI unit of momentum is Momentum .. when velocity .. The principle of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum in a closed of object is .. The total momentum the collision is to the total momentum after the collision, if no . acts on the system. The principle of conservation of momentum can be applied in (a) collision (b) collision (c) .

B.

Fill in the blank 1. Collision I : Both bodies separates after collision. Momentum is ...

u1 m1 u2 m2 m1 v2 m2

Before collision Momentum :

after collision

2.

Collision II : Both objects move together after collision. . Is conserved.

u1 m1 u2 = 0 m2 v m1 + m2

27

Before collision Momentum :

after collision

3. Explosion : Two or more bodies in contact will be after the explosion

(m1 + m2), u = 0

v1

v2 m2
after explosion

Before explosion Momentum : B. Complete the table below Elastic collision (a) Both bodies will separate after collision (b) (c) The total kinetic energy is conserved (c) Total energy is conserved The total momentum is conserved Inelastic collision

Explosion Two or more bodies in contact will be separated after the collision The total momentum is conserved

Total energy is conserved

C. 1.

Solve the following problems Car A of mass 100 kg traveling at 30 m s-1 collides with Car B of mass 90 kg traveling at 20 m s-1 in front of it. Car A and B move separately after collision. If Car A moves at 25 m s -1 after collision, determine the velocity of Car B after collision. Solution :

28

2:

A trolley of mass 4 kg moves at 3 m s-1 and collide with a trolley of mass 2 kg which is moving in the opposite direction at 1 m s-1. After the collision, both trolleys move together with the same velocity. What is their common velocity ? Solution :

3:

A bullet of mass 2 g is shot from a gun of mass 1 kg with a velocity of 150 m s -1 . Calculate the velocity of the recoil of the gun after firing. Solution :

2.5 Understanding the Effects of a force describe the effects of balanced forces acting on an object describe the effects of unbalanced forces acting on an object determine the relationship between force, mass and acceleration i.e F=ma Solve problems using F = ma 1. Answer the following questions. (a) What are the effects of a force when acting on an object? A force can. 29

(i) __________ a stationary object (ii) __________ a moving object (iii) change the ________ / ________ of an object (iv) change the ________ / ________ of an object (b) Force is a ( scalar / vector ) quantity . (c) What is the SI unit for force? The S.I. unit for force is ____________ . 2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers for balanced and unbalanced forces. (a) Forces acting on an object are said balanced when the net force is ___________. (b) When the forces acting on an object are balanced, it is either at ___________ or moving with ___________ _____________. (c) An object will ____________________ if the forces acting on it are not balanced. 3. Draw the graph and state the relationship between acceleration, a, force, F and mass, m. (i) a a

F (m is constant) (ii) Relationship : a is _________________ to F (iii) Combine the relationship:

F = k F=

(F is constant) Relationship :

1 m
a

a is __________________ to m

F
a

; k is constant (k = 1)

(b) The relationship between F, m and a is known as Newtons _____________ law of ____________.

4.

Solve the following. a = 3 m s-2 m = 1000 kg F

(a)

A force, F is required to move an object of mass 1000 kg with an acceleration of 3 m s -2. Calculate F when (i) object is on a smooth surface 30

(ii) Solution : (i)

object is on a surface where the frictional force is 200 N

(ii)

(b)

A block of mass 20 kg is pulled along the ground by a force, F of 60 N. The frictional force is 10 N. Calculate the acceleration of the block.

Solution:

(c)

A car of mass 1200 kg which is travelling at 90 km h-1 comes to a stop in a distance of 50 m when the brakes are applied. What is the average braking force of the car?

2.6 Analysing Impulse and Impulsive Force Explain what an impulsive force is Give examples of situations involving impulsive forces Define impulse as a change of momentum ie Ft = mv-mu Define impulsive force as the rate of change of momentum in a collision or explosion i.e F = mv-mu t Explain the effect of increasing or decreasing time of impact on the magnitude of the impulsive force Describe situations where an impulsive force needs to be reduced and suggest ways to reduce it Describe situations where an impulsive force is beneficial 31

 Solve problems involving impulsive forces 1. Define impulse and impulsive force by completing the following table. Situation From : A ball of mass, m is kicked with a force, F. The time of contact is t. The ball accelerates from u to v. F = ma F=m

Explanation

F=

mv mu = change of Impulsive force F 1 t F=

t mv mu = t Impulsive force is defined as the ......................... . in a collision or explosion. Impulse = Ft = = change of .. SI unit for impulse is or ..

F mv mu

Impulse = force x time

2. (i) Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers. Impulsive force is a force which acts over a very .. time interval during .. and . (ii) By using the figures given, determine whether the impulsive force acting is large or small.

32

3. Two eggs of the same mass are released from the same height, as shown in the figure below. Egg A falls on a concrete floor while egg B falls on a thick folded towel.

Figure A

Figure B

Using Figure A and Figure B, compare the conditions of the eggs after the fall and explain the relationship between the material where the eggs landed and the force acting on the eggs upon landing. 4. A tennis ball of mass 45 g travels at a velocity of 70 m s 1 immediately after it is struck by a racket. The time of contact between the tennis ball and the racket is 0.5 ms. Calculate (a) impulse and (b) impulsive force exerted on the ball. Solution :

Reinforced passenger compartment Padded ___________

Automatic air __________

Head ______ 2.7 Being Aware of the Need for Safety Features in Vehicles Describe the importance of safety features in vehicles Safety seat ________

33

Crumple zones

Shatter proof ___________

_______________ _________ (ABS)

Side impact bars

Safety features Padded dashboard Head rest

Importance To cushion an impact and increases the ______ __________ of collision so the __________ _______ produced is thereby reduced

To prevent the windscreen from shattering. Automatic air bag

Safety seat belt

To minimize the force acting from a side- on collision.

Anti-lock braking system To increase the time interval of impact so that the resultant impulsive force is reduced.

2.8 Understanding Gravity Explain acceleration due to gravity State what a gravitational field is Define gravitational field strength Determine the value of acceleration due to gravity Define weight (W) as the product of mass (m) and acceleration due to gravity (g) i.e W=mg 34

 Solve problems involving acceleration due to gravity 1. Complete the following by fill in the appropriate answer. a. b. c. An object will .. to the surface of the earth because it is pulled by .. The pull or force of gravity also known as ... When an object falls without encountering any resistance and under the force of . only, the object is said to be .

feather

d. All objects freely with the same acceleration regardless of their and

vacuum stone

e. The constant .. of objects falling freely due to the force of .. is known as , g. f. Practically, a free . can only take place in . where there is no air resistance.

g. h.

The region around the earth is the . field of the earth. The gravitational field strength is defined as the . acting on a 1 kg mass. When an object falling freely, acceleration due to gravity, g = An object at the surface of the earth experiences gravitational force, g = .

i.

2. State the differences between weight and mass in the table below. Weight 1. the gravitational force act on the object. 2. 3. vector quantity 4. 5. SI unit : Newton (N) 1. 2. constant quantity everywhere 3. 4. base quantity, mass = m 5. Mass

Solve the problem below

35

3. A coconut falls from rest and hit the ground after 1.2 s. (a) What is the velocity of the coconut just before hits the ground? (b) Calculate the height of the coconut before it fall.

4.

A stone is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 20 m s -1. If g = 10 ms-2, (a) the maximum height reached (b) the time taken for the stone to return to its original position.

calculate

36

2.9 Analysing Forces in Equilibrium Describe situations where forces are in equilibrium State what a resultant force is Add two forces to determine the resultant force Resolve a force into the effective component forces Solve problems involving forces in equilibrium 1. Fill in the blanks. i) Forces that act on an object are said to be in .. when the object is . or is moving at . ii) iii) iv) The net force that acts on an object when two or more forces act on it is known .... When . is reached, the resultant force acting on the object is Newtons . law of motion states that to every . there is an equal but opposite as the

..

v)

A force can be resolved into component which are to one another.

Horizontal cpmponent Fx =

Vertical component Fy =

2. In the table below, mark and label all the forces that act on the object. i) A box is at rest on a table. ii) An object that is suspended by a rope.

iii) An airplane flying at a constant velocity.

iv) A trolley being pushed at a constant velocity

37

v)

60 N 4 kg 30 0

A box of mass 4 kg is being pulled by a force of 60 N at an angle of 30 0 to the surface of a floor. Calculate (a) the componentof the force which causes the box to move forward. (b) the acceleration of the box if the frictional force between the floor and the box is 5 N,

Solution :

vi)

A man pushes a box of mass 40 kg is up an inclined plane. The inclined plane makes an angle of 30 0 with the horizontal floor. The frictional force acting between the inclined plane and the box is 120 N. If the man pushes the box with a force of 400 N, calculate the acceleration of the box.

vii) 4 kg

Smooth pulley

6 kg Solution :

A 4 kg trolley is connected by a rope to a load of mass 6 kg. The friction between the table and the trolley is 15 N. The load is then released. Assuming that the pulley is smooth and the rope is of negligible mass, find (a) the resultant force that act on the system (b) the acceleration of the system (c) the tension of the rope

38

viii)

Two loads of mass 3 kg and 5 kg are connected by a rope which passes through a smooth pulley. If the system is released from rest, calculate the acceleration of the 5 kg load. Solution :

3 kg

5 kg

3. Forces in equilibrium i

30

O 6 kg

A block of mass 6 kg is suspended vertically by a string tied at O to the string AOB. If the system is in equilibrium, draw a vector diagram (triangle of forces) and hence determine the tension of string OA and OB.

ii)

A lamp of mass 1.5 kg is hung from a beam as shown in the diagram. Calculate the tension in the rope. Solution:

1.5 kg

39

2.10 Understanding Work, Energy, Power and Efficency Explain the process of define work (W) as the product of an applied force (F) and displacement (s) of an object in the direction of the applied force ie W = Fs State that when work is done energy is transferred from one object to another Define kinetic energy and state that Ek = mv2 Define gravitational potential energy and state that Ep = mgh State the principle of conservation of energy Define power and state that P=W/t Explain what efficiency of a device is Solve problems involving work, energy, power and efficiency SECTION A. Choose the correct word in the bracket. 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . SECTION B. Fill in the blank with the correct answer. postion 1. 2. 3. 4. unchanged energy motion Work is the product of applied force and (distance/displacement) in the direction of the applied force. When the work is done (force/energy) is transferred from one object to another. The work done is equal to the amount of (temperature/energy) transferred. The SI unit for work is (joule/watt).

Kinetic energy is the energy of an object due to its ____________ Gravitational potential energy is the energy of an object due to its ____________ in the gravitational field. The principle of conservation of energy states that _________ can be transferred from one form to another but it cannot be created or destroyed. The principle of conservation of energy explains that the total amount of energy always remains

___________. SECTION C. State or false for each of the following statements. 1. 2. Power is the rate of doing work The efficiency of a device is the percentage of the energy input that is transformed into useful energy. SECTION D : State the transformation of energy.. Light energy Gravitational potential energy Sound energy From Electrical energy Electrical energy Elastic potential energy (True/False) (True/False)

Statement 1. Durian falls to the ground 2. A bulb connected to a dry cell lights up 3. A bell rings when the switch is pressed 4. The motion of an arrow when an archer releases the string

To Kinetic energy + sound energy heat energy + Kinetic energy + sound energy

40

SECTION E : Answer all questions. Work done Force and displacement in the same direction Force and displacement in difference direction

FY F s
W = F. s W = Work F = ___________ s = ___________

FY

F Fx

Fx s

W = FX . s W = __________ W = work F = force s = displacement = angle between ______ and _____________

Diagram (a)

Diagram (b)

1. Diagrams (a) and (b) shows a boy pushing a load and a weightlifter lifting a load of 60 kg a) Calculate the work done i. by the boy

ii. by the weightlifter in lifting the load. 41

2.

Azman is pulling a box with a force of 50 N at an angle of 60 o from the horizontal. Calculate the work done to move the box to a distance of 3 m.

Displacement = 3 m

3. Samy releasing 2 kg metal ball from a building of 40 m height (Take the acceleration due to gravity as 10 ms-2) a) At the height of 40 m, the metal ball has (gravitational Metal ball potential energy/kinetic energy) b) Just before the metal ball hits the ground, the maximum energy that it has is (gravitational potential energy/kinetic energy). c) Calculate 40 meter i) The energy of the metal ball at the height of40 m.

ii) the kinetic energy of the metal before it hits the ground.

d) What is the principle used in c ii)? 5. A motor lifting a weight 1 kg to a height of 4.0 m in 4 s. The input energy supply to the motor in one second is 20 J. Calculate a) power of the motor

42

b) the efficiency of the motor

2.11 Appreciating the Importance of Maximizing the Efficiency of Devices Recognize the importance of maximizing efficiency of devices in conserving resources A. Fill in the box with the correct terms. Kinetic Resistance Light Device Bulb Friction in engine Electrical Heat Conversion of energy Electrical ____________ ____________ Petrol engine Chemical +___________ Electric fan _________ Kinetic ________________ Heat and sound __________________ Resistance in coil + bearing __________________ Battery _________ _ B. Underline the correct statement below. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Statement Most of the energy in mechanical devices loss as heat and sound. A major cause of inefficiency in machines is due to friction. The output energy of devices always more then input energy. Maximizing the efficiency of devices makes the best use of the input energy and reduces energy wastage. Maximizing the efficiency of devices helps to conserve energy resources. When energy transformations take place, not all of energy is used to do useful work. Answer (True/False) (True/False) (True/False) (True/False) (True/False) (True/False) Electrical Heat __________________ Resistance in electrolyte Chemical

Loss of energy Heat

Loss of energy due to __________________ __________________

43

2.12 Understanding Elasticity Define elasticity Define Hookes Law Define elastic potential energy and state that Ep = kx2 Determine the factors that affect elasticity Describe applications of elasticity Solve problems involving elasticity SECTION A : Fill in the blanks with the correct word or terms. extension Force constant work Elastic limit elastic potential energy Car spring support A cushion directly proportional Spring balance energy transferred elasticity

1. The property of materials that can return to its original shape or size when the external force no longer acts on it is known as ______________. 2. 3. ___________ of a spring is the maximum force that can be applied to a spring such that the spring will be able to be restored to its original length when the force is removed. Hookes Law states that the extension of a spring is ________________to applied force provided that the elastic limit is not exceeded. F=kx Where F = Force on the spring k = ________________spring x = ______________of the spring 4. 5. energy. 6. Applications of elasticity a) ______________is used to support our body when we sit on it them. b) ______________enable passengers in a car to feel comfortable even when it travels on a bumpy road. c) ______________is used to measure mass/weight which is stretched when a load is hung on it. SECTION B : Factors that affect the elasticity of a spring. Complete the table below. The larger the smaller The shorter Factor 1. 2. Length Diameter of spring (coil) of the spring. 44 Relationship to elasticity the spring, the larger the force constant of the spring. The larger the diameter of a spring (coil), the force constant elasticity A spring that is stretched or compressed stores __________________ _____________. When a force acts on a spring, is done. The work done is stored as elastic potential

3. 4.

Diameter of spring wire of the spring. Type of material The

the diameter of spring wire, the larger the force constant of a spring depends on the material it is made of.

SECTION C : Answer all the question. 1. The force-extension graphs for two springs, R and S are shown below. Complete the table that follows.

Force, F (N) R 40 S

20

5
Statement

10

Extension, x (cm)
Spring R ____N cm
-1

Spring S ____ N cm-1 ____N cm-1 _______N. 50_N cm ____N m ____J

The gradient of the graph The force constant of spring Force needed to extend 1 cm of the spring The area under the graph when the spring is extented by 5 cm E lastic potential energy when the spring is extented by 5 cm From the graph, we may conclude that

____N cm-1 ______N. 100_N cm ____N m ___J

Spring ___ is more stiff compared to spring____. When each spring is extented by 5 cm, spring _____stores more elastic potential energy than spring ____

45

2. The figures below shows the arrangement of apparatus in an experiment to determine the relationship between the extension, e of a spring T with weight, W. The relationship of e and W is shown in the graph.

a)

Based on the graph, i. Mark with a cross (x) the elastic limit of the spring. ii. Name the law that is related to the graph before the elastic limit is exceeded.

iii. State the relationship between W and e before the elastic limit.

iv. Determine the value of e when W = 8 N. Show on the graph, how you determine the value of e.

46

b)

The spring stores energy when it is extended. i)Name the type of energy stored in the spring.

ii) Calculate the force constant of the spring in SI unit.

iii) Calculate the area under the graph, when the spring is extended from o cm to 4 cm.

iv) Calculate the energy stored in the spring when it is extended by 4 cm.

v) What is the relationship between area under the graph and the energy stores in the spring.

c) Another spring T is added parallel with the spring T as shown in the figure below.

47

Spring T

Spring T

Sketch the graph of W against e for this experiment on the graph.

CHAPTER 3: FORCES AND PRESSURE

3.1 Understanding Pressure Define pressure and state that P = Describe applications of pressure Solve problems involving pressure 1. What is meant by pressure? ........................................................................................................................................ 2. Choose ( ) the examples that apply the concept of pressure? ( ( ( ) Toothpaste ) Larger and wider seat belt ) Ship ( ( ( ) Nail ) Knife ) Aerofoil
F A

3. A girl is going to take a walk on a soggy field. There are two types of shoes as in diagram 3. Which type of shoes should she wear? ........................................................................................................................................ 4. Diagram shows a cuboid of 2 kg on a table. Calculate the pressure exerted on the table by the cuboid. Tick () the correct answer. 0.1 m

48 0.4 m

Diagram ( ) 0.8 N m
-2

( ) 50 N m-2 ( ) 200 N m-2 ( ) 500 N m-2

5. Diagram 5 shows different situations of a cuboid of 5 kg on a table. Circle the diagram in which the cuboid exerts the least pressure on the table.

Diagram 5 3.2 Understanding Pressure in Liquids relate depth to pressure in a liquid relate density to pressure in a liquid explain pressure in a liquid and state that P = h g describe applications of pressure in liquids. 1. What is the relationship between depth of liquid and pressure? ................................................................................................................................................................................. . 2. What is the relationship between density of liquid and pressure? ................................................................................................................................................................................. .

49

Diagram 3 3. Diagram 3 shows a container of oil. Underline the correct answer Point ( X , Y ) has the highest pressure? 4. The relationship of Pressure in liquid is, P =hg What is represented by h, and g respectively? h =.............................. = ............................. g =............................. 5. State one application of pressure in liquid. .................................................................................................................................................................................

. Diagram 6 Diagram 6 shows a glass full of alcohol. What is the pressure at P? Tick () the correct answer. [ Density of alcohol = 800 kg m-3 ] ( ) 1600 Pa ( ) 16 000 Pa ( ) 160 000 Pa ( ) 1 600 000 Pa 3.3 Understanding Gas Pressure and Atmospheric Pressure explain gas pressure explain atmospheric pressure describe applications of atmospheric pressure

50

1. A student wrote several statements to explain the gas pressure. However they were in the wrong order. Rearrange the statements in sequence to explain the gas pressure. [Write numbers 1, 2, 3 or 4 in the sequence column] Sequence The gas is made up of gas particles. The collisions of gas particles on the wall of container give rise to gas pressure The gas particles move randomly with high speed. 2. Statements Collisions of gas particles in the container occur very frequently.

Diagram 2 Diagram 2 shows a manometer connected to a gas tank. Determine the gas pressure shown.[ Atmospheric pressure = 76 cm Hg]

3.

Diagram 3 Diagram 3 shows a manometer. What will happen to the mercury column Y if X is connected to a high pressure of gas tank? 51

............................. . 4. Underline the correct answer. (a) The ( weight , mass ) of air on the earths surface caused the atmospheric pressure. (b) A mountain terrain has a ( higher , lower ) atmospheric pressure than at the sea-side because the air at the mountain terrain is ( thicker , thinner ). 5. It is found that a Fortin barometer reads 74 cm Hg at a highland whereas the reading is 76 cm Hg at the sea side. Based on the statement, tick () i. a correct inference ii. a correct hypothesis i ( ) The atmospheric pressure is influenced by the altitude ( ) The atmospheric pressure is influenced by the type of barometer ii. ( ) The higher the altitude from sea level the lower the atmospheric pressure ( ) The lower the altitude from sea level the lower the atmospheric pressure

6. Fortin barometer X reads 74 cm whereas Fortin barometer Y reads 76 cmHg. Which of the following statements correctly explain the difference of atmospheric pressure in the terms of altitude? Tick () at the correct statements. The Fortin barometer X measured the atmospheric pressure at lower altitude. The Fortin barometer X measured the atmospheric pressure at higher altitude. The Fortin barometer Y measured the atmospheric pressure at lower altitude. The Fortin barometer Y measured the atmospheric pressure at higher altitude.

8. List two applications of atmospheric pressure. i . ............................................................................................................................... ii. ...............................................................................................................................

52

3.4 Appling Pascals Principle state Pascals principle. Explain hydraulic system Describe applications of Pascals principle. Solve problems involving Pascals principle. 1. Pascals Principle states that ............................................................................................... ..............................

2.

Some examples of the application of the Pascals Principle are .. ,.......................

3.

Diagram 3 shows a application of Pascals Principle. State the relationship between F1, F2, A1 and A2.

53

Diagram 3

.................................

4.

The diagram 4 show one application where pressure is transmitted equally through an oil. Name of the system : ..

Diagram 4 5. Diagram 5 shows toothpaste being squeezed out from the tube. The principle that explains the situation below is

54

Diagram 5 6. Diagram 6 shows a :..

Diagram 6 7. Diagram 7 shows a simple hydraulic system. A1 and A2 are cross section area of the piston. A1 = 5 cm2 and A2 = 10 cm2.

Diagram 7 (a). What is the minimum force F1 which can lift a load of 100 kg ? (b). What will happen to the hydraulic jack if the force F 1 is less than the value found in 7(a)? (c). Give one reason for your answer ............................ ...................................................................................................................................................................

55

3.5 Applying Archimedes Principle Explain buoyant force Relate buoyant force to the weight of the liquid displaced State Archimedes principle. Describe applications of Archimedes principle Solve problems involving Archimedes principle 1. Buoyant force is the .................................................................................................................................. ............................. 2. Archimedes' Principle states that .............................................................................................................. ......................................................................... ............................. 3. The examples of application of Archimedes' Principle are: .., ... , .. 4. What is the relationship between the buoyant force and the weight of water displaced ? ....................................... 5. Diagram 5 shows a spring balance supporting a metal block K in three situations.

56

Diagram 5 (a) Compare the readings of the spring balance in Diagram 5A and Diagram 5B. ............................ (b) Name three forces that act on K when it is partially or totally immersed in water. .., .,

(c) State and explain the relationship between the forces in (b). ............................ (d) Name the principle involved in question (c). ........................... (e). (i). What will happen to the spring balance in diagram 5C if the water is replaced with salt solution? ............................ (ii) Give one reason for your answer. .............................. 6. A submarine can sail on the sea surface and under the sea. Explain how a submarine on the surface submerges. a) The submarine has a ____________. 57

b) Water is d)

_________

in the ballast tank.

The submarine sinks into the water when its ___________ is more than the ____________ of the water and its weight is equal/more than the _______.

7.

A fisherman finds that his boat is at different levels in the sea and in the river, although the boat carries the same load. Diagram A and B below illustrate the situations of the boat in the sea and in the river.

Diagram 7 Compare the levels of the boats in diagram 7 and the volumes of water displaced by the boat. Relating the mass of the boat with its load, the volume of water displaced and the density of the water, deduce a relevant physics concept. a) The boat _________ more in the river than in the sea. than river water.

b) Sea water is ___________ c) The

_________ of the boat and its load is the same when it is in the

sea and in the river. d) The boat floats because it is being balanced up by the _____________. e) The upthrust is equal to the weight of _________________. f) More water will be ___________ when the density is lower. The boat _________ more when the density is lower.

8.

Diagram A and B illustrate the working principle of a hydrometer. The depth to which the test tube sinks depends on its surrounding liquid.

58

Diagram 8 Explain how you would design a hydrometer that can determine a wide range of densities of liquid, using the idea of the working principle of hydrometer in diagram 8A and diagram 8B. Draw a diagram that shows the design of your hydrometer and in your explanation. Emphasized the following aspects: the stability of the hydrometer, the sensitivity of the hydrometer, the ability to measure a wide range of densities of liquids, the calibration of the hydrometer.

a) Draw a correct design of the hydrometer. b) Put _________________ balls in the glass bulb, to ensure the hydrometer is upright. c) Use a _________________ stem, to have a bigger interval of the scale. d) Use a suitable big bulb and a ___________ stem. So that the hydrometer does not sink fully in low density liquid. e) ______________ the hydrometer in a paraffin oil / alcohol. The scale and the level of liquid at the stem will show the density of paraffin oil / alcohol. This is to make calibration for liquid of low density. f) ________________ the hydrometer into a carbon tetrachloride solution. This is the calibration for liquid of high density. Make the scale at the stem using the upper and the lower level of density.

59

3.6 Understanding Bernoulli's Principle State Bernoullis principle Explain that resultant force exists due to a difference in fluid pressure Describe applications of Bernoullis principle Solve problems involving Bernoullis principle 1. Bernoulli's Principle states that .............................. 2. The examples of application of the Bernoulli's Principle are: i ..,ii ....,iii..., iv.,v..

3. Diagram below shows a piece of paper hanging from a retort stand. When air flows from the nozzle of an air pump, the paper changes its position as shown in Diagram B.

Diagram 3 (a) Compare the position of the paper in Diagram 3A and Diagram 3B. ................................. 60

(b)

F is a force that causes the paper to change its position. In box X, on Diagram B, indicate and label the direction of F that acts on the paper.

(c)

Explain how F is produced. i............................ ii...........................

(d)

(i) Compared to the position of the paper in Diagram B, how does the position of paper change when the air flows faster ?. . (ii). Give a reason for your answer in (d)(i). .

(e)

Name the principle that causes the observation in Diagram B. .

4.

Diagram A below shows the situation of a sheet of paper before and when air is blown. Diagram B shows the situation of canopy before the lorry moves and when the lorry moves at high speed.

Diagram 4 (a) Based on Diagram 4A and Diagram 4B : (i) State two similarities for the situations in Diagram 4A and Diagram 4B. i. ii (ii) Compare the air pressure above and below the paper when air is blown. (iii) Relate the speed of the air to the pressure of the air. 61

 (b) Name the principle involved in question (a)(iii). 5. Diagram 5 shows an instrument used to measure the speed of air.

Diagram 5 In Diagram 5A shown the level of coloured water in the U-tube is the same before air flows. (a) Compare the speeds of air at P and at Q after air flows at diagram B. (b) Mark the water level in the U-tube in Diagram B when air flows.

6.

Diagram 6 shows a cross-section of a wing of a moving aero plane. The wing of the aeroplane experiences a lift force.

Diagram 6 (a) Name the shape of the cross-section in Diagram 6. 62

.. (b) Explain why the lift force acts on the wing of the aeroplane. i ii iii 7. Diagram 7 shows a model of an aeroplane.

Diagram 7 You are required to give some suggestions to design a aero plane which can travel faster and more stable. Using the knowledge on motion, forces and the properties of materials, explain the suggestion based on the following aspects: the surface of the plane the shape of the plane material used for the plane position of the wing the size of the wing

a) __________. To reduce air friction between air plane and air. b) _____________ shape. To reduce air friction also. c) ________________ material. To reduce the weight and easy to fly. d) The wings are positioned higher up on the body so that the aeroplane is _________________ e) ___________. To increase the uplift (force).. .

CHAPTER 4 : HEAT
63

4.1 Understanding Thermal Equilibrium Explain thermal equilibrium Explain how a liquid-in-glass thermometer works 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. ( Heat , Temperature ) is the degree of hotness of a body. ( Heat , Temperature ) is a form of energy. A hot body has a temperature where as a cold body has a temperature. The SI unit for heat is . The SI unit for temperature is Temperature is a *( base , derived ) quantity. Heat is a *( base , derived ) quantity. The figure shows two metal blocks in thermal contact. A 30C B 80C (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 9. Energy is transferred from *( A , B ) to *( A , B ) at a faster rate. Energy is transferred from *( A , B ) to *( A , B ) at a slower rate. Temperature A will *( increase , decrease ). Temperature B will *( increase , decrease ). The net heat will flow from *( A , B ) to *( A , B ) until they are at the

same temperature. Two bodies are said to be in thermal equilibrium when : (a) they are at the *( zero , same ) temperature. (b) the net rate of heat flow between the two bodies is *( zero , same ).

10. 11. 12. 13.

Temperature is measured by a ..with works with the principle of .... Name the physical property (thermometric property) which varies with temperature used in a liquidin-glass thermometer. .. The liquids commonly used in liquid-in-glass thermometers are and . Comparison of mercury and alcohol as a liquid-in-glass thermometer. Mercury Freezing point : Boiling point : It (wet, does not wet) the tube. (Opaque , colourless) Easy to read. It is (poisonous, safe liquid). It is (cheap, expensive). Conducts heat well, responds faster to temperature changes. Freezing point : Boiling point : It (wet, does not wet) the tube. (Opaque , colourless) It needs to be dyed. It is (poisonous, safe liquid). It is (cheap, expensive). Responds more slowly then mercury. Alcohol

14.

Complete the following table concerning a liquid-in-glass thermometer. Features Explanation

64

The glass bulb is thin.

The bulb is made small.

The bore of the capillary tube is narrow and uniform.

The walls of the long tube above the bulb are made thick

15.

Temperature of liquid, =

l l 0 100 0 C , l100 l 0

Where, l 0 = length of mercury at .. point.

l100 = length of mercury at .. point.
l = length of mercury at

point.

16.

An uncalibrated thermometer is attached to a centimetre scale and reads 5.0 cm in pure melting ice and 30.0 cm in steam. When the thermometer is immersed in the liquid y, the length of the mercury column is 15.0 cm. What is temperature of liquid y?

4.2 Understanding Specific Heat Capacity Define specific heat capacity I State that c= Q m Determine the specific heat capacity of a liquid 65

 Determine the specific heat capacity of a solid Describe applications of specific heat capacity Solve problems involving specific heat capacity 1. The of a substance is the quantity of heat needed to increase the temperature of a mass of 1 kg by 1 2. Specific heat capacity, c = Q m
0

C or 1 K.

Where, m = Q =

= .
3. 4. 5. The unit of specific heat capacity is . The quantity of heat absorbed or lost from a body is given by, Q = How much heat energy is required to raise the temperature of 1.5 kg of water from 30 boiling point ? The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg
1 0 1 C . 0

C to its

6.

Conversion of energy (a) (b) (c) Electrical energy from heater transformed into heat energy. = m c Potential energy of a falling object transformed into heat energy. = m c Kinetic energy of a moving object is transformed into heat energy when it is stopped due to friction. = m c

7.

A 700 W electric heater is used to heat 2 kg of water for 10 minutes. Calculate the temperature rise of 1 0 1 the water. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg C .

66

8.

A copper block weighing 2 kg is dropped from a height of 20 m. What is the rise in temperature of 1 0 1 the copper block after it hits the floor. The specific heat capacity of copper is 400 J kg C .

9.

1 A bullet traveling at 60 m s hit a sand bag. The temperature of the bullet rises by 4.5 Calculate the specific heat capacity of the bullet.

C.

10.

100 g of hot water at 90 0 C is mixed with 200 g of cold water at 30 0 C. Assuming that no heat is lost, calculate the final temperature of the mixture.

11.

Complete the following table. Material has a high specific heat capacity It takes a longer time to be heated.

Material has a low specific heat capacity

It lose heat easily. It is a heat insulator.

4.3 Understanding Specific Latent Heat State that transfer of heat during a change of phase does not cause a change in temperature Define specific latent heat (l) State that l = Q m Determine the specific latent heat of fusion 67

 Determine the specific latent heat of 68vaporization Solve problems involving specific latent heat 1. 2. Matter exists in three states, that is solid, . and .. . The heat released or absorbed at constant temperature during a change of state of matter is known as .. . 3. Melting Latent heat is released

Solid
condensation

Gas

4. 5. Specific latent heat of .. is the quantity of heat that is needed to change 1 kg of a substance from solid state to liquid state, without a change in temperature. Specific latent heat of .. is the quantity of heat that is needed to change 1 kg of a substance from liquid state to vapour state, without a change in temperature. 6. Specific latent heat, L = Q m

Where, Q = latent heat absorbed or released by the substance m = mass of the substance. 7. 8. The SI unit for specific latent heat is . . What is the quantity of heat required to melt 2 kg of ice at 0 0 C ? Specific latent heat of fusion of ice
1 = 336000 J kg .

9. Temperature /

C F

68

90 B 70 C

30

0 5 15 20 35 Time/minute Figure shows the temperature- time graph for a substance, S of mass 2.0 kg, being heated using a 500 W heater. (a) Based on the graph state the physical condition of substance, S in (i) AB : .. (ii) BC : .. (iii) CD : .. (iv) DE : .. (b) Melting point : . (c) Boiling point : (d) By using kinetic theory, explain why the temperature of substance, S in AB is increasing. (e) By using kinetic theory, explain why the temperature of substance, S is constant in BC even though heat is still been supplied to it. ................. .................................................................................................................................................................. (f) Calculate the specific heat capacity of the substance in solid state.

(g) Calculate the specific latent heat of vaporization of substance, S.

4.4 Understanding The Gas Laws Explain gas pressure, temperature and volume in terms of the behavior of gas molecules Determine the relationship between pressure and volume at constant temperature for a fixed mass of gas ie Pv = constant 69

 Determine the relationship between volume and temperature at constant pressure for a fixed mass of gas ie V/T = constant Determine the relationship between pressure and temperature at constant volume for a fixed mass of gas ie p/T = constant Explain about zero Explain the absolute/Kelvin scale of temperature Solve problems involving the pressure, temperature and volume of a fixed mass of gas Complete the table below about gas laws Boyles Law Charles Law 1 P V Constant Variable : Constant Variable : 1. Mass of gas 1. Mass of gas 2. Boyles law states that the pressure of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its volume at constant temperature. 2. Pressure of gas Charles law states that 1.

P T Constant Variable : 1. Mass of gas 2. Pressure law states that

0 P

0 V

T/ 0 C

0 P

T/ 0 C

0 P V 0 P V

1 V

0 V T 0 V T

T/K

0 P T 0 P T P

T/K

0 V 0 T 0 T 2. Figure(a) show 18 cm of air column trapped in a capillary tube by 4 cm of mercury. If the glass tube is inverted, what is the length, L, of the air column trapped in the capillary tube? (Atmospheric pressure = 76 cm Hg)

4 cm

air 70

18 cm

air

4 cm

(a) (b) 3. An air bubble released by a diver has a volume of 4.0 cm 3 at depth of 15 m. What is the volume of the bubble at a depth of 10 m? (Atmospheric pressure = 10 m water)

4. The value -273 0 C is equivalent to K. This temperature is known as the 5. Convert 27 0 C to its equivalent temperature in Kelvin. 6. Convert 330 K to its equivalent temperature in degrees Celsius. 7. The volume of a gas is 5 cm 3 at 27 0 C. The gas is heated at fixed pressure until the column becomes 6 cm 3 . Calculate the final temperature of the gas.

8. A gas of volume 20 cm 3 at 47 0 C is heated until its temperature becomes 87 0 C at constant pressure. What is the final volume of the gas?

9. Before a journey from Parit Buntar to Ipoh, the air in a car tyre has a pressure of 200 kPa and a temperature of 27 0 C. After the journey, the air pressure in the tyre is 220 kPa. What is the temperature of the air in the tyre after the journey?

10.The pressure of gas in a light bulb is 50.5 kPa at 30 0 C. Calculate the pressure of the gas when the temperature inside the bulb rises to 87 0 C after the bulb is lighted up.

CHAPTER 5: LIGHT 5.1 Understanding Reflection of Light 71

 Describe the characteristic of the image formed by reflection of light State the laws of reflection of light Draw ray diagrams to show the position and characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror, convex mirror and concave mirror Describe applications of reflection of light Solve problems involving reflection of light Construct a device based on the application of reflection of light 1. The characteristics of image when light from an object is reflected by a plane mirror includes ________________ , same size, _______________ from the mirror at perpendicular line and virtual. 2. The Law of reflection of light states that i) ii) 3. (a) the angle of incidence equals _________________ the incident ray, the reflected ray and ______________________ are all lie at the same plane Complete the image of L in the diagram of reflection below.

Mirror Light ray from object

Observers eye

(b) i. ii. iii.

On the diagram above, Show the light ray direction and the normal line of the mirror, show the angle of incidence and label as i, the angle of reflection and label as r show the distance of object, lo and distance of image li perpendicular to the mirror

4. When the parallel rays are directed to concave mirror, the reflected rays will meet at a point _______________ the mirror. It is called the __________________ of the concave mirror. 5. When the parallel rays are directed to convex mirror, the reflected rays will_____________. When the rays are extrapolated, it will meet at a point ____________ the mirror, its the __________________.

6. Diagram below shows three parallel rays are directed to a concave and a convex lens, draw the reflected rays and indicate the focal point, F in each case. Show the direction of reflected rays. 72

Relate the relation between centre of curvature, C, with focal point, F, of a mirror.

7. 8.

Convex mirror is often installed at the cornering of a hidden road and in the convenience store. This mirror allows us to see ________ angle of objects but the size of the image is _________________. Diagram below shows a ray directed on a plane mirror. i) Uses a red / blue ink ball pen, draw the normal line and the reflected ray for the given incident ray (use protractor and ruler to assist you). ii) Now, using a pencil draw to show the mirror turned 10 o clockwise. Thus, draw the new normal line and new reflected ray. Observe the changes of angle for the reflected ray.

9.

When a mirror turns xo, the angle between the two rays (incident and reflected) will have a change of __________________.

10. Mirror is used in measuring instruments like ammeter, voltmeter and galvanometer. It is to help the user to read accurately and avoid _______________.

5.2 Understanding Refraction of Light 73

 Explain refraction of light Define refractive index as = 1. sin i sin r 5.2.3 Determine the refractive index of a glass or Perspex State the refractive index, , as Speed of light in a vacuum Speed of light in a medium Describe phenomena due to refraction Solve problems involving refraction of light

block

Light travels in a _______________ line, but when travels from one medium to another medium with different ______________ , it changes direction. The change in direction when light ray travels from one medium to another medium is called _____________________ .

2. 3. 4. 5.

The light ray that travels along the __________ line of the boundary between two medium does not bend. When a light ray travels from an optically denser medium to a less dense medium, it refracts __________ far from the normal. When a light ray travels from an optically less dense medium to a denser medium, the angle of incident ray (at less dense medium) is______________ then the angle of refracted ray (at denser medium). In the diagram below, a. draw two normal lines of the ray to and from the glass block b. show the refracted light of the glass block c. complete the direction of light d. indicate the angle of incident, i , and the angle of refraction,

r.

6.

Angle of incident or angle of refraction is an angle made between the ray and the _________________ . normal line.
sin i

7.

______________________ says that the ratio of sin r is a constant. It is known as the _______________________of a medium (water / glass / perspex), n, where i > 74

r.

8.

The speed of light ______________________ as it travel into a medium, therefore the refractive index of c . v

a medium n = 9. Due to refraction of light, a. b.

simplified n =

a straight straw / rod appears ___________________ at the boundary of liquid. the bottom of a pool liquid appears ______________________ to the surface that it actually is. D . d

10. The refractive index of liquid can be calculated using, n =

, simplified n =

11. In the diagram below use the following steps to construct the refraction of light of a coin in a beaker of water. a. draw the two normal lines at the boundary of liquid b. draw and show the two rays refracted at the air (further from normal line) c. draw an eye at the correct position d. from the eye, followed the refracted rays, extrapolated dotted lines backward and meet above the original coin. Draw a dotted oval shape, to represents the image of the coin.

12. The phenomenon of refraction of light include ______________, stars at night and wriggling of distant objects on hot day.

sunrise, ____________, twinkling

75

5.3 Understanding Total Internal Reflection of Light Explain total internal reflection of light Define critical angle (c)

1 sin c Describe natural phenomenon involving total internal reflection Describe applications of total internal reflection Solve problems involving total internal reflection

Relate the critical angle to the refractive index i.e =

1. Diagram below shows a light ray travels through a semicircle glass block. If the angle, of incident is small, most of the light is ______________ but some is ________________ . Label in the diagram i) the refracted light and reflected light ii) the angle of incident, i and angle of refraction, r.

2. The critical angle, c is the incident angle, i when the maximum refraction occurs at r = ________ On the diagram below, label the critical angle, c and refraction angle, r.

3. The total internal reflection occurs when, (a) i) light travels from a _________________ to a less ____________________ and ii) when the incident angle, i is ______________________ the critical angle, c (b) name the phenomena occurs in the diagram below. ____________________________

76

4. Another formula of refractive index, n =

sin 90 o 1 = sin c sin c

5. The phenomenon of total refraction of lights includes a) mirage in the desert b) mirage on hot afternoon on highway c) ___________________ 6. The phenomenon of mirage occurs is due to the different layers of hot air, hot air on the ground is _____________ dense compare with cold air at higher level on hot day. The water droplets from the cloud are refracted ______________________ from the normal line. When the angle of incident ray is ___________________ , it created a total internal reflection on the ___________________. Our eye sight sees ________________ as though there are water drops on the ground. 7. Refers to the diagram given below: i) In each of the box fill in two of the following characteristics of air: hot air, colder air, denser, less dense, ray (closer to / further) from normal line ii) Complete the ray diagram of mirage starts from the object. iii) Show how we can see the pool of water (mirage) on the highway. Object

i............. ii................ iii............... ...............

i............. ii................ iii............... ...............

Image

Pool of water appears at the highway on a very hot day.

77

5.4 Understanding Lenses Explain focal point and focal length Determine the focal point and focal length of a convex lens and concave lens Draw ray diagrams to show the positions and characteristics of the images formed by a convex lens and concave lens. v Define magnification as m = u 1 1 1 = + Relate focal length (f) to the object distance (u) and image distance (v) i.e. f u v Describe, with the aid of ray diagrams, the use of lenses in optical devices. Construct an optical device that uses lenses. Solve problems involving to lenses.

1. 2. 3.

When light passes through a convex lens, the light _________________ to a point and we call it _________________. Convex lens is also known as a converging lens. Concave lens is also known as a ________________________ because light passes through it diverge from a point, the focal point, F. For the ray diagram below fill in the following labels: Principle axis, P, Optical centre, O, Focal point, F, focal length, f

4.

Complete the following ray diagrams to find out the images of each one. Given the characteristics of images includes real or virtual, upright or inverted, diminished / smaller, same or magnified or larger. State the characteristics for each. Characteristics a) of image:
78

i... ii. iii

b)

Characteristics of image: i... ii. iii

c)

Characteristics of image: i... ii.. iii.

5.

(a) When the object is too near from the convex lens, the image is virtual, magnified and upright. (b) Concave lens produce only one type of image that is virtual, diminished and upright. Base on the two statements above, draw the images for the following diagrams. (i) (ii)

6.

Complete the following ray diagram and name the characteristics for each.

Characteristics of image: 7.

Characteristics of image:

The symbol for image distance is _______ and the symbol for object distance is ____.
79

8. 9.

The formula for magnification m = size of object , d or m = Given the formula f = u + v can be used to solve optical problems. Explain what does it means when f is negative value, f is positive value, v is negative value and v is positive value. f is negative : . f is positive : . v is negative : v is positive : .
1 1 1

size of image, D

80