Internal Combustion Engine Cycles

Classification of I/C Eng I/C engine cycles & Criteria performance of I/C eng

By: Ms. Farm Yan Yan

Combustion engines

Combustion engine is a machine that converts heat energy into mechanical energy. Internal combustion engine External combustion engine

Definition of I.C.E and E.C.E

I.C.E (internal combustion engine) -----is any engine that operates by burning its fuel inside the engine. Fuel (chemical energy) burning-heat energy-inside of cylinderexpanding gases-force the piston to move (mechanical energy). E.C.E (external combustion engine) -----is any engine that operates by burning its fuel outside the engine. Fuel (chemical energy) burning-heat energy-outside of boilerwater-steam-force the piston to move (mechanical energy).
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Simple external and internal combustion engine

engine

Three elements which all ICEs rely on:

Fuel: contains potential energy for operating the engine. Air :contains oxygen necessary for combustion. Ignition: it can start the combustion.

I.C.E versus E.C.E

(1) Similarity: both are heat engines. energy transforms in the same way -reciprocating motion to rotary motion (2) Differences: the fuel burns in different place the combustion rate
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Classification of ICE
Type of fuel used
a) Petrol b) Diesel c) Gas

Method of igniting the fuel

a) Spark ignition engine (S.I engine) b) Compression ignition engine (C.I engine)

Classification of ICE
No of strokes per cycle
a) 4 stroke cycle engine b) 2 stroke cycle engine

Cycle of operation
a) Otto b) Diesel c) Dual combustion cycle

Method of fuel injection

a) Carburetor engine b) Air injection engine c) Airless/ Solid injection engine

Classification of ICE
No. of cylinder Speeds Arrangement of cylinder Valve mechanism Method of governing

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS KM 30803

Petrol Engine

Spark ignition Engine

Gas Engine

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 Carnot Cycle Joule Cycle Otto Cycle Dual Combustion Cycle Diesel Cycle

Assumption for all the cycles

The working medium assume to be perfect gas, & follow pV=mRT There is no change in the mass of working medium All the process that constitute the cycle are reversible Heat supplied from a constant high T source NOT chemical reaction during the cycle Some heat assume to be rejected to a constant low T sink during the cycle.

It is assume that there is no heat losses from the system to the surroundings

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS KM 30803

The Otto Cycle

Constant- volume heat addition cycle Spark ignition engines There are four processes: I. Compression stroke II. Ignition Stroke III. Expansion Stroke IV. Exhaust stroke 1 2 3 4

Compression stroke

Ignition

Expansion

Exhaust

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-Air compressed isentropically - work put in and no heat transfer occur

The Otto Cycle

1 2
2 p 2

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS KM 30803

-Air is heated (Qin) at constant volume - No work is done

T 2

p 2

1 V p 3

T 2

3 4 1 s

T 2 4 1 V 1

2
4 s 1

4 V

-Air compressed isentropically - work output and no heat transfer occur

-Air is cooled (Qout)at constant volume, P and T back to original - No work is done.

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Thermal Efficiency of the Otto cycle:

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS KM 30803

Wnet Qnet Qin Qout Q 1 out Qin Qin Qin Qin The thermal efficiency becomes

th

th , Otto 1

Qout Qin mCv (T4 T1 ) 1 mCv (T3 T2 )

Since process 1-2 and 3-4 is isentropic,

Compression ratio

Hence, thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle

Ideal case of air, =1.4

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 Work done = Heat absorbed Heat rejected =mCv (T1-T4)-mCv (T2-T3) If replace all the T1, T2, T3& T4: Work done =
3344 1

Work output- Otto Cycle

2211 2 ; where, 1 1

3 4

Mean Effective Pressure (Pm)- Otto Cycle

The average pressure inside the cylinders of an ICE based on the calculated/ measured power output. Mean effective pressure, Pi =
=

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS KM 30803

The Diesel Cycle

- Used in oil diesel engine

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APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS KM 30803

Diesel Cycle P-V & T-s Diagrams

Process 1- 2 isentropic compression Process 2-3 reversible constant pressure heating Process 3-4 isentropic expansion Process 4-1 reversible constant volume cooling

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS KM 30803

The Diesel Cycle

3-4 2-3

Constant Pressure Heating

Reversible adiabatic expansion

1-2

4-1

Reversible adiabatic compression

Reversible constant volume heat rejection- cooling

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Thermal efficiency of Diesel Cycle

Mean Effective Pressure (Pm)- Diesel Cycle

Dual Combustion Cycle

Comparison of Otto, Diesel & Dual Combustion cycle

Figure shows comparison of Otto, diesel and dual combustion cycles at various compression ratios and with given cut off ratio for diesel and dual cycles. For the given compression ratio.