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THEORY

AND

TEC!HNIQIJIJ3, [lOb] [1OC]

VOL.

MTT-17,

NO.

5, MAY

1969

259

transmission
Theory

line on non-planar
and Techniques,

Microwave

surfaces, IEEE vol. MTT-13, pp. stri~

Tec~-

303-306, May 1965. f8dl. J. P. Shelton. Jr.. Impedances . transmission

[Se]

of offset ~arallel-counled
Microw;ue Theory ;nd

lines,

IEEE

Trans.

[11]

pp. 715, January 1966. S. Yamamoto, T. Azakami, and K. Itakura, Coupled strip transmission line with three center conductors, IEEE Traos.
iziques, vol. MTT-14, Microwave Theory and Techniques,

[12] [13]

vol. MTT-14, lines,

MTT-14,

pp. 446-461,
IEEE Trans. pp. 542-553,

[8f]

October 1966. Slit-coupled

Mic;owave Theory

strip

transmission
vol.

and Techniques, of a TEM

transmission line used in a IEEE Trans. on application, Microwane Theory and Techniques, (Correspondence), vol. MTT15, pp. 327-328, May 1967. [8h] H. Guckel, Characteristic impedances of generalized rectangTrans. Microwave Theory and ular transmission lines: IEEE Techniques, vol. MTT-13, pp. 27&274, May 1965. [8i] M. K. Krage and G. I. Haddad, The characteristic impedance and coupling coefficient of coupled rectangular strips in a waveTrans. Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. guide, IEEE MTT-16, pp. 302-307, May 1968. [9] G. Wendt, Statische Felder und Stattionare Strome, Encyclopedia of Physics, S. Flugge, Ed., vol. 16. Berlin: Springer, 1958 (see especially page 37). [lOa] N. I. Muskhelisvili, Singular Integral Equations. Groningen, Netherlands: Noordhoff, 1967.

November 1966. [8g] H. C. Okean, Properties

microwave

integrated

circuit

[14a]

F. G. Tricorni, Integral Equations. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1957. GroninN. P. Vekua, Systems of Singular Integral Equations. gen, Netherlands: Noordhoff, 1967. I. Pa16cz, The integral equation approach to currents and fields in plane parallel transmission lines, J. Math. Mech., vol. 14, pp. 541-560, April 1966. K, Nickel, Losung eines Integralgleichungssysterns aus der Math. Z., vol. 54, pp. 81-96, 1951. Tragfliigeltheorie, L. Lcwin, The solution of singular integral equations over a multiple interval and applications to multiple diaphragms in recof Appl. Math., vol. 16, pp. 417tangular waveguides, SIAMJ. 438, March 1968. Quart. J. of F. G. Tricomi, On the finite Hilbert transform, Math., vol. 2, pp. 199-211, 1951.

[14b] H. Sohngen, Zur Theorie der Endlichen Hilbert Transformation, Math. Z., vol. 60, pp. 31-51, 1954. [14C] F. G. Tricomi, The airfoil equation for a double interval, Z. Angew. Math. Phys., vol. 2, pp. 402-406,1951, [15a] J. C. Tranter, Integral Transforms in Mathematical Physics. New York: Wiley, 1951. [15b] R. V. Churchill, The operational calculus of Legendre transforms, J. Math. and Phys., vol. 33, pp. 165-177, 1955. [15C] G. Cinelli, An extension of tbe finite Hankel transform and Znternat. J. Engineering Science, vol. 3, pp. 539applications, 559, October 1965. [15d] D. Naylor, On a finite Lebedev transform, J. Math. Mech., vol. 12, pp. 375383, 1963.

From

Approximations Characteristic
WOLFGANG

to Exact

Relations

for

Impedances
HILBERG

AbsfractApproximations for the characteristic impedance of a are special two conductor stripline and for the general function K/K derived by a transformation method recently described in the literature; the first, second, and third approximations having a greatest relative error of the order of 10s, 10B, aad 10-12, respectively. They cao be introduced into an algorithm which is based on elementary conforrnal mappings, and thus further approximations with rapidly vanishing errors can be derived. obtained by elliptic The reanlts agree with those for the function K/K integral theory. Obviously no such theory is needed to calculate characwith arbitrary accuracy. Tbe teristic impedances or the function K/K advantages of the new method are illustrated for shielded coupled-strip transmission lines, for which an extended diagram with extreme parameter values bas been worked out.

eristic impedances :lliptic integrals,

could be given exactly orIly by means of but that in [1] the theory mappings. of elliptic paper inte[2] a was made by in [1] and the

y-als was not needed at all. The calculation ~arious conformal :onnection In the following the theory was found between

heory of transformations of elliptic iategrals, in particular he Landen transform. From this connection a general and rery advantageous algorithm was derived to get the funcion K/K. In the first part of this paper it will be proved that t is possible to get the useful and general formulas of [2] without going back to elliptic integral theory. Elementary :onformal mappings as in [1] will suffice. In the second part, u-e treated, two coupled strip transmission and somewhat lines more as an interesting technical

I. INTRODUCTION

METHC)D has been developed [1] to achieve good approximations for the characteristic impedances of
some

parallel and conical transmission lines, improve these approximations step by step, so that arbitrarily good approximations, i.e., exact values, obtained. The interesting fact is that up to now these

and to at last can be charac-

Manuscript received May 8, 1968; revised December 26, 1968. The author is with the AEG-Telefunken Research Institute, Ulm, Germany.

complicated example. Thus it will be illustrated that the new method of calculation is simpler than the conventional (me, that it is generally applicable, and that the results agree with those obtained by the conventional theory. Further, it is ;hown that even in cases with extreme design parameters, leeded, for example, for new developments, the new method ~ives the results faster and more exactly by elementary fornulas than they can be obtained by tabulated elliptic inteyal functions.

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1969

---H--L--(a)

k = Cos a!,
Later on two coupled striplines

k = sin a. will be treated

(6) (Fig. 2). For

these arrangements

it is usual to define even and odd com-

ponents of characteristic impedances. With these quantities the calculation of arbitrary couplings can be carried out. Cohn [3] calculated Z w,= and Z.dd fOr the lines in Fig. 2: z where
Fig. 1. (a) Coplanar parallel transmission line. (b) Conical transmission line of a strip perpendicular to a conducting ground.

en tiz

307r K(M)

K(kti)

(7)

e=anh(-aanh(:?) (8)
k: = <1 k.; and

II.

THE CONVENTTONALEXACT REPRESENTATION OF CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCES

It is well known that most characteristic transmission lines cannot be given exactly functions. This is true without exception

impedances of by elementary where

307r K(ko)
Zodd = <z K(kO)

(9)

for strip transmis-

sion lines, which are in general use nowadays and are built in various ways. For these striplines the coplanar parallel transmission line of Fig. l(a) and the conical transmission line of a strip perpendicular to a conducting plane in Fig. l(b) are of central importance [1]. This will be illustrated by an example in Section V. The parallel transmission line of Fig. l(a) has the characteristic impedance,

=tanh(:a Coth(;%)
,10)
kd = 41 The coupling as a directional factor
K

ko. designed

of an arrangement, is well known:

specially

z
Here

q ~.
4

K(k) K(W)

(1)

coupler

K=

z even Z.dd
z ,VCII+ Zc,dd

(11)

III.

APPROXIMATIONS

in particular

The coplanar parallel transmission line of Fig. l(a) is converted into the conical line of Fig. l(b) by simple conformal mappings [1], where the relation
a

exists
4 Y

Y
/Jo

= 1207r ohms = 377 ohms. elliptic integral of the first kind,

(2b)

7r

co

arc tan T=T Therefore, only one transmission

ti

. ?J

(12) in

K(k) is the complete

line needs be regarded

(3) and k and k are the so-called dependence moduli with the mutual

the following

general considerations.

Because of the shorter

~, + ~1, = ~. For Fig. are l(a) with the characteristic impedance

(4) (1) the

expressions for the moduli the conical line of Fig. l(b) is chosen. For this line a first approximation can be derived in an elementary way [1], containing two expressions for different ranges of validity, having a common boundary and which together cover the whole range of definition:

moduli

z=

~ln

[1

2 cot ~

=sin(2arctant9* = Cs(arcanla W2O(:-;I

(5)

z=

13)

The conical transmission line of Fig. l(b) has the same characteristic impedance (l), but the moduli are given by

HILBERG:

CHARACTERISTIC

IMPEDANCE

APPROXIMATIONS

AND

EXACT

RELATIONS

261

The greatest relative error arises exactly at the point a = Tr/4, Z= ~/4 and is smaller than 2.36X 1(F3. By comparison of the formulas and (13) the relation for the characteristic can be obtained: impedance in (6)

The corresponding then

approximation

for the function

K/K

is

%-=+ [2:%1
. (14) forl & SK,_
m

a cot. 2

l+k lk

Cotl ~ 1 2 k= r Cotz ;
.4

and

L<k d2

<l. (17)

+ 1

Herewith a corresponding approximation integral function can be set up:

for

the elliptic 1 1 and O~k~=. 42 The numerical treatment showed these approximations than 3.10-. a further approximation to

have a relative error lower Continuing the mappings, conical line can be obtained: (15) z =~ln 2

for the

<l+cosa+#4cosa

vl+cosa-q4cosa for~~Z~~ and

1
O:SCYs~. (18) sin asin a.

The greatest relative In regarding the two expressions

error is the same as in (13). it is conspicuous are built the reciprocal that of the in (13) and(15) is essentially very similarly.

v1 z = V; /In 2

sin a + &4

these approximations

41+sina~4

1
K/K is

The second expression

first one, only a and k are replaced

by the complementary The corresponding K In F2r approximation for the function

parameters 7r/2 a and k. In just the same way the second expression was derived from the first in [1]. It can easily be shown that this procedure can be generalized. approximation for one of the ranges, e.g. for 0~as~/4withv/45Z<~, an approximation obtained with or OSk2S~with the same accuracy From an the range

l< K/K<w, is immediately clear

. dl+k+qG 2 [ dl+?c-qz

1
(19)

for the other range. This becomes especially

when looking at the expression K(k)/K(k). If k runs from O to l/@, k runs from 1 to l/vZ because of (4). Thus, knowing the function values in the range OS k< l/ti2, range 1//2 S k <1 by taking and exchanging k and k. one the gets those in the remaining reciprocal of the function

K K

@ = 27r/in [ 2 @

+ k +

+4)/

+ k +41G and

-1
Osks-$. relative far better values

From the relations (38) and (39) in [1], obtained by conformal mapping, a further approximation results by suitably choosing half the relations and introducing the same boundaries as in (13) and (15):

for O<~51

The

approximations

(18),

(19) have a greatest

error smaller than 4X 1&12, thus supplying

.~lnz
[

1 + 4COS 1

4COS a 1

_ a>

than contained in all known tables. Furthermore it should be noted that in using the approximations tlhere are no difficulties of interpolation, unavoidable with tabulated functions. At last it should be remarked that elementary function are often much better suited for general calculations than elliptic integrals, especially, for example, for integration and similar operations. IV. RECURSIONSFOR ARBITRARILY HIGH ACCURACY projection and other simple concan be

(16) z v~/in [
21+ti!!H 1 tisin

1
a

The cycle of stenographic

formal mappings, leading to the last approximation, run through systematically again and again.

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1969

The approximations vanishing exceedingly in [1], constant

arising by this procedure fast. If, unlike the analytic

have errors formula (49),

the recursion

boundaries

are set and the algorithms in the following algorithm:

(50) in [1] are joined,

result of the transforma-

tion cycle can be described N=0,1,2,

. . ..W.

fo=:.

[$l.= 2N21n[2K ::1

To derive this general and very rapidly the theory converging algois ,N. rithm for the function K/K of elliptic integrals not needed at all, in contradiction to the former paper [2]. In principle it is even possible to derive in this way the wellknown Landen transform of K(k). interesting These remarkable facts cannot and in
. ..(N(N -

v=1,2, f,-, = ~

.o.

arc tan i/~W,

V=O, 1, 2,

1).

(20)

particular here. Finally, rithm obtained (K/K)-.

theoretically

be traced the algocan be

it shall be mentioned correspondingly in the same simple From the technical

that by rearranging good approximations

(21),

way for the inverse function point of view this means the of transmission impedance. For

computation of the geometrical parameters lines for given values of the characteristic

practical claims of accuracy it should be simplest to solve the above approximations for their arguments. V. THE SHIELDED COUPLED STRIP TRANSMISSIONLINE In the last four rows it can be seen that the recursion In this section it shall be shown, as an example of the practically important coupled striplines, why the coplanar stripline of Fig. the coplanar be obtained l(a) has a central importance, and how other can cross sections of lines can be transformed stripline from (13) together with (12): + 1 1 into this one. For

starts from the approximation

(13). Then the first improve-

ment for N= 1 yields the approximation (18). The greatest relative error reduces from 2X 10-3 to 4X l&12. The approximation (16) cannot be obtained with this transformation cycle. It is left out. However, as we are free to introduce every suitable approximation in the algorithm, (16) ean be chosen as the beginning. The first improved approximation for N= 1 then has a greatest relative error far below I&lz. Starting from (18) yields a still better first improvement, and so on. Summarizing all the results of the algorithm that for the function (20) based on the K/K, they are

of Fig. l(a) a first approximation

z= In 2r ~r/r 2 _ [ #r/r and lSEs(l+ r

for~sZS@

@4. (22)

(13) and (16), it can be realized results into approximations identical with those obtained

after converting

in [2] with the aid of the Lan-

den transform. The condensed general algorithm, comprising all the results above, can be written in the following way: N=0,1,2, k, = k,
1 k, = l+kj!-l H-1

. . ..c0. ii; = k. k:+k~=l.

lk, k;l= l+ k, forv=l,2, forv=O, l, . . ..N.

The greatest relative error of 2.4X l& is good enough for the following. Let us consider the shielded coupled strip transmission line of Fig. 2. For the calculation of the coupling, the characteristic impedances Z,.em of the even mode (see Fig. 3(a)) and If we and pick out a quarter of the line Zo~~ of the odd mode (see Fig. 4(a)) must be known. take the even mode fist l).

k; k-N

. ..(N(l)

cross section (see Fig. 3(b)), then this part will have the characteristic impedance 2 Z.V,.. A mapping intothe~ axis

HILBERG

: CHARACTERISTIC

IMPEDANCE I

APPROXIMATIONS

AND

EXACT

RELATIONS

263

t
I

t
Fig. 5.

----E

----line.

Shielded strip transmission

with
line.

the SchwarzChristoffeI

transformation,

Fig. 2.

Shielded coupled strip transmission

w
1

=s
c
first

[(z -

X,)(Z

Z2)]-M +

(23)

leads, after the determination formation equation

of the constants,

to the trans-

h w = arc cosh ~<. nIf we substitute

(24)

w= UI and then w== UZ using the the is obtained for r/r:

(:)
1 I
I --

corresponding following

values z= r and z= r, respectively,

relationship

cosh2 ~

.
r

I-t

h 7TU1 coshz h

(25)

-U2 (b)

-u,

4, W2.0

Before substituting

this value into (22) we have to consider impedance for the whole one half-plane, into which

that (22) yields the characteristic plane in Fig. l(a). Consequently, (c) Fig. 3. (a) Even mode. (b) A quarter cross section. (c) Mapping into a straight line. the cross section represented

in Fig. 3(b) was transformed,

has twice this value. For Z,v,n the factor 2 is eliminated throughout, and after substituting (25) into (22) the following expression is obtained:

z even=

1
[

dcoshwosh?+ 2 dh%cosh?-

1
(27)

(a)

1=

f -U2 w
(b)

- u{

~-{W2=0
The calculation is similar for the odd mode, We pick out a quarter of the transmission line (see Fig. 4(b)), which has a characteristic impedance of 2 Z.cIcI, and transform the boundary into the x axis, applying the transformation equation h w = arc r
sinh~z.

Fig. 4.

(a) Odd mode. (b) A quarter cross section. (c) Mapping into a straight line.

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1969

6 L

24

r--L

30T -

21

10 ~
10-3

I 2

I I L

I I 111
6 8 10-2

I
2

I I I I 11I
L 6 8 10-

1
2

I 4

I 1111

I I 111
6 8 101

I
2

I I I I lx
4 6 8 102

8 10

Fig. 6.

Characteristic

impedances ZOeven and

ZO cdd

for shielded coupled striP transmission

lin@-

again, we substitute w= UI and w= u, with the corresponding values z= r and z= r, respectively, the following relationship is obtained for r/r:
If,

sinhz ~ r r h (28) 7TU 1 sinh2 h approxi-

%/n[2dc0sh3 oro<z%
It makes no sense to apply more accurate formulas for graphical representations. In Fig. 6 the curves were calculated from (26) and (29). Instead of the symbols U1 and u,, w and s, the characteristic quantities introduced in [2] and

Substituting this expression into (22) the following mations are obtained fOr Zodd:

dsinhwsinh?+ Z.dd

marked

in Fig. 2 were used:

.3

U2=W+)
;n [ 2 @inhwsinh?- 1

Ul=.

(31) 2

odd :/n[2usinhwsinh%l
foro<zodd<~

Comparing the curves of Fig. 6 with those of Cohn [3], the following em be recognized: in the middle area of the diagram, which alone can be compared, there is agreement. In the transition between the two Z ranges of the approximations no break is to be seen. There are apparently no difficulties in computing the curves even for extreme parameter values, as shown for very low and high ones, Just there the accuracy of the approximations even rises and the error is far starting from the this value by 2N zero, twice the line below l&3. Roughly the following is valid: impedance Z= 307r ohms and multiplying

By letting

the value UI in (26) approach impedance

value of the characteristic

of the microstrip

(see Fig. 5) must be obtained. By substituting b = 21A the following simple impedance is obtained for the line of Fig. 5:

where N=O, -11,-12, . . 0 yields impedances with a greatest relative error of the order of ( 103)2N. The computation can

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1969

265

be carried

out by means of small digital even on the slide rule. other

computers

or with given by

the whole diagram. the approximations

In this case it is favorable for K/K

to use one of

less accuracy polygons with be transformed

given in ( 15), (17), {19).

As in the above example,

cross sections

alternating electrical and magnetic walls can by SchwarzChristoffel transformation into [1] W. Hilberg,

REFERENCES Uber die Moglichkeit, gewisse Wellenwiderstandsformeln, die efliptische Integrale enthalten, durch Naherungsformeln beliebig hoch wahlbarer Genauigkeit zu ersetzen, Arck. Elek. Ubertragurzg, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 603-616, 1967. [z] Naherungen fur die elliptische Integral-Funktion K/K und Rek&sionen zur beliebigen Verbesserung ihrer Genauigkeit, Z. Arzgew. Math. Pkys. (to be published). [3] S. B. Cohn, Shielded coupled-strip transmission line, IRE Trans. Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-3, pp. 29-38, October 1955. [4] W. Hilberg, Die Darstellung gewisser fur die Berechnung von Leitungen benotigter elliptischer Modulfunktionen durch Rekursionsformeln, Arch. EIek. Uberfragang, VOL 21, no. 9, pp. 451459, 1968.

a straight line (x axis). Taking the approximations for the coplanar line, the usual next step of transformation into a rectangle leading to expressions K/K can be omitted. When using the algorithms, the elliptic integral theory is obviously not needed at any point even for arbitrarily tions, i.e. for exact values. In many cases of practical In the literature applications a formula there is still another problem. is given for the good approxima-

characteristic impedance of a transmission line in the conventional form K/K with moduli k and k, and one should like to obtain good numerical values rapidly or to survey

Mode

Coupling

Between

Surface Lines

Wave

Transmission
KENNETH R. COOK,
MEMBER,

IEEE, AND

TEH-MING

CHU

AbstracfTbe eigenvahre eqnation describing

matchmg method for solntions of boundary agreement is obtained between theoretical method for obtaining

tbe mode coupling the point results. A

very weak coupling. Meyerhoff tion of requiring

The eigenvalue

equations

obtained

by

between two Goubau surface wave lines is derived utilizing and experimental

and Tiazhelov

were identical

and had the limita-

value problems. Excellent

the radii of the surface wave lines be small

the hybrid wavenumbers of coupled surface wave

lines is proposed for a finite set of TE and TM modes.

HE TRANSFER of power between two parallel Goubau surface wave lines has received little attenT

compared to the wavelength as well as the separation of the two lines. Furthermore, their analyses were directed only to the lowest order TM mode structure. Goubau and Sharp [4] reported measured power transfer between two Goubau coupling coupling over rather between lines. However, restricted surface their data represented Bracey dielectric data on the by values of separation. and experimental waves supported

tion

in the past. Tiazhelov modes. Under rather

[1] considered limited conditions, conditions

the interhe was of the

action able

of two surface wave lines considering to apply approximate boundary

only the lowest

et al. [5] presented theoretical sheets and rods. The theoretical

order TM

Leontovich type and obtain reasonable agreement between theory and experiment. His results were presented in terms of the hybrid space wave characteristics. However, for close coupling conditions his results were somewhat in error. Prior to Tiazhelov, Meyerhoff [2] used a somewhat different approach for obtaining the hybrid phase characteristics for Manuscript received September 25, 1968; revised December 26, 1968.This work was sponsored by the U. S. Department of Transportation, Office of High Speed Ground Transportation. K. R. Cook was with the Institute for Telecommunication Sciences, Environmental ScienceServicesAdministration, Boulder, Colo. 80302. He is now with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colo. T. M. Chu is with the Institute for Telecommunication Sciences, Environmental ScienceServicesAdministration, Boulder, Colo. 80302.

data presented

in the present paper does

not have the limitations of Meyerhoffs and Tiazhelovs analyses. Also, experimental data are presented for power transfer over a much wider range of separation than previously repolted [1], [4]. We have directed our attention to the coupling between two parallel surface wave lines capable of supporting an arbitrary but finite number of TE and TM modes. By utilizing the method of point matching [3] a numerical scheme is generated which allows one to compute the coupled phase velocities for a set of surface wave structures supporting a finite number of modes. Limitations of the process are those inherent to the point matching method and computer capabilities.