PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER 3
MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE

PHYSICS
3.0

CHAPTER 3

MOMENTUM AND IMPULSE

3.1 Momentum and impulse 3.2 Conservation of linear momentum

PHYSICS Learning Outcome:

CHAPTER 3

3.1 Momentum and impulse

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:

Define momentum. Define impulse determine impulse Use and use F-t graph to

PHYSICS
3.1.1 Linear momentum,

CHAPTER 3

is defined as the product between mass and velocity. is a vector quantity. Equation :

p = mv

The S.I. unit of linear momentum is kg m s-1. The direction of the momentum is the same as the direction of the velocity. It can be resolve into vertical (y) component and horizontal (x) component.

py

p x = p cos = mv cos

p y = p sin = mv sin
4

px

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3.1.2 Impulse, J

CHAPTER 3

Let a single constant force, F acts on an object in a short time interval (collision), thus the Newtons 2nd law can be written as

where

dp F= F= = constant dt

J = Fdt = dp = p2 p1

p 2 : final momentum p1 : initial momentum

F : impulsive force

is defined as the product of a force, F and the time, t OR the change of momentum. is a vector quantity whose direction is the same as the constant force on the object.
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CHAPTER 3

The S.I. unit of impulse is N s or kg m s1. If the force acts on the object is not constant then

J=

where Since impulse and momentum are both vector quantities, then it is often easiest to use them in component form :

Fav : average impulsive force

t2 t1

Fdt = Fav dt

consider 2-D collision only

J x = ( Fav ) x dt = p2 x p1 x = m( v x u x ) J y = ( Fav ) y dt = p2 y p1 y = m v y u y J z = ( Fav ) z dt = p2 z p1 z = m( v z u z )

)
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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3
F

When two objects in collision, the impulsive force, F against time, t graph is given by the Figure 3.20.

Figure 3.20

0 t1

t2

Shaded area under the Ft graph = impulse

Picture 3.1 Picture 3.2
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Picture 3.3

PHYSICS
Example 3.1 :

CHAPTER 3

A 0.20 kg tennis ball strikes the wall horizontally with a speed of 100 m s1 and it bounces off with a speed of 70 m s1 in the opposite direction. a. Calculate the magnitude of impulse delivered to the ball by the wall, b. If the ball is in contact with the wall for 10 ms, determine the magnitude of average force exerted by the wall on the ball. Solution : m1 = 0.20 kg

u1 = 100 m s 1
1 Wall (2) 1

v1 = 70 m s

v2 = u 2 = 0
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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3
J = dp = p2 p1

Solution : a. From the equation of impulse that the force is constant,

J = m1 ( v1 u1 )

Therefore the magnitude of the impulse is 34 N s. b. Given the contact time,

J = Fav dt

PHYSICS
Example 3.2 :
F ( kN )

CHAPTER 3

18

0 0.2

1.0

1.8

t ( ms )

Figure 3.21

An estimated force-time curve for a tennis ball of mass 60.0 g struck by a racket is shown in Figure 3.21. Determine a. the impulse delivered to the ball, b. the speed of the ball after being struck, assuming the ball is being served so it is nearly at rest initially.
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PHYSICS
Solution : m = 60.0 10 kg a. From the force-time graph,
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CHAPTER 3
J = area under the F t graph

b. Given the balls initial speed, u

= 0 J = dp = m( v u )

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PHYSICS
Exercise 3.1 :

CHAPTER 3

1. A steel ball with mass 40.0 g is dropped from a height of 2.00 m onto a horizontal steel slab. The ball rebounds to a height of 1.60 m. a. Calculate the impulse delivered to the ball during impact. b. If the ball is in contact with the slab for 2.00 ms, determine the average force on the ball during impact. ANS. : 0.47 N s; 237. 1 N 2. A golf ball (m = 46.0 g) is struck with a force that makes an angle of 45 with the horizontal. The ball lands 200 m away on a flat fairway. If the golf club and ball are in contact for 7.00 ms, calculate the average force of impact. (neglect the air resistance.) ANS. : 293 N
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PHYSICS
Exercise 3.1 :
3.

CHAPTER 3

Figure 3.22

A tennis ball of mass, m = 0.060 kg and a speed, v = 28 m s1 strikes a wall at a 45 angle and rebounds with the same speed at 45 as shown in Figure 3.22. Calculate the impulse given by the wall. ANS. : 2.4 N s to the left or 2.4 N s
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PHYSICS CHAPTER 3 3.2 Conservation of linear momentum

3.2.1 Principle of conservation of linear momentum

states In an isolated (closed) system, the total momentum of that system is constant. OR When the net external force on a system is zero, the total momentum of that system is constant. In a Closed system,

F= 0

From the Newtons second law, thus

dp F= = 0 dt

dp = 0
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PHYSICS
Therefore

CHAPTER 3
p = constant
then

p x = constant p y = constant

According to the principle of conservation of linear momentum, we obtain The total of initial momentum = the total of final momentum OR

pi =

pf

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PHYSICS
Example 3.3 :

CHAPTER 3
u A = 6 m s 1
A

Linear momentum in one dimension collision

uB = 3 m s 1
B

Figure 3.14

Figure 3.14 shows an object A of mass 200 g collides head-on with object B of mass 100 g. After the collision, B moves at a speed .of 2 m s-1 to the left. Determine the velocity of A after Collision :Solution m = 0.200 kg; m = 0.100 kg; u = 6 m s 1

u B = 3 m s ; vB = 2 m s

pi =

pf

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PHYSICS
Example 3.4 :
m1

CHAPTER 3

Linear momentum in two dimension collision

u1

m2

50
m1

v1

Before collision
Figure 3.15

After collision

A tennis ball of mass m1 moving with initial velocity u1 collides with a soccer ball of mass m2 initially at rest. After the collision, the tennis ball is deflected 50 from its initial direction with a velocity v1 as shown in figure 3.15. Suppose that m1 = 250 g, m2 = 900 g, u1 = 20 m s1 and v1 = 4 m s1. Calculate the magnitude and direction of soccer ball after the collision. Simulation 3.3
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PHYSICS
Solution :

CHAPTER 3
m1 = 0.250 kg; m2 = 0.900 kg; u1 = 20 m s 1 ; u 2 = 0; v1 = 4 m s 1 ; 1 = 50

From the principle of conservation of linear momentum,

pi =

pf

The x-component of linear momentum,

pix = p fx m1u1 x + m2 u 2 x = m1v1 x + m2 v2 x

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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Solution : The y-component of linear momentum,

piy =

0 = m1v1 y + m2 v2 y

p fy

Magnitude of the soccer ball,

v2 =

( v2 x ) 2 +
1

(v )
2y

Direction of the soccer ball,

v2 y 1 0.851 2 = tan v = tan 4.84 2x

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PHYSICS
Exercise 3.2 :

CHAPTER 3

1. An object P of mass 4 kg moving with a velocity 4 m s1 collides elastically with another object Q of mass 2 kg moving with a velocity 3 m s1 towards it. a. Determine the total momentum before collision. b. If P immediately stop after the collision, calculate the final velocity of Q. c. If the two objects stick together after the collision, calculate the final velocity of both objects. ANS. : 10 kg m s1; 5 m s1 to the right; 1.7 m s1 to the right 2. A marksman holds a rifle of mass mr = 3.00 kg loosely in his hands, so as to let it recoil freely when fired. He fires a bullet of mass mb = 5.00 g horizontally with a velocity 300 m s-1. Determine a. the recoil velocity of the rifle, b. the final momentum of the system. ANS. : 0.5 m s1; U think.

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PHYSICS
3.
1.20 kg Before 0.630 m s-1

CHAPTER 3
1.80 kg 1.40 m s-1

After

Figure 3.16

In Figure 3.16 show a 3.50 g bullet is fired horizontally at two blocks at rest on a frictionless tabletop. The bullet passes through the first block, with mass 1.20 kg, and embeds itself in the second block, with mass 1.80 kg. Speeds of 0.630 m s1 and 1.40 m s-1, respectively, are thereby given to the blocks. Neglecting the mass removed from the first block by the bullet, determine a. the speed of the bullet immediately after it emerges from the first block and .b. the initial speed of the bullet ANS. : 721 m s1; 937.4 m s1

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PHYSICS
Exercise 3.2 :

CHAPTER 3

4. A ball moving with a speed of 17 m s1 strikes an identical ball that is initially at rest. After the collision, the incoming ball has been deviated by 45 from its original direction, and the struck ball moves off at 30 from the original direction as shown in Figure 3.17. Calculate the speed of each ball after the collision.

Figure 3.17

ANS. : 8.80 m s 1; 12.4 m s1

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PHYSICS
3.2.2 Collision

CHAPTER 3

is defined as an isolated event in which two or more bodies (the colliding bodies) exert relatively strong forces on each other for a relatively short time. Two types of collisions :

Elastic collision Inelastic (non-elastic) collision

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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Elastic collision is defined as one in which the total kinetic energy (as well as total momentum) of the system is the same before and after the collision. Figure 3.18 shows the head-on collision of two billiard balls. Before collision 1

m1u1 m2 u 2

At collision

Simulation 3.4

After collision

m1v1

1
Figure 3.18

m2 v 2
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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

The properties of elastic collision are a. The total momentum is conserved.

pi =

pf

b. The total kinetic energy is conserved.

Ki =
OR

Kf

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 m1u1 + m2 u 2 = m1v1 + m2 v2 2 2 2 2
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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Inelastic (non-elastic) collision is defined as one in which the total kinetic energy of the system is not the same before and after the collision (even though the total momentum of the system is conserved). Figure 3.19 shows the model of a completely inelastic collision of two billiard balls. u = 0 Before collision 1

m1u1

m2
1 2 Simulation 3.5

At collision

After collision (stick together)

v
26

Figure 3.19

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Caution: Not all the inelastic collision is stick together. In fact, inelastic collisions include many situations in which the bodies do not stick The properties of inelastic collision are a. The total momentum is conserved.

pi =

pf

b. The total kinetic energy is not conserved because some of the energy is converted to internal energy and some of it is transferred away by means of sound or heat. But the total energy is conserved.

Ei =

Ef
OR

Ki =

K f + losses energy
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PHYSICS
Example 3.5 :

CHAPTER 3

Ball A of mass 400 g and velocity 4 m s-1 collides with ball B of mass 600 g and velocity 10 m s-1. After collision, A and B will move together. Determine the final velocity of both balls if A and B moves in the opposite direction initially Solution : mA = 0.4 kg, uA = 4 m s-1 , mB = 0.6 kg, uB = -10 m s-1, inelastic collision Before collision A

uA

uB

After collision

A B

v= ?

pi =

pf
28

By using the principle of conservation of linear momentum, thus A A B B A B

m u + m u = ( m + m )v

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Solution :

CHAPTER 3
m Au A + mB u B v= m A + mB

Final velocity of both balls is - 4.4 m s

-1

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PHYSICS
Example 3.6 :

CHAPTER 3

A ball A of mass 1 kg moving at a velocity of 4 m s-1 collides with ball B of mass 2 kg which at rest. Calculate the velocity of both balls after collision if the collision is an elastic collision. Solution : Given mA = 1 kg, uA = 4 m s-1, mB = 2 kg, uB = 0 m s-1, elastic collision Before collision A

u A u B = 0ms 1
B

After collision

vA = ?

vB = ?
A B

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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

Solution : Apply principle of conservation of momentum,

m Au A + m B u B = m A v A + m B v B 1(4) + 2(0) = 1(v A ) + 2(vB )

vA = 4 - 2 v B m s 1 ..(1)
Apply principle of conservation of kinetic energy,

1 1 1 2 2 2 m A (u A ) = m A (v A ) + mB (vB ) 2 2 2 m A (u A ) = m A (v A ) + mB (vB )
2 2 2

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PHYSICS
Solution :

CHAPTER 3

1(4) 2 = 1(v A ) 2 + 2(vB ) 2 16 = v A + vB

2 2

..(2)
2 2

Substitute equation (1) into equation (2)

16 = (4 2vB ) + 2vB 2 2 16 = 4(2 vB ) + 2vB 8 = 2(2 vB ) + vB

2 2

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PHYSICS
Solution :

CHAPTER 3

8vB = 3vB

Substitute vB = 2.67 ms

into equation (1),

vA = 4 - 2 (2.67)

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PHYSICS

CHAPTER 3

THE END
Next Chapter
CHAPTER 4 :

Forces

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