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Punctuaton: Major Marks
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CONTENTS PART 1. Grammar, Usage, and Style

SECTION 1. SECTION 2. SECTION 3. SECTION 4. SECTION 5. SECTION 6. SECTION 7. SECTION 8. SECTION 9. SECTION 10. SECTION 11.
Punctuation: Major Marks Punctuation: Other Marks Capitalization Numbers Abbreviations Plurals and Possessives Spelling Compound Words Word Division Grammar Usage
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THE PERIOD 101a. Use a period to mark the end of a sentence that makes a statement or expresses a command. Statement: I question the need to merge the two companies. Command: Make sure that the doors open at 10 a.m.
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THE QUESTION MARK 110a. Use a question mark at the end of a direct question. 104. Use a period at the end of an indirect question. Direct question: Why is the policy being changed? Indirect question: I would like to know why the policy is being changed.
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THE EXCLAMATION POINT 119a. Use an exclamation point at the end of a sentence to express enthusiasm or some other strong feeling. Exclamation: Your article about the Internet was the best Ive ever read!
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THE PERIOD AND THE QUESTION MARK 103. Use a question mark at the end of a sentence that asks a favor. Use a period at the end of a sentence that expresses a polite command. Favor: Will you please let me borrow your Corvette? Polite command: Will you please let me know whether you plan to stay overnight.
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THE PERIOD, THE QUESTION MARK, AND THE EXCLAMATION POINT 101b, 111, 119a. Use a period, a question mark, or an exclamation point (as appropriate) at the end of an elliptical expressiona word or phrase that represents a complete sentence. When am I leaving? In a week or so. I heard that youre resigning. Why? What a great job! Congratulations!
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THE PERIOD 107a. Use periods after elements displayed on separate lines in a list when they are long or are essential to the grammatical completeness of the statement that introduces the list. This software will help you to: 1. Maintain your checkbook. 2. Prepare a realistic monthly budget. 3. Monitor your monthly expenses.
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THE PERIOD 107b. No periods are needed after elements in a list if the introductory statement is grammatically complete. We can provide the following kinds of software: Customer information systems Product information systems Decision support systems
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THE PERIOD 102a. As a general rule, use one space after the period or any other mark at the end of a sentence, but switch to two spaces whenever a stronger visual break between sentences is needed. One space after the period: Lets meet on Friday. How does 10 a.m. sound? Two spaces after the period: Lets meet on Friday. How does 10 a.m. sound?
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THE PERIOD 102e. When an abbreviation ends one sentence and begins the next, the use of one space after the period that ends the sentence may be inadequate. Use two spaces for a stronger visual break. One space after the period: Lunch begins at 1 p.m. F. J. Rae will be the speaker. Two spaces after the period: Lunch begins at 1 p.m. F. J. Rae will be the speaker.
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COMMAS THAT SET OFF 122. Use commas to set off nonessential expressionswords, phrases, and clauses that are not needed to complete the meaning or the structure of a sentence. Nonessential: Lets ask Muriel Spock, who is familiar with this type of transaction. Essential: Lets ask someone who is familiar with this type of transaction.
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COMMAS THAT SET OFF 122. Use commas to set off nonessential expressionswords, phrases, and clauses that are not needed to complete the 643,346,Slide 346 meaning or the structure of a sentence. Nonessential: I have decided, therefore, to withdraw my bid. Essential: I have therefore decided to withdraw my bid.
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COMMAS THAT SET OFF 122a. Use commas to set off interrupting elementswords, phrases, and clauses that break the flow of a sentence from subject to verb to object or complement. Interrupting: We could meet this Thursday or, if you prefer, next Tuesday. Interrupting: We can wait for a week, cant we, to see what happens?
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COMMAS THAT SET OFF 122b. Use commas to set off afterthoughts words, phrases, and clauses loosely added onto the end of a sentence. Afterthought: The merger took place last July, if I remember correctly. Afterthought: Its not too late to enroll, is it?
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COMMAS THAT SET OFF 122c. Use commas to set off transitional expressions and similar elements that are not essential to the meaning or the structure of a sentence. Nonessential: It is true, nevertheless, that Carl supplied us with useful information. Essential: It is nevertheless true that Carl supplied us with useful information. Click the mouse button or press the
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COMMAS THAT SET OFF 122c. Use commas to set off independent comments and similar elements that are not essential to the meaning or the structure of a sentence. Nonessential: It is our plan, of course, to get a second opinion. Essential: It is of course our plan to get a second opinion.
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COMMAS THAT SET OFF 122d. Use commas to set off descriptive expressions and similar elements that are not essential to the meaning or the structure of a sentence. Nonessential: Many thanks for your letter of May 1, in which you reviewed my manuscript. Essential: Many thanks for the letter in which you reviewed my manuscript.
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COMMAS THAT SET OFF 122e-f. Use commas to set off descriptive expressions and similar elements that are not essential to the meaning or the structure of a sentence.
Dates: The meeting planned for November 5, 2003, will have to be rescheduled for February 2004. Names: Ann Garcia, M.D., is moving to Logan, Utah. Names: Paul Poe Jr. is leaving Green Inc. next week.
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COMMAS THAT SEPARATE 123b. Use a comma to separate three or more items in a series. The Foxes, the Perrys, and the Joneses have said yes. Im still waiting to hear from the Sheas and the Poes.
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COMMAS THAT SEPARATE 123c. Use a comma to separate two or more adjectives that modify the same noun. Gillian is a thoughtful, considerate person. But: I would like to thank you for your thoughtful editorial comments.
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COMMAS THAT SEPARATE 123d. Use a comma to separate the digits of large numbers into groups of thousands. 10,575 But: 200,000 3000 3,500,000 3.14159265
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COMMAS THAT SEPARATE 123e. Use a comma to indicate the omission of key words. Employees with at least one year of service are entitled to two weeks of vacation; those with at least three years of service, three weeks.
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COMMAS THAT SEPARATE 123e. Use a comma to indicate unusual word order. How that happened, well never know.
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COMMAS THAT SEPARATE 123e. Use a comma to preserve clarity. All an insurance policy is, is a contract for services.
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COMMAS THAT SEPARATE 124. Use a comma after most introductory elements that begin a sentence and precede the subject and verb of the main clause. Introductory word: Well, what can we do? Introductory phrase: To start a successful business, you need to do a lot of planning. But: To start a successful business requires a lot of planning.
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COMMAS THAT SEPARATE 124. Use a comma after most introductory elements that begin a sentence and precede the subject and verb of the main clause. Introductory clause: Before we invest more money in the company, we need to see an updated financial analysis. Introductory verbal phrase: In reviewing the sketches, I noticed several problems.
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COMMAS THAT SEPARATE 124. Use a comma after most introductory elements that begin a sentence and precede the subject and verb of the main clause. Introductory adverb: Tomorrow Ill give you our decision. Introductory phrase: In 2003 I may retire. Introductory phrase: In the morning Ill have more time.
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COMMAS THAT SEPARATE 124b. Use a comma after a transitional expression or an independent comment that begins a sentence. Transitional expression: In any case, we dont have to decide right away. Independent comment: In my opinion, she needs help.
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COMMAS IN COMPOUND SENTENCES 126-128. Use a comma to separate two main clauses when they are joined by and, but, or, or nor. Compound sentence: I finished the report last week, and I will now write a one-page executive summary. Compound predicate: I finished the report last week and will now write a one-page executive summary.
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COMMAS IN COMPOUND SENTENCES 126-128. Do not use a comma to separate two main clauses when they are not joined by and, but, or, or nor. Run-on sentence: I finished the report last week, I will now write a one-page executive summary. (A comma is incorrect.) Correct alternatives: . . . last week. I will . . .
. . . last week; I will . . . . . . last week, and I will . . .
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COMMAS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES 130. Use a comma to separate a dependent clause that precedes the main clause. Before we meet with the sales staff, we need to complete this study.
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COMMAS IN COMPLEX SENTENCES 131, 132. Use a comma to separate a nonessential dependent clause that follows the main clause. Nonessential: We need to complete this study by Friday, before we meet with the CEO. Essential: We need to complete this study before we meet with the CEO.
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THE SEMICOLON 176. Use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses when the clauses are not linked by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, or nor). Sheila wants to buy an SUV; Paul would rather get a convertible. Also correct: Sheila wants to buy an SUV. Paul would rather get a convertible.
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THE SEMICOLON 178. Use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses when the clauses are linked by a transitional expression (such as however, moreover, or therefore). My partners want to sign the contract; however, I have some misgivings. Also correct: My partners want to sign the contract. However, I have some misgivings.
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THE COLON 187a. Use a colon to separate two independent clauses (1) when the second clause explains the first clause and (2) the clauses are not linked by a coordinating conjunction or a transitional expression. It has been said that a successful project goes through three stages: it wont work, it costs too much, and I always knew it was a good idea.
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THE COLON 187b. Compare the use of the colon and the semicolon in these examples:
Colon: This job sounds very attractive: the salary, the benefits, and the opportunities for advancement seem excellent. (The second clause explains the first clause.) Semicolon: This job sounds very attractive; it is the kind of job I have been looking for. (Also correct: This job sounds very attractive. It is the . . . . )
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FOR EXAMPLE, NAMELY, AND THAT IS 181a. Ordinarily, use a semicolon to separate two independent clauses when they are linked by for example, namely, or that is. Semicolon: Pamela Hearst is well qualified for this sales job; for example, she spent three years working as a sales representative for one of our major competitors.
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FOR EXAMPLE, NAMELY, AND THAT IS 181b. Use a colon before for example, namely, or that is if (1) the first independent clause directs attention to the second independent clause and (2) the second clause carries the real emphasis in the sentence. Colon: Your proposal covers all but one point: namely, who is going to foot the bill?
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FOR EXAMPLE, NAMELY, AND THAT IS 182a. Use a semicolon before for example, namely, or that is if (1) the preceding part of the sentence expresses a complete thought and (2) what follows is an afterthought, providing additional information that is nice to know but nonessential. Semicolon: Always use figures with abbreviations; for example, 6 ft, 8 lb, 11 a.m.
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FOR EXAMPLE, NAMELY, AND THAT IS 182b. Use a colon before for example, namely, or that is if (1) the preceding part of the sentence leads up to what follows and (2) the real emphasis of the sentence is to fall on what follows. Colon: There are two things Id like you to do while Im away: namely, answer all my phone calls and dont let anyone know that Im away.
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FOR EXAMPLE, NAMELY, AND THAT IS 182c. Use a comma before for example, namely, or that is if it introduces a word or phrase that explains an expression immediately preceding. This batch of mail will be processed by an OCR, that is, an optical character reader.
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DASHES 183, 201. When for example, namely, or that is introduces an expression within a sentence, use dashes to set off the complete expression if you want to give it special emphasis. Three of our customersnamely, Foley, Florio, and Gaborhave not reordered.
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PARENTHESES 183, 219. When for example, namely, or that is introduces an expression within a sentence, use parentheses to set off the complete expression if you want to de-emphasize it. Three of our customers (namely, Foley, Florio, and Gabor) have not reordered.
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COMMAS 183. When for example, namely, or that is introduces an expression within a sentence, use commas to set off the complete expression if (1) no special treatment is required and (2) the expression does not contain a series of items separated by commas. A few of our customers, for example, Foley and Florio, have called to complain.
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QUOTATION MARKS 227. Use quotation marks to enclose a direct quotation, that is, the exact words of a speaker or writer.
Jack simply said, I have decided to resign.
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QUOTATION MARKS 228. Do not use quotation marks for an indirect quotation, that is, a restatement of a persons exact words.
Jack simply said that he had decided to resign.
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QUOTATION MARKS 253a. When a quoted statement falls at the beginning of a sentence, insert a comma (not a period) before the closing quotation mark. Lets try to meet next Thursday, Jean suggested.
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QUOTATION MARKS 254. When a quoted question falls at the beginning of a sentence, insert a question mark (not a comma) before the closing quotation mark. Why do we need to meet? Steve asked.
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QUOTATION MARKS 254. When a quoted exclamation falls at the beginning of a sentence, insert an exclamation point (not a comma) before the closing quotation mark. I dont believe it! Burt shouted.
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QUOTATION MARKS 256a. When a quoted sentence falls at the end of a larger sentence, insert a comma before the opening quotation mark if the quotation is introduced by a simple phrase like She said. Marsha said, We need to make a decision today.
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QUOTATION MARKS 256b. When a quoted sentence falls at the end of a larger sentence, insert a colon before the opening quotation mark if the quotation is introduced by a complete sentence like She said this. Marshas reaction was fierce: We need to make a decision today.
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QUOTATION MARKS 247a, 257. When a quoted statement falls at the end of a statement, insert a period before the closing quotation mark. Marsha said, We need to make a decision today.
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QUOTATION MARKS 249a, 257. When a quoted question falls at the end of a statement, insert a question mark before the closing quotation mark. Ralph replied, Why do we have to decide today?
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QUOTATION MARKS 249b, 257. When a quoted statement falls at the end of a question, insert a question mark after the closing quotation mark. Did Marsha really say, We need to make a decision today?
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QUOTATION MARKS 257. When a quoted question falls at the end of a question, insert a question mark before the closing quotation mark.
Did Marsha really say, Why do we need to make a decision today?
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QUOTATION MARKS 242. Use quotation marks to enclose titles that represent only part of a complete work (such as an article in a magazine or a chapter in a book). Im enclosing a copy of an article entitled Reinventing Retailing to Compete With E-Tailing.
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ITALICS AND UNDERLINING 289a. Use italics or underlining to set off titles that represent complete works (such as a magazine or a book). For an excellent book on conflict resolution, read Getting to Yes. (Or: Getting to Yes.)
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ITALICS AND UNDERLINING 285a. Use italics or underlining to set off words used as words.
What does the term mouse potato mean?
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ITALICS AND UNDERLINING 287. Use italics or underlining to set off foreign expressions unless they are considered part of the English language. What they said is true, nest-ce pas? (Or: nest-ce pas?) But: Im all for preserving the status quo.
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CAPITALIZATIONFIRST WORDS 301a. Capitalize the first word of every sentence. We didnt know that. How did you find out?
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CAPITALIZATIONFIRST WORDS 301b. Capitalize the first word of an expression used as a sentence. Really? Indeed. Unbelievable! So much for that.
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CAPITALIZATIONFIRST WORDS 301c. Capitalize the first word of a quoted sentence. Mr. Potter asked, When can we expect a decision?
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CAPITALIZATIONFIRST WORDS 301d. Capitalize the first word of an independent question within a sentence. The question is, What should we do now?
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CAPITALIZATIONFIRST WORDS 301e. Capitalize the first word of each item displayed in a list or an outline. This problem-solving tool will help you: Become an effective leader. Improve your relations with colleagues. Cope with stressful situations on the job.
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CAPITALIZATIONFIRST WORDS 301g. Capitalize the first word of the salutation and the complimentary closing of a letter. Dear Ms. Porcini: Sincerely,
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CAPITALIZATIONPROPER NOUNS 303, 311, 320. Capitalize every proper noun, that is, the official name of a particular person, place, or thing.
Persons: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Eleanor Roosevelt Organizations: Cisco Systems the Red Cross
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CAPITALIZATIONPROPER NOUNS 303, 325, 335. Capitalize every proper noun, that is, the official name of a particular person, place, or thing. Governmental units: the House of Representatives But: the federal government the Vermont State Board of Education But: the state of Vermont
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CAPITALIZATIONPROPER NOUNS 303, 331. Capitalize every proper noun, that is, the official name of a particular person, place, or thing. Places: the Holiday Inn Lake Champlain Bath, Maine OHare Airport
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CAPITALIZATIONPROPER NOUNS 303, 331, 356, 360, 364. Capitalize every proper noun, that is, the official name of a particular person, place, or thing. Things: the Statue of Liberty Gone With the Wind
Kleenex an Oscar
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CAPITALIZATIONPROPER NOUNS 303, 342. Capitalize every proper noun, that is, the official name of a particular person, place, or thing. Days: Wednesday Months: February 14 Holidays: the Fourth of July
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Saturday October 31 Mothers Day
CAPITALIZATIONPROPER NOUNS 303, 344a-b. Capitalize every proper noun, that is, the official name of a particular person, place, or thing. Events: World War II the Holocaust the Middle Ages the Renaissance
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CAPITALIZATIONPROPER NOUNS 303, 348. Capitalize every proper noun, that is, the official name of a particular person, place, or thing. Races: Caucasians Peoples: the Koreans Languages: speak Swedish
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Native Americans African Americans read Japanese
CAPITALIZATIONCOMMON NOUNS 307. Do not capitalize common nouns, that is, nouns that refer to a class of things. books all books every book
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CAPITALIZATIONCOMMON NOUNS 308. Do not capitalize common nouns, that is, nouns that refer to a particular person, place, or thing without using the full official name. my book this book these books
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CAPITALIZATIONCOMMON NOUNS 309. Capitalize a common noun when it is part of a proper noun but not when it is used as a short form in place of the complete official name. Proper nouns: Common nouns: Dr. Milano my doctor Professor Piasecki the professor the Poe Company the company
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CAPITALIZATIONCOMMON NOUNS 309. Capitalize a common noun when it is part of a proper noun but not when it is used as a short form in place of the complete official name. Proper nouns: Common nouns: Boston University the university Hotel Pierre the hotel Logan Airport the airport
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CAPITALIZATIONCOMMON NOUNS 309, 331, 346a. Capitalize a common noun when it is part of a proper noun but not when it is used as a short form in place of the complete official name. Proper nouns: Common nouns: the Hudson River the river Fifth Avenue the avenue the Civil Rights Act the act
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CAPITALIZATIONTITLES 312a. Capitalize a title when it precedes a persons name. Personal titles: Mr. Arnst
Ms. La Voix
Executive titles: President Roy Fox

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CAPITALIZATIONTITLES 312a. Capitalize a title when it precedes a persons name. Professional titles: Dr. Cheng Professor Romero Governmental titles: Governor Foy Senator Cohen
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CAPITALIZATIONTITLES 313a. In most cases, do not capitalize these titles when they follow a persons name or are used in place of a persons name. Roy Fox, president of the Century Club, asked . . . The president of the Century Club asked . . .
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CAPITALIZATIONTITLES 313b. Always capitalize the titles of high-ranking officials and dignitaries, even when they follow a persons name or are used in place of a persons name. National officials: the President the Vice President State officials: the Governor
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the Lieutenant Governor
CAPITALIZATIONTITLES 313b. Always capitalize the titles of high-ranking officials and dignitaries, even when they follow a persons name or are used in place of a persons name. Foreign dignitaries: the Queen the Prime Minister International figures: the Pope the Secretary General
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CAPITALIZATIONTITLES 313c-d. Ordinarily, do not capitalize the titles of local officials or company officials when they follow or are used in place of a persons name. The mayor announced . . . The treasurer of the club . . .
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NUMBERSFIGURE STYLE 401a. Spell out numbers from 1 through 10. Use figures for numbers over 10. Please make ten copies of this article. Please make 11 copies of this article.
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NUMBERSFIGURE STYLE 402. Express related numbers the same way. If some are above 10 and some below 10, put them all in figures. Please send 10 copies of this article to our Boise office and 11 copies to our Topeka office.
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NUMBERSFIGURE STYLE 401d. Always spell out numbers at the beginning of a sentence.
Forty men showed up.
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NUMBERSFIGURE STYLE 401c. Always spell out indefinite numbers and amounts.
a few thousand brochures hundreds of acres
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NUMBERSFIGURE STYLE 401d. Always spell out nontechnical or nonemphatic references to age, periods of time, and measurements. when I turn forty sixty years ago lose fifty pounds
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NUMBERSFIGURE STYLE 401d. Some numbers are usually spelled out. Ordinal numbers: my twenty-fifth birthday Fractions: over one-third of the callers
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NUMBERSFIGURE STYLE 401b, 410. In expressions of dates, where numbers have technical significance or need to stand out for quick comprehension, use all figureseven for the numbers 1 through 10. On April 8, 2003, we will . . . (Not: April 8th) In April 2003 we will . . . the May 2003 issue
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But: the May 2, 2003, issue
NUMBERSFIGURE STYLE 401b, 403a, 413a, 418a. In expressions of money, where numbers have technical significance or need to stand out for quick comprehension, use all figureseven for the numbers 1 through 10. from $4.95 to $9 $5,000,000 10 cents
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Or: $5 million But: not worth two cents
NUMBERSFIGURE STYLE 401b, 453. When numbers precede abbreviations and symbols, use all figureseven for the numbers 1 through 10. 8 a.m. 7.5 lb 250 MB 9F
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NUMBERSFIGURE STYLE 401b. With technical or emphatic references to age, use all figures even for the numbers 1 through 10. Technical: a study of 2-year-olds Nontechnical: my two-year-old son
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NUMBERSFIGURE STYLE 401b, 436. With technical or emphatic references to periods of time, use all figureseven for the numbers 1 through 10. Technical: a 20-year mortgage Nontechnical: over twenty years ago
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NUMBERSFIGURE STYLE 401b, 429. With technical or emphatic references to measurements, use all figureseven for the numbers 1 through 10. Technical: packages over 5 pounds Nontechnical: need to lose five pounds
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NUMBERSWORD STYLE 404. Spell out numbers from 1 through 100. Also spell out numbers above 100 that require only one or two words. sixty-five (one word) three hundred (two words) But: 350 (would require three words) ninety-five million
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But: 125 million
NUMBERSWORD STYLE 405. Express related numbers the same way. If some numbers require one or two words and others require more than two words, put them all in figures. We sent out 350 invitations and have already received over 300 acceptances. Our corporation projected revenues of $125 million last year but earned only $95 million.
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ABBREVIATIONS 502a. Avoid using abbreviations except on business forms, in catalogs, in tables, and in informal documents shared with your colleagues. When in doubt, spell it out.
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ABBREVIATIONS 502b. Some abbreviations are always acceptable, such as those that accompany a persons name.
Mr. Esq.
Ms. Mrs.
Jr. Sr.
M.D. Ph.D.
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ABBREVIATIONS 502b. Some abbreviations are always acceptable, such as those that are part of an organizations name. Co. Corp. Inc. Ltd.
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ABBREVIATIONS 502c. Some abbreviations are always acceptable, such as those used in place of a long organizational name. NAACP SEC IRS NBC
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ABBREVIATIONS 502b. Some abbreviations are always acceptable, such as those used in expressions of time. a.m. p.m. PST EDT
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ABBREVIATIONS 503. When alternative forms are available, use the form that is the shortest without any sacrifice of clarity. cont. (rather than contd.) 2 lb (rather than 2 lbs) Enc. 2 (rather than Encs. 2 OR Encl. 2) 2d (rather than 2nd)
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ABBREVIATIONSPUNCTUATION 506a. Use a period after the abbreviation of a single word.
Mrs. Jr.
Corp. Inc.
pp. Nos.
Wed. Dec.
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ABBREVIATIONS PUNCTUATION AND SPACING 507. When a small-letter abbreviation consists of single initials representing two or more words, insert a period after each initial but insert no space after each internal period. a.m. p.m.
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i.e. e.g.
BUT: rpm mph
ABBREVIATIONS PUNCTUATION AND SPACING 508. As a general rule, do not use periods in all-capital abbreviations consisting of single initials representing two or more words. CBS MIT
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CEO FYI
ASAP CD-ROM
ABBREVIATIONS PUNCTUATION AND SPACING 508. As an exception to the general rule, insert periods in all-capital abbreviations when they consist of single initials and they represent: Geographic names: Academic degrees: U.S. N.J. D.C. B.A. M.S. M.D.
Miscellaneous expressions: A.D. B.C. P.O.

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ABBREVIATIONS PUNCTUATION AND SPACING 509. When an abbreviation consists of more than single initials, insert a period and a space after each element in the abbreviation. N. Mex. Exceptions: Academic abbreviations: Ph.D. LL.B. Units of measurement:
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Lt. Col.
Rt. Rev.
loc. cit.
sq ft
cu cm
ABBREVIATIONSPUNCTUATION 510. Do not use a period after shortened forms of words. deli demo fax
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temp typo info
hype condo co-op
ABBREVIATIONS PUNCTUATION AND SPACING 516a. Insert a period and a space after each initial in a persons name. M. A. Devine W. E. B. Du Bois F. E. Hollings B. J. Malone
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ABBREVIATIONSPUNCTUATION 516b. As a rule, omit periods when a persons name is expressed entirely in initials. JFK FDR
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ABBREVIATIONSPUNCTUATION 522a. Do not use periods in acronyms (all-cap initials that are pronounced like a word). PIN MEGO BOGSAT WOMBAT
NIMBY PEBCAK
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PLURALS 601. To form the plural of most words, simply add s. ideas combs committees rhythms taxis depths menus rights
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PLURALS 602. To form the plural of words that end in s, x, ch, sh, and z, add es. businesses summonses faxes
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boxes matches sketches
crashes brushes buzzes
PLURALS 605. To form the plural of words that end in a vowel plus y, add s. holidays attorneys joys guys
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PLURALS 604. To form the plural of words that end in a consonant plus y, change the y to i and add es. policy policies copy copies liability liabilities rally rallies
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PLURALS 606. To form the plural of words that end in a vowel plus o, add s.
stereos
ratios
shampoos
duos
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PLURALS 607. To form the plural of words that end in a consonant plus o, add s to some words and es to others. (Check your manual or a dictionary to be sure.) photos memos potatoes echoes macros twos heroes fiascoes
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PLURALS 608a. To form the plural of most words ending in f, fe, or ff, add s.
beliefs chiefs
proofs reefs
safes cafs
sheriffs tariffs
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PLURALS 608b. To form the plural of some words ending in f, fe, or ff, change the ending to ve and add s. wife wives life lives self selves shelf shelves
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PLURALS 609-610. Some words have an irregular plural. Check your manual or a dictionary if you are not sure of the correct form. man child
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men children
foot
feet
woman women
goose geese mouse mice
PLURALS 611. Solid Compound Nouns. Pluralize the final element in the compound as if it stood alone. crossroads birthdays bookshelves
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hatboxes blueberries
handkerchiefs photocopies
eyewitnesses hairbrushes
PLURALS 612a. Spaced or Hyphenated Compound Nouns. To form the plural, add s or es to the chief element of the compound. mothers-in-law runners-up editors in chief accounts payable
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PLURALS 612b. Spaced or Hyphenated Compound Nouns. When this type of compound does not contain a noun as one of its elements, simply add s or es to the final element to form the plural. hang-ups go-betweens
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get-togethers run-throughs
PLURALS 614. When words of foreign origin have acceptable English plurals, add s or es as appropriate. agenda agendas census censuses stadium stadiums appendix appendixes
Slide 6-13
PLURALS 614. Some words of foreign origin require foreign plurals. Check your manual or a dictionary for the correct forms. alumnus (m.) alumni alumna (f.) criterion criteria
alumnae analysis analyses

Slide 6-14
PLURALS 619. To form the plural of most abbreviations, add s.
Vol. Vols.
No. Nos.
Dr. Drs.
Slide 6-15
PLURALS 620. Abbreviations of measurements use the same form in the singular and the plural. oz ft in lb km mL
Slide 6-16
PLURALS 621. To form the plural of a few abbreviations, double the singular form. p. pp. l. ll.
Slide 6-17
PLURALS 622. To form the plural of abbreviations that end in a capital letter, add s. VIPs CEOs M.D.s Ph.D.s
Slide 6-18
PLURALS 623. To form the plural of abbreviations that end in a small letter, add an apostrophe plus s. received four c.o.d.s minding ones ps and qs
Slide 6-19
SINGULAR POSSESSIVES 630. To form the possessive of singular nouns that do not end with an s sound, add an apostrophe plus s. my attorneys advice the committees vote Illinoiss highways Arkansass lakes
Slide 6-20
SINGULAR POSSESSIVES 631a. To form the possessive of singular nouns that do end with an s sound, be guided by your pronunciation. If you create a new syllable when you pronounce the possessive, add an apostrophe plus s. your bosss approval our coachs strategy
Slide 6-21
Dallass parks Phoenixs suburbs
SINGULAR POSSESSIVES 631b. To form the possessive of singular nouns that do end with an s sound, be guided by your pronunciation. If adding an extra syllable makes the word hard to pronounce, add only an apostrophe. for goodness sake New Orleans chefs
Massachusetts roads Los Angeles freeways

Slide 6-22
SINGULAR POSSESSIVES 634. To form the possessive of singular compound nouns, add an apostrophe plus s to the last element of the compound.
an eyewitnesss story my son-in-laws job my stockbrokers advice the attorney generals plan
Slide 6-23
PLURAL POSSESSIVES 632. To form the possessive of regular plural nouns (those that end in s or es), add only an apostrophe. attorneys fees ten dollars worth the witnesses testimony our bosses decisions
Slide 6-24
PLURAL POSSESSIVES 633. To form the possessive of irregular plural nouns (those that do not end in s or es), add an apostrophe plus s. mens ties womens skirts childrens toys the alumnis contributions
Slide 6-25
PLURAL POSSESSIVES 635a. To form the possessive of plural compound nouns that end in s, add only an apostrophe. the stockholders votes the vice presidents jobs
Slide 6-26
PLURAL POSSESSIVES 635b. To form the possessive of plural compound nouns that do not end in s, add an apostrophe plus s. the editors in chiefs judgments my sons-in-laws Internet start-up
Slide 6-27
POSSESSIVESPRONOUNS 636. To form the possessive of personal pronouns, never use an apostrophe. Use the special possessive forms. my idea the idea was mine your bills these bills are yours
Slide 6-28
POSSESSIVESPRONOUNS 636. To form the possessive of personal pronouns, never use an apostrophe. Use the special possessive forms. his palmtop that palmtop is his our CD collection those CDs are ours
Slide 6-29
POSSESSIVESPRONOUNS 636. To form the possessive of personal pronouns, never use an apostrophe. Use the special possessive forms. her e-mail this e-mail is hers their summer cottage that cottage is theirs
Slide 6-30
POSSESSIVESPRONOUNS 636. To form the possessive of personal pronouns, never use an apostrophe. Use the special possessive forms. Each group uses its own forms. (NOT: its) The decision has to be yours. (NOT: yours) The responsibility is theirs. (NOT: theirs)
Slide 6-31
POSSESSIVESPRONOUNS 637. To form the possessive of singular indefinite pronouns, add an apostrophe plus s. anybodys guess no ones fault someone elses problem one anothers children
Slide 6-32
POSSESSIVESPRONOUNS 637. To form the possessive of singular indefinite pronouns, add an apostrophe plus s. someones chance each others rights
BUT: the needs of each (NOT: eachs needs)

Slide 6-33
SURNAMESPLURAL FORMS 615a. To form the plural of most surnames, just add s. Mr. and Mrs. Carter the Carters Mr. and Mrs. Shea the Sheas
Slide 6-34
SURNAMESPLURAL FORMS 615b. To form the plural of surnames ending in s or x, add es. Mr. and Mrs. Bass the Basses Mr. and Mrs. Fox the Foxes
Slide 6-35
SURNAMESPLURAL FORMS 615b. To form the plural of surnames ending in ch, sh, or z, add es. Mr. and Mrs. French the Frenches Mr. and Mrs. Marsh the Marshes Mr. and Mrs. Perez
Slide 6-36
the Perezes
SURNAMESPLURAL FORMS 615b. If adding es makes the plural surname hard to pronounce, use the singular form for the plural. Mr. and Mrs. Hastings the Hastings (NOT: the Hastingses)
Slide 6-37
SURNAMESPLURAL FORMS 615c. When forming the plural of a surname, do not change the spelling. Simply add s or es. the Kennedys (NOT: the Kennedies) the Wolfs (NOT: the Wolves) the Fairchilds (NOT: the Fairchildren)
Slide 6-38
SURNAMESPOSSESSIVE FORMS 631a. To form the singular possessive of a surname, add an apostrophe plus s.
Mrs. Joness article Mr. Harriss report Mr. and Mrs. Marxs house Mr. and Mrs. Hertzs car
Note that Mr. and Mrs. is followed by the singular form of the possessive.
Slide 6-39
SURNAMESPOSSESSIVE FORMS 631b. To form the singular possessive of a surname, add only an apostrophe if the addition of an apostrophe plus s makes the name hard to pronounce. Mrs. Hodges fax (NOT: Mrs. Hodgess fax) Mr. and Mrs. Hastings party (NOT: Mr. and Mrs. Hastingss party)
Slide 6-40
SURNAMESPOSSESSIVE FORMS 632a. To form the plural possessive of a surname, add only an apostrophe. the Joneses farm the Harrises son the Hodges condo the Marxes house the Hertzes car the Hastings party
Slide 6-41
SPELLING 701. When a word of one syllable ends with a single consonant (bag) preceded by a single vowel (bag), double the final consonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel or before the suffix y. baggage bagged bagging baggy
Slide 7-1
SPELLING 702. When a word of two or more syllables ends in a single consonant (refer) preceded by a single vowel (refer), double the final consonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel (referred) if the accent falls on the last syllable of the root word (reFERred or reFERring).
forBIDden ocCURred
Slide 7-2
beGINning reGRETtable
SPELLING 703. When a word of one syllable ends with a single consonant (bad) preceded by a single vowel (bad), do not double the final consonant before a suffix beginning with a consonant (badly). joyful joyless gladly gladness
Slide 7-3
SPELLING 704. When a word of two or more syllables ends in a single consonant (total) preceded by a single vowel (total), do not double the final consonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel (totaled) if the accent does not fall on the last syllable of the root word.
CANceled Exceptions:
Slide 7-4
DIFferent PROgrammed
BENefiting FORmatting
SPELLING 705. Do not double the final consonant of the root word before a suffix if the root word ends in a single consonant preceded by two vowels.
gainful
chiefly
dreaming riotous
Slide 7-5
SPELLING 706. Do not double the final consonant of the root word before a suffix if the root word ends in two consonants.
climbing selfish
backward warmly
Slide 7-6
SPELLING 707. Words ending in a silent e usually drop the e before a suffix beginning with a vowel. storage BUT: mileage managing manageable
Slide 7-7
SPELLING 708. Words ending in a silent e usually retain the e before a suffix beginning with a consonant. hopeful BUT: awful management judgment
Slide 7-8
SPELLING 710. Words ending in y preceded by a consonant change the y to i before most suffixes. happiness defiant BUT: countrywide heavier fiftieth shyly
Slide 7-9
SPELLING 710. Words ending in y preceded by a consonant retain the y before a suffix beginning with i. trying BUT: thirtyish lobbyist
academy academic economy economic

Slide 7-10
SPELLING 712. The letter i usually comes before e. believe relief BUT: field yield either friend view foreign
Slide 7-11
SPELLING 712. The letter e usually comes before i when these letters follow c. receive deceitful BUT: perceive ceiling ancient conceit receipt science
Slide 7-12
SPELLING 712. The letter e comes before i when these two letters are pronounced like ay (as in day). freight weight neighbor vein eight sleigh their heir
Slide 7-13
SPELLING 715a. Most words that end with the sound of eyes are spelled with the ending ize. authorize specialize recognize
Slide 7-14
emphasize criticize visualize
realize organize prize
SPELLING 715b. Some common words that end with the sound of eyes are spelled with the ending ise. advertise supervise exercise compromise advise surprise
enterprise devise televise
Slide 7-15
SPELLING 715c. A few words that end with the sound of eyes are spelled with the ending yze. analyze paralyze
Slide 7-16
SPELLING 716c. When words end with the sound of seed, they usually end with cede.
accede concede
intercede precede
recede secede
Slide 7-17
SPELLING 716b. Three words that end with the sound of seed are spelled with the ending ceed.
exceed
proceed
succeed
Slide 7-18
SPELLING 716a. Only one word that ends with the sound of seed is spelled with the ending sede. supersede
Slide 7-19
COMPOUND NOUNS 801a. Some compound nouns are written solid, some are spaced, and some are hyphenated. checklist goodwill trademark check mark good sense trade name check-in good-bye trade-in
Slide 8-1
COMPOUND NOUNS AND VERBS 802. Distinguish between compound nouns that are solid or hyphenated and verb phrases (which are always spaced).
COMPOUND NOUN a follow-up on my memo a breakdown in the talks VERB PHRASE follow up on my memo when talks break down
Slide 8-2
COMPOUND NOUNS AND VERBS 802. Distinguish between compound nouns that are solid or hyphenated and verb phrases (which are always spaced).
COMPOUND NOUN plan a get-together to reduce staff turnover VERB PHRASE plan to get together to turn over the deed
Slide 8-3
COMPOUND VERBS 811. Compound verbs are usually hyphenated or solid. To be sure of the spelling of compound verbs, check your manual or a dictionary. to air-condition to double-click to spot-check
Slide 8-4
to download to highlight to proofread
GENDER-FREE NOUNS 809a. When referring generally to men and women, avoid compound nouns ending in man or men.
IN PLACE OF: laymen businessmen USE: laypersons business owners business executives business managers business people
Slide 8-5
GENDER-FREE NOUNS 809a. When referring generally to men and women, avoid compound nouns ending in man or men.
IN PLACE OF: mankind salesman foremen
Slide 8-6
USE: people, humanity, human beings salespeople, salespersons, sales representatives supervisors
GENDER-FREE NOUNS 840. Avoid feminine suffixes like ess and ette. author (NOT: authoress) flight attendant(NOT: stewardess)
Slide 8-7
GENDER-FREE NOUNS 840. A few terms ending with feminine suffixes like ess and ette are still widely used. hostess heroine fiance waitress
Slide 8-8
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES 813. A compound adjective consists of two or more words that function as a unit and express a single thought. They are derived from adjective phrases or clauses.
ADJECTIVE PHRASE OR CLAUSE loans made for a long term an actor who is well known a sale exempt from taxes
Slide 8-9
COMPOUND ADJECTIVE long-term loans a well-known actor a tax-exempt sale
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES 813. A compound adjective consists of two or more words that function as a unit and express a single thought. They are derived from adjective phrases and clauses.
ADJECTIVE PHRASE OR CLAUSE a vacation for two weeks a woman who speaks softly
Slide 8-10
COMPOUND ADJECTIVE a two-week vacation a soft-spoken woman
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES 814. Hyphenate a compound adjective when it comes before a noun. long-range plans a 40-hour week an eye-catching display an old-fashioned gown
Slide 8-11
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES 815a. When the elements that make up a compound adjective come elsewhere in a sentence, do not hyphenate them if they occur in a normal form and in a normal word order. an all-day seminar a seminar that lasts all day a part-time job
Slide 8-12
I work part of the time. BUT: I work part-time.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES 815b. When the elements that make up a compound adjective come elsewhere in a sentence, retain the hyphen if these elements are in an inverted word order or an altered form.
high-priced items state-owned lands
Slide 8-13
These items are high-priced. BUT: They carry a high price. These lands are state-owned. BUT: They are owned by the state.
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES 816. Adjective + Noun. Hyphenate before but not after.
a high-speed printer red-carpet treatment
It runs at high speed. Roll out the red carpet.
Slide 8-14
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES 817. Compound With Number or Letter. Hyphenate before but not after.
a three-hour job a 20-year mortgage
a job that took three hours a mortgage running for 20 years
Slide 8-15
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES 818. Compound Nouns as Adjectives.
a life insurance policy word processing software a real estate agent income tax payments
Slide 8-16
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES 819. Proper Names as Adjectives. Do not hyphenate before or after.
a Park Avenue address an L. L. Bean catalog
a Supreme Court decision Mickey Mouse procedures
Slide 8-17
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES 820. Noun + Adjective. Hyphenate before and after. (Some words following this pattern are written solid.)
a toll-free call a cost-effective plan You can call toll-free. must be cost-effective
BUT: worldwide, storewide waterproof, fireproof

Slide 8-18
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES 821. Noun + Participle. Hyphenate before and after.
market-tested products This has been market-tested. mind-boggling details The report was mind-boggling.
Slide 8-19
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES 822. Adjective + Participle. Hyphenate before and after.

half-baked ideas a friendly-looking dog All his ideas are half-baked. That dog is friendly-looking.
Slide 8-20
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES 823. Adjective + Noun + ed. Hyphenate before and after.
a quick-witted driver She was quick-witted. deep-seated problems These problems are deep-seated.
Slide 8-21
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES 826. Participle + Adverb. Hyphenate before but not after.
filled-in forms a cooling-off period
forms to be filled in a time for cooling off
Slide 8-22
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES 831. Phrasal Compounds. Hyphenate before but not after.
up-to-date figures down-to-earth ideas on-the-job training
figures that are up to date needs to come down to earth was trained on the job
Slide 8-23
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES 831. Phrasal Compounds. Hyphenate before but not after.
off-the-shelf software before-tax earnings
bought it off the shelf earnings before taxes
after-dinner speeches speeches after dinner

Slide 8-24
PREFIXES 833. As a rule, do not use a hyphen to set off a prefix from the root word. aftereffects antitrust hypersensitive misspell multipurpose nonessential prerequisite retroactive semiannual
Slide 8-25
SUFFIXES 833. As a rule, do not use a hyphen to set off a suffix from the root word. freedom fivefold trustful likelihood happiness hardship
Slide 8-26
PREFIXES 835a. In most words beginning with re, pre, or de, the hyphen is omitted.
reeducate reelect reemphasize preeminent preempt preexisting defraud deregulate BUT: de-emphasize
Slide 8-27
PREFIXES 835b. In most words beginning with co, the hyphen is omitted. coauthor cooperate coordinate copartner BUT: co-op cosigner coworker
co-opt co-owner
Slide 8-28
PREFIXES 836. Use a hyphen when self is a prefix but not when self is the root word. self-addressed self-paced self-confident self-evident self-study self-supporting BUT: selfish selfless selfsame
Slide 8-29
WORD DIVISION 901-902. Divide only between syllables. Do not divide a one-syllable word.
planned
through
straight
rhythm
Slide 9-1
WORD DIVISION 903a. Do not set off a one-letter syllable at the beginning or at the end of a word. ideal (NOT: i- deal) media (NOT: medi- a)
Slide 9-2
WORD DIVISION 904. Do not divide a word unless you can leave at least two letters and a hyphen on the upper line. re- new under ad- mit in- ert
Slide 9-3
WORD DIVISION 904. Do not divide a word unless you can carry a syllable of at least three characters to the next line. (The last may be a punctuation mark.) de- ter ad- mit set- up, happily.
Slide 9-4
WORD DIVISION 905-906. Do not divide an abbreviation or a contraction.
UNICEF
approx.
havent
shouldnt
Slide 9-5
WORD DIVISION 907-908. Try to divide compound words between elements (not within). eye- witness cross- reference (NOT: eyewit- ness) (NOT: cross-reference)
Slide 9-6
WORD DIVISION 913. Divide after a one-letter syllable within a word (not before it). nega- tive congratu- late (NOT: neg- ative) (NOT: congrat- ulate)
Slide 9-7
WORD DIVISION 914. Divide between two vowels when they are pronounced separately (but not when they represent one sound). patri- otic BUT: trea- sure situ- ated neu- tral
Slide 9-8
WORD DIVISION 916. Try not to end more than two consecutive lines with a hyphen.
Slide 9-9
WORD DIVISION 917. Try not to divide at the end of the first line or at the end of the last full line of a paragraph.
Slide 9-10
WORD DIVISION 918. Do not divide the last word on a page.
Slide 9-11
WORD DIVISION 919. Do not divide between certain types of word groups. page 191 11:40 a.m. May 13 June 2003 Ms. Raeburn 250 miles
Slide 9-12
WORD DIVISION 920g. In an enumerated list, divide before (not after) an introductory number or letter. . . . these points: (1) All cards should . . . NOT: . . . these points: (1) All cards should . . .
Slide 9-13
WORD DIVISION 920h. Divide after a dash (not before it). . . . Early next year say, in Marchlets . . . NOT: . . . Early next year say, in Marchlets . . .
Slide 9-14
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON REGULAR VERBS (1030a)

PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT PARTICIPLE
PRESENT
PAST
ask confirm need reveal
asked confirmed needed revealed
asked confirmed needed revealed
asking confirming needing revealing
Slide 10-1

PRESENT
PAST
maintain taxi plan ship
maintained taxied planned shipped
maintained taxied planned shipped
maintaining taxiing planning shipping
Slide 10-2

PRESENT
PAST
occur compel offer travel
occurred compelled offered traveled
occurred compelled offered traveled
occurring compelling offering traveling
Slide 10-3

PRESENT
PAST
receive agree die tie
received agreed died tied
received agreed died tied
receiving agreeing dying tying
Slide 10-4

PRESENT
PAST
carry hurry obey annoy
carried hurried obeyed annoyed
carried hurried obeyed annoyed
carrying hurrying obeying annoying
Slide 10-5
PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS (1030b)

PRESENT
PAST
am, is, are become begin break
was, were became began broke
been become begun broken
being becoming beginning breaking
Slide 10-6

PRESENT
PAST
bring buy catch choose
brought bought caught chose
brought bought caught chosen
bringing buying catching choosing
Slide 10-7

PRESENT
PAST
come do draw drink
came drew did drank
come drawn done drunk
coming drawing doing drinking
Slide 10-8

PRESENT
PAST
drive eat fall feel
drove ate fell felt
driven eaten fallen felt
driving eating falling feeling
Slide 10-9

PRESENT
PAST
find fly forget forgive
found flew forgot forgave
found flown forgotten forgiven
finding flying forgetting forgiving
Slide 10-10

PRESENT
PAST
get give go grow
got gave went grew
got OR gotten given gone grown
getting giving going growing
Slide 10-11

PRESENT
PAST
hear hold keep know
heard held kept knew
heard held kept known
hearing holding keeping knowing
Slide 10-12

PRESENT
PAST
lay (place) lie (recline) lie (fib) lead
laid lay lied led
laid lain lied led
laying lying lying leading
Slide 10-13

PRESENT
PAST
lend lose make mean
lent lost made meant
lent lost made meant
lending losing making meaning
Slide 10-14

PRESENT
PAST
pay ring rise run
paid rang rose ran
paid rung risen run
paying ringing rising running
Slide 10-15

PRESENT
PAST
say see sell send
said saw sold sent
said seen sold sent
saying seeing selling sending
Slide 10-16

PRESENT
PAST
set shake shrink sing
set shook shrank sang
set shaken shrunk sung
setting shaking shrinking singing
Slide 10-17

PRESENT
PAST
sit speak swim swing
sat spoke swam swung
sat spoken swum swung
sitting speaking swimming swinging
Slide 10-18

PRESENT
PAST
take teach tell think
took taught told thought
taken taught told thought
taking teaching telling thinking
Slide 10-19

PAST PRESENT PARTICIPLE PARTICIPLE
PRESENT
PAST
throw understand wear write
threw understood wore wrote
thrown understood worn written
throwing understanding wearing writing
Slide 10-20
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1001. A verb must agree with its subject in number and person. I am as pleased with the outcome as you are. She is not as competent as she thinks. We do a lot more work than he does. He has more experience than they have.
Slide 10-21
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1002a. If the subject consists of two or more words connected by and, the subject requires a plural verb. My brother and I are likely to get better test scores than my mother and father expect.
Slide 10-22
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1002c. If the subject consists of two or more words connected by and, the subject requires a plural verb. However, if the two subjects connected by and are preceded by each, every, or many a, the subjects require a singular verb. A copier and a fax machine are what I need. Every copier and fax machine is on sale.
Slide 10-23
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1003. If the subject consists of two or more words connected by or, either . . . or, neither . . . nor, or not only . . . but also, use a singular verb if the two subjects are each singular. Either Fran or Bob has the Kellerman file.
Slide 10-24
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1004. If the subject consists of two or more words connected by or, either . . . or, neither . . . nor, or not only . . . but also, use a plural verb if the two subjects are each plural. Neither the Kellys nor the Bonos want our tickets.
Slide 10-25
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1005. If the subject consists of two or more words connected by or, either . . . or, neither . . . nor, or not only . . . but also, make the verb agree with the nearer subject if one subject is singular and the other is plural.
Neither the office manager nor the assistants like the new policy. Neither the assistants nor the office manager likes the new policy.
Slide 10-26
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1005. If the subject consists of two or more words connected by or, either . . . or, neither . . . nor, or not only . . . but also, make the verb agree with the nearer subject if one subject is singular and the other is plural.
Neither the assistants nor I am happy about the new policy. Neither I nor the assistants are happy about the new policy.
Slide 10-27
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1006. When establishing agreement between subject and verb, ignore intervening phrases and clauses. The bill for these spreadsheet programs seems high. The prices shown in our catalog do not include sales taxes.
Slide 10-28
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1006-1007. When establishing agreement between subject and verb, ignore intervening phrases and clauses. This study, along with earlier reports, proves that our high prices, rather than poor service, are responsible for our falling sales.
Slide 10-29
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1006-1008. When establishing agreement between subject and verb, ignore intervening phrases and clauses. Mrs. Swenson, together with her husband and her daughter, is going to Arizona. One of the reasons for falling sales is our high prices.
Slide 10-30
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1009a. Use a singular verb when the subject includes such words as each, every, either, or neither. Every employee has been informed of the new policy. Each is now responsible for adhering to that policy.
Slide 10-31
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1010. Use a singular verb when the subject consists of such words as anyone, everybody, something, or no one. Everyone is required to attend the seminar. Nothing surprises me anymore.
Slide 10-32
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1012. Use a plural verb when the subject includes such words as both, few, many, others, or several. Both books are out of print, but several other titles on the same subject are still available.
Slide 10-33
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1013. Words like all, none, any, some, more, or most may be singular or plural as subjects, depending on what they refer to. All of the work has been completed. None of the cartons were damaged.
Slide 10-34
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1018a. When the subject is a noun with a foreign plural ending, be sure to use a plural verb. The criteria that we use are out of date. BUT: The criterion that we use is out of date.
Slide 10-35
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1018a. When the subject is a noun with a foreign plural ending, be sure to use a plural verb. The analyses of the research data do not agree. BUT: The analysis of the data is incomplete.
Slide 10-36
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1019a. When the subject is a collective noun (like jury or committee), use a singular verb if the group is acting as a unit. The jury has agreed on a verdict.
Slide 10-37
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1019b. When the subject is a collective noun (like jury or committee), use a plural verb if the members of the group are acting separately. The jury have not yet agreed on a verdict. BETTER: The members of the jury have not yet agreed on a verdict.
Slide 10-38
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1023. When the subject is the number, use a singular verb. When the subject is a number, use a plural verb. The number of accidents at the corner is alarming. A large number of accidents have occurred there.
Slide 10-39
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1025a. When the subject includes a phrase like one-half of, a percentage of, or the rest of, use a singular verb if a singular noun follows of or is implied. Two-thirds of the job has been completed; the remaining third is scheduled for completion by this Friday.
Slide 10-40
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1025b. When the subject includes a phrase like one-half of, a percentage of, or the rest of, use a plural verb if a plural noun follows of or is implied. A large percentage of the voters support your plan.
Slide 10-41
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1027. When the verb comes before the subject, make sure that they agree. What procedures am I expected to follow? Enclosed is a copy of the e-mail sent by Mr. Polk.
Slide 10-42
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1028a. When a sentence begins with there is, here are, or a similar phrase, the real subject follows the verb. Use a singular verb if the subject is singular. There is a vast difference between the two plans. Here is the first draft of my manuscript.
Slide 10-43
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1028a. When a sentence begins with there is, here are, or a similar phrase, the real subject follows the verb. Use a plural verb if the subject is plural. There are over 50 applicants for this job. Here are the budget analyses you asked for. What are the criteria we should use? Click the mouse button or press the
Slide 10-44
space bar to advance the presentation.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT 1029. When a sentence contains a linking verb (such as become or some form of to be), make sure that the verb agrees with the subject. Bicycles are the only product we make. The only product we make is bicycles. The key issue is higher wages. Higher wages are the key issue.
Slide 10-45
PERSONAL PRONOUNS 1054a. Use one of the following forms when a personal pronoun is the subject of a verb.
FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON THIRD PERSON
Singular: Plural:
I we
you you
he, she, it they
Marcia and I can do it. (NOT: Marcia and me.)

Slide 10-46
Singular: Plural:
I we
you you
he, she, it they
Ted and she did a fine job. (NOT: Ted and her.)
Slide 10-47
Singular: Plural:
I we
you you
he, she, it they
The Levys and we met yesterday. (NOT: The Levys and us.)
Slide 10-48
PERSONAL PRONOUNS 1055a. Use one of the following forms when the personal pronoun is the object of a verb.
Singular: Plural:
me us
you you
him, her, it them
They invited my wife and me. (NOT: my wife and I.)

Slide 10-49
PERSONAL PRONOUNS 1055a. Use one of the following forms when the personal pronoun is the indirect object.
Singular: Plural:
me us
you you
him, her, it them
They gave Jim and me free tickets. (NOT: Jim and I.)
Slide 10-50
PERSONAL PRONOUNS 1055b. Use one of the following forms when the personal pronoun is the object of the preposition.
Singular: Plural:
me us
you you
him, her, it them
They gave free tickets to Jim and me. (NOT: Jim and I.)
Slide 10-51
PERSONAL PRONOUNS 1055c. Use one of the following forms when the personal pronoun is the subject of an infinitive.
Singular: Plural:
me us
you you
him, her, it them
She asked Sue and me to help her. (NOT: Sue and I.)
Slide 10-52
PERSONAL PRONOUNS 1055c. Use one of the following forms when the personal pronoun is the object of an infinitive.
Singular: Plural:
me us
you you
him, her, it them
Sam plans to invite the Kellys and me. (NOT: the Kellys and I.)
Slide 10-53
PERSONAL PRONOUNS 1056b. Use one of the following possessive forms when the pronoun immediately precedes the noun it modifies.
Singular: Plural:
my our
your your his daughter
his, her, its their our children
my computer
Slide 10-54
PERSONAL PRONOUNS 1056b. Use one of the following possessive forms when the pronoun immediately precedes the noun it modifies.
Singular: Plural: your report

Slide 10-55
my our
your your her son
his, her, its their their parents
PERSONAL PRONOUNS 1056c. Use one of the following possessive forms when the pronoun stands apart from the noun it refers to.
Singular: Plural:
mine ours
yours yours
his, her, its theirs
This computer is mine. Is this his or hers?

Slide 10-56
PERSONAL PRONOUNS 1056c. Use one of the following possessive forms when the pronoun stands apart from the noun it refers to.
Singular: Plural:
mine ours
yours yours
his, hers, its theirs
That car is ours. Is this car yours or theirs?

Slide 10-57
PERSONAL PRONOUNS 1056e. Do not confuse certain possessive forms with certain contractions that sound like personal pronouns.
POSSESSIVES its The firm is wasting its time. CONTRACTIONS its (it is OR it has) Its (It is) time to come to a decision.
Slide 10-58
POSSESSIVES your Your approach makes sense. CONTRACTIONS youre (you are) Youre (You are) approaching the problem wisely.
Slide 10-59
POSSESSIVES their What do you think of their plan?
Slide 10-60
CONTRACTIONS theyre (they are) OR: therere (there are) Theyre (They are) planning to close.
POSSESSIVES theirs Theirs is the car I like best.
Slide 10-61
CONTRACTIONS theres (there is OR there has) Theres (There has) been a change in Ben.
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT 1049a. A pronoun must agree with its antecedent (the word for which the pronoun stands) in number, gender, and person. I have my reasons, just as you have yours. The company needs to review its discount policy.
Slide 10-62
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT 1049a. A pronoun must agree with its antecedent (the word for which the pronoun stands) in number, gender, and person. Amy says that she needs her own computer. We must establish our position before they release their report.
Slide 10-63
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT 1049b. Use a plural pronoun when the antecedent consists of two nouns joined by and. Wendy and Sue say that they will make their presentations next Monday.
Slide 10-64
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT 1049c. Use a singular pronoun when the antecedent consists of two singular nouns joined by or or nor. Neither Wendy nor Sue will be ready to make her presentation before next Monday.
Slide 10-65
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT 1049c. Use a plural pronoun when the antecedent consists of two plural nouns joined by or or nor. Either the Foxes or the Ryans will bring their VCR.
Slide 10-66
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT 1049a, 1051, 1052a, 1053. When the antecedent of a personal pronoun is a singular noun or pronoun that could be either masculine or feminine, use one of the following forms as appropriate. he or she his or her him or her
A manager needs to use much tact when dealing with his or her subordinates.
Slide 10-67
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT 1049a, 1051, 1052a, 1053. When the antecedent of a personal pronoun is a singular noun or pronoun that could be either masculine or feminine, use one of the following forms as appropriate. he or she his or her him or her
Everyone must submit his or her expense report by noon.

Slide 10-68
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT 1052. If the use of he or she (or a similar expression) produces an awkward sentence, reword the sentence. Managers need to use much tact when dealing with their subordinates. A manager needs to use much tact when dealing with subordinates.
Slide 10-69
PRONOUN-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT 1052. If the use of he or she (or a similar expression) produces an awkward sentence, reword the sentence. All employees must submit their expense reports by noon. Everyone must submit an expense report by noon.
Slide 10-70
COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS 1060a. Use one of the following forms to direct the action expressed by the verb back to the subject.
Singular: Plural:
myself ourselves
yourself yourselves
himself, herself, itself themselves
She bought herself a new VCR.

Slide 10-71
COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS 1060a. Use one of the following forms to direct the action expressed by the verb back to the subject.
Singular: Plural:
myself ourselves
yourself yourselves
They conducted themselves honorably.

Slide 10-72
COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS 1060b. Use one of the following forms to emphasize a noun or pronoun already expressed.
Singular: Plural:
myself ourselves
yourself yourselves
I myself will deal with the problem.

Slide 10-73
COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS 1060b. Use one of the following forms to emphasize a noun or pronoun already expressed.
Singular: Plural:
myself ourselves
yourself yourselves
We planned the party ourselves.

Slide 10-74
COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS 1060d. Do not use a compound personal pronoun unless the noun or pronoun to which it refers is in the same sentence.
Singular: Plural:
myself ourselves
yourself yourselves
These copies are for Hal and me. (NOT: myself)

Slide 10-75
COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS 1060d. Do not use a compound personal pronoun unless the noun or pronoun to which it refers is in the same sentence.
Singular: Plural:
myself ourselves
yourself yourselves
Kate and I (NOT: myself) can resolve our problem.

Slide 10-76
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS 1061a. Who, whom, whoever, and whomever are: Interrogative pronouns, used in asking questions. Relative pronouns, used to introduce a clause referring to a noun in the main clause.
Slide 10-77
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS 1061c. Use who or whoever as the subject of a verb. Who gave you that information? Chris is the one who gave me that information.
Slide 10-78
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS 1061d. Use whom or whomever as the object of a verb or a preposition. To whom should I distribute these copies? Send the copies to whomever you wish.
Slide 10-79
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS 1063. Use whose as the possessive form of who. Whose wallet is this? Heres the phone number of the person whose wallet you found.
Slide 10-80
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS 1061c. To decide when to use who or whom and whoever or whomever, mentally rearrange the sentence (as shown in parentheses below).
Who/Whom shall I say is calling? (I shall say he is calling.) Give this note to whoever/whomever asks for it. (She asks for it.)
Slide 10-81
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS 1061c. To decide when to use who or whom and whoever or whomever, mentally rearrange the sentence (as shown in parentheses below). Who/Whom are you going to vote for? (You are going to vote for him.) Vote for whoever/whomever you wish. (You wish to vote for her.)
Slide 10-82
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS 1063. Do not confuse whose (the possessive form of who) with whos (a contraction meaning who is or who has). Whose/Whos book is this? (This book is his.) Whose/Whos the author? (Shes the author.)
Slide 10-83
ADJECTIVES An adjective is an expression that answers questions like what kind, how many, and which one. What kind: excellent results How many: four laptops Which one: the latest data
Slide 10-84
ADJECTIVES An adjective may be a single word, phrase, clause, or compound modifier. Single word: a powerful man Phrase: a man of great power Clause: a man who hungers for power Compound modifier: a power-hungry man
Slide 10-85
ADJECTIVES An adjective can modify a noun or pronoun. Noun: Wonderful news! The news is wonderful! Pronoun: Unlucky me. I seem to be unlucky.
Slide 10-86
ADVERBS An adverb is an expression that answers questions like when, where, why, in what manner, and to what extent. When: Ill call you tomorrow. Where: Lets meet here or in your office. Why: I cant attend because of illness. In what manner: Dont speak so fast. To what extent: He talked much too long.
Slide 10-87
ADVERBS An adverb may be a single word, phrase, or clause. Single word: Speak clearly. Phrase: Speak in a clear voice. Clause: Speak as clearly as you can.
Slide 10-88
ADVERBS An adverb can modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. A verb: We closed the deal quickly. An adjective: Carole seemed genuinely pleased. Another adverb: The meeting went surprisingly well.
Slide 10-89
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 1065. Use an adverb (not an adjective) to modify an adjective. a really nice time (NOT: a real nice time)
Slide 10-90
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 1066. Use an adverb (not an adjective) to modify a verb that expresses action. I was hurt badly in the collision. (NOT: hurt bad)
Slide 10-91
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 1067. Use an adjective (not an adverb) to modify the subject of a sentence when the modifier follows a verb of the senses (feel look, sound, taste, smell). I feel bad. (NOT: badly) She looked happy. (NOT: happily)
Slide 10-92
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 1067. Use an adjective (not an adverb) to modify the subject of a sentence when the modifier follows a linking verb (some form of be, seem, appear, and become). Joe seemed friendly. We became suspicious.
Slide 10-93
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 1071. Adjectives and adverbs have three forms: positive, comparative, and superlative.
ADJECTIVE
Positive: Comparative: Superlative:

Slide 10-94
thin thinner thinnest
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 1071a, e. Adjectives and adverbs of one syllable (like soon below) form the comparative by adding er and the superlative by adding est. A few form the comparative and the superlative irregularly (like good below).
ADVERB ADJECTIVE
Positive: Comparative: Superlative:

Slide 10-95
soon sooner soonest
good better best
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 1071b. Adjectives and adverbs of two syllables usually form the comparative and the superlative in one of two ways.
ADJECTIVES ADVERBS
happy famous happier more famous happiest most famous

Slide 10-96
early often earlier less often earliest least often
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 1071c. Adjectives and adverbs of three syllables form the comparative and the superlative as follows.
ADJECTIVES ADVERBS
competent less competent least competent

Slide 10-97
carefully more carefully most carefully
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 1071g. When referring to two persons, places, or things, use the comparative form. When referring to more than two, use the superlative form. Kate is the taller of my two daughters. Jim is the tallest of my three sons. Jim is taller than John or Chris.
Slide 10-98
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 1071g. When referring to two persons, places, or things, use the comparative form. When referring to more than two, use the superlative form.
Trudy is the most helpful person on the staff. Trudy is more helpful than anyone else on the staff. (NOT: . . . more helpful than anyone on the staff.)
Slide 10-99
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 1071g. When referring to two persons, places, or things, use the comparative form. When referring to more than two, use the superlative form.
Chicago is the largest city in Illinois. Chicago is larger than any other city in Illinois. (NOT: . . . larger than any city in Illinois.)
Slide 10-100
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 1071i. When making comparisons, be sure to compare like things. This years sales are better than last years. (NOT: This years sales are better than last year.)
Slide 10-101
PREPOSITIONS A preposition is a word that takes an object (a noun or pronoun) and connects it to some other word in the sentence. Here are some common prepositions, followed in each case by an appropriate object.
above the clouds below the surface before noon after the party up the river down the drain
Slide 10-102
PREPOSITIONS A preposition is a word that takes an object (a noun or pronoun) and connects it to some other word in the sentence. Here are some common prepositions, followed in each case by an appropriate object. from all of us to the airport between you and me
Slide 10-103
for the last time against my wishes among the three of us
PREPOSITIONS A preposition is a word that takes an object (a noun or pronoun) and connects it to some other word in the sentence. Here are some common prepositions, followed in each case by an appropriate object. under the circumstances over the hill through the years
Slide 10-104
with every order without a doubt during the nineties
PREPOSITIONS A preposition is a word that takes an object (a noun or pronoun) and connects it to some other word in the sentence. Here are some common prepositions, followed in each case by an appropriate object. across the room by all means behind the door
Slide 10-105
in the meantime out the door at your convenience
PREPOSITIONS A preposition is a word that takes an object (a noun or pronoun) and connects it to some other word in the sentence. Here are some common prepositions, followed in each case by an appropriate object. on one hand until next year off the wall
Slide 10-106
of every kind since last week
about 6 p.m.
PREPOSITIONS 1078. Omit unnecessary prepositions. Where is she [at]? The carton fell off [of] the truck. Lets focus [in] on the real problem. I couldnt help [from] laughing. The strike is now over [with].
Slide 10-107
PREPOSITIONS 1079. Do not omit necessary prepositions. I just bought a couple of CDs. (NOT: a couple CDs.) We dont stock that type of filter. (NOT: that type filter.)
Slide 10-108
PREPOSITIONS 1079. Do not omit necessary prepositions.
She appears in movies, in plays, and on TV. (NOT: She appears in movies, plays, and on TV.)
Slide 10-109
SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION 1081a. Express parallel ideas in parallel form. Wrong: The program was stimulating and a challenge. Right: The program was stimulating and challenging.
Slide 10-110
SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION 1081a. Express parallel ideas in parallel form. Wrong: This scanner is easy to operate, efficient, and it is relatively inexpensive. Right: This scanner is easy to operate, efficient, and relatively inexpensive.
Slide 10-111
SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION 1081a. Express parallel ideas in parallel form.

Poor: This article will discuss: 1. How to deal with corporate politics. 2. Coping with stress. 3. What the managers role should be.
Slide 10-112
SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION 1081a. Express parallel ideas in parallel form.

Better: This article will discuss: 1. Ways to deal with corporate politics. 2. Techniques of coping with stress. 3. The role of the manager.
Slide 10-113
DANGLING CONSTRUCTIONS 1082a. When a sentence begins with a participial phrase that expresses an action, make sure that the subject of the sentence is the doer of the action that is expressed in the opening phrase. Otherwise, the opening phrase will dangle.
Wrong: Having studied your cost estimates, a few questions have occurred to me. Right: Having studied your cost estimates, I would like to ask you a few questions.
Slide 10-114
DANGLING CONSTRUCTIONS 1082b. When a sentence begins with an infinitive phrase that expresses an action, make sure that the subject of the sentence is the doer of the action that is expressed in the opening phrase. Otherwise, the opening phrase will dangle.
Wrong: To obtain this free booklet, the enclosed coupon should be mailed in. Right: To obtain this free booklet, you should mail in the enclosed coupon.
Slide 10-115
DANGLING CONSTRUCTIONS 1082c. When a sentence begins with a prepositional-gerund phrase that expresses an action, make sure that the subject of the sentence is the doer of the action that is expressed in the opening phrase. Otherwise, the opening phrase will dangle. Wrong: In analyzing the data, a few errors were found. Right: In analyzing the data, I found a few errors.
Slide 10-116
USAGE 1101. a lotalot
Thanks a lot. (NOT: Thanks alot.)
Slide 11-1
USAGE 1101. aof Its been kind of cold. (NOT: Its been kinda cold.) What sort of car did you buy? (NOT: What sort a car. . . )
Slide 11-2
USAGE 1101. affecteffect His memo will not affect (change) my decision. His memo will have no effect (impact) on my decision. How can we effect (bring about) a change in his decision?
Slide 11-3
USAGE 1101. amountnumber a large amount of sugar (wood, steel, etc.; things referred to in bulk) a large number of people (orders, etc.; things referred to as separate items)
Slide 11-4
USAGE 1101. awhilea while
wait awhile
wait for a while a while back
Slide 11-5
USAGE 1101. betweenamong
divided between the two of us divided among the three of us
Slide 11-6
USAGE 1101. fartherfurther We drove farther (in actual distance) than we planned. Lets discuss your idea further (to a greater extent).
Slide 11-7
USAGE 1101. fewerless
fewer accidents (or any other plural noun) less energy (or any other singular noun)
Slide 11-8
USAGE 1101. ofhave I could have helped you. (NOT: I could of helped you.) You should have let me. (NOT: You should of let me.)
Slide 11-9
USAGE 1101. sometimesometimessome time Lets get together sometime (at an unspecified time) soon. Sometimes (now and then) we go to Hawaii for a month. It will take some time (a period of time) to finish the job.
Slide 11-10
USAGE 1101. supposed to
What was I supposed to think? (NOT: What was I suppose to think?)
Slide 11-11
USAGE 1101. used to We used to go to Nova Scotia every summer. (NOT: We use to go to Nova Scotia every summer.)
Slide 11-12
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Punctuaton: Major Marks

CONTENTS PART 1. Grammar, Usage, and Style

Jack simply said, I have decided to resign.

Jack simply said that he had decided to resign.

Did Marsha really say, Why do we need to make a decision today?

What does the term mouse potato mean?

Saturday October 31 Mothers Day

Native Americans African Americans read Japanese

Executive titles: President Roy Fox

the Lieutenant Governor

Forty men showed up.

a few thousand brochures hundreds of acres

But: the May 2, 2003, issue

Or: $5 million But: not worth two cents

But: 125 million

ABBREVIATIONSPUNCTUATION 506a. Use a period after the abbreviation of a single word.

BUT: rpm mph

Miscellaneous expressions: A.D. B.C. P.O.

temp typo info

hype condo co-op

boxes matches sketches

crashes brushes buzzes

goose geese mouse mice

alumnae analysis analyses

PLURALS 619. To form the plural of most abbreviations, add s.

Dallass parks Phoenixs suburbs

Massachusetts roads Los Angeles freeways

BUT: the needs of each (NOT: eachs needs)

academy academic economy economic

emphasize criticize visualize

realize organize prize

enterprise devise televise

to download to highlight to proofread

COMPOUND ADJECTIVE long-term loans a well-known actor a tax-exempt sale

COMPOUND ADJECTIVE a two-week vacation a soft-spoken woman

I work part of the time. BUT: I work part-time.

a high-speed printer red-carpet treatment

It runs at high speed. Roll out the red carpet.

a three-hour job a 20-year mortgage

a job that took three hours a mortgage running for 20 years

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES 818. Compound Nouns as Adjectives.

a Park Avenue address an L. L. Bean catalog

a Supreme Court decision Mickey Mouse procedures

BUT: worldwide, storewide waterproof, fireproof

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES 821. Noun + Participle. Hyphenate before and after.

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES 822. Adjective + Participle. Hyphenate before and after.

filled-in forms a cooling-off period

forms to be filled in a time for cooling off

up-to-date figures down-to-earth ideas on-the-job training

off-the-shelf software before-tax earnings

bought it off the shelf earnings before taxes

after-dinner speeches speeches after dinner

WORD DIVISION 905-906. Do not divide an abbreviation or a contraction.

WORD DIVISION 918. Do not divide the last word on a page.

PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON REGULAR VERBS (1030a)

ask confirm need reveal

asked confirmed needed revealed

asked confirmed needed revealed

asking confirming needing revealing

PRINCIPAL PARTS OF COMMON REGULAR VERBS (1030a)

maintain taxi plan ship

maintained taxied planned shipped

maintained taxied planned shipped

maintaining taxiing planning shipping