Leonardo ENERGY Webinar: Photovoltaic Installations

Ton van der Wekken 9 May 2007

Experience you can trust.

Contents

Photovoltaic (PV) principle Market development Building integrated PV (BIPV) Examples BIPV PV technology Cost breakdown Example: 5 kWp system Future trends

Photovoltaic principle: Electrical energy from solar irradiation

Photovoltaic principle: Grid connection

Worldwide capacity of installed PV, off-grid and grid-connected

4000

Cumulative installed PV power by application area

3500

3000

Cumulative installed capacity [MW]

2500

Grid-connected Off-grid

2000

1500

1000

500

0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Year 2002 2003 2004 2005

Leading European countries in PV

European Country Austria France Germany Italy Netherlands UK Spain Switzerland 2003 [MWp] 16.8 21.1 431 26.0 45.9 5.9 27.0 21.0 Cumulative installed PV 2004 [MWp] 21.1 26.0 794 30.7 49.1 8.2 37.0 23.1 2005 [MWp] 24.0 33.0 1429 37.5 50.8 10.9 57.4 27.1

Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV): Pros and Cons

Pros BIPV
No or limited permitting procedures Showing awareness of inhabitants/owners Generating and use coincide in time and place Multifunctional application often feasible High technical potential Cons BIPV Systems are relatively small Without incentives not cost effective Additional contract for reimbursement feed-in At budget cut: PV drops out first

Ground based PV system

Ground Based PV compared to traditional power plants

Pros ground based PV Neither air nor noise pollution; No greenhouse gases; No visual nuisance. Cons ground based PV A hectare per MWp installed; High costs per MWp; Permitting procedures comparable to other
power plants

Residental houses, PV installed on sloped roof

Multifunctional: Roof from semi-transparant PV

Multifunctional: PV integrated in sound barrier

Multifunctional: PV integrated in sun blind

PV-Technology: some facts

Installed PV power defined as Watt-peak (Wp,
kWp and MWp)

Central and Northern Europe: maximum irradiation

1000 W/m2 Southern Europe: max. irradiation 1700 W/m2 Optimal orientation: South Optimal tilt angle PV modules: 35 - 38

PV-Technology: cell materials and efficiencies

Cell material Mono-crystalline (m-Si) Poly-crystalline (p-Si) Thin film (a-Si) Cell efficiency [%] 17 15 8 System efficiency [%] 13.5 12 6.5 Yearly yield [kWh/m2] 85 - 90 80 - 85 50 - 60

PV-Technology: electrical scheme

PV-Technology: Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)

Cost breakdown PV system -From 15 to 5 /Wp in a decadePV component Modules Inverter Balance of System (BOS) TOTAL Costs [/Wp] 4.0 4.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 5.5 6.5

5-kWp roof integrated PV system

Orientation Support structure Sloped roof, oriented south to south-west In the roof tile plane upon the roof battens Module support profiles (aluminium) mounted on the roof battens Brackets to clamp the modules on the support profiles Module data Gross dimensions 0.8 x 1.6 meters, Al frame Maximum power 150 Wp 72 multi-crystalline Si-cells measuring 12.5 x 12.5 cm Module efficiency 13% Junction box including bypass diodes at the back System layout 32 modules (lay-out 4x8) Gross area 6.4 x 6.4 m (41 m ) Installed power 4800 Wp 4 parallel strings, 8 modules per string connected in series 2 inverters of 2500 W, 2 strings per inverter Performance Electrical connection PV system Lifetime 3500 kWh per year Two separate electrical connections of 2500 W Two different meterings, one for use by the house equipment and the other for feed-in by the PV-system. Modules and support structure 30 years Watertightness of materials 20 to 25 years Inverters 10 to 15 years Financial data Simple Pay Out Time (SPOT) Turnkey investment 30,000 43 years at 0,20 /kWh, an average consumer tariff 17 years at 0,50 /kWh high feed in tariff (based on incentives)
2

Future developments
Cost reduction by economics of scale Thin film cells Shortage of crystalline Si boosts thin film Materials are amorphous silicon (a-Si), copper
indium diselenide (CIS), cadmium telluride (CdTe) Concentrator cells (CPV) Efficiency >20% Use of mirrors and sun tracking system Speral solar technology - Minute silicon beads on Al foil - Less Si material needed

Thank you for your attention!

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Experience you can trust.