Ioana Bordeianu Camelia Buditeanu Andreea Clugria Ileana Catina

Mark Roberts (coordinator) Ileana Chersan Ctlina Harabagiu-Dimitrescu Amalia Niu Gabriela erbnoiu

ENGLISH

for MODERN POLICING

A practical English language course for law-enforcement students and professionals
2nd edition

STUDENTS BOOK
Reprinted 2005

English for Modern Policing / Ioana Bordeianu, Camelia Buditeanu, Ileana Catina, Andreea Clugria; Coord.: Mark Roberts. Bucureti: Editura Ministerului Administraiei i Internelor, 2005 2 vol. ISBN 973-8307-84-8 Vol. 1: Students Book.- ISBN 973-8307-85-6 I. Bordeianu, Ioana II. Buditeanu, Camelia III. Catina, Ileana IV. Clugria, Andreea V. Roberts, Mark (coord.) 811.111:351.74(075.8)

Redactare: Ctlina HarabagiuDumitrescu Tehnoredactare: Dumitru VNU Coperta: Niculina TRU Tiprit la Tipografia Ministerului Administraiei i Internelor

UNIT 1

DESCRIPTIONS

INTRODUCTION
Police officers will, on many occasions in their service, either be required to describe a person or obtain a description. Think about the topic. Discuss the following questions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What is a description? Why do we use descriptions in police work? What should you pay particular attention to when compiling a description of a person? When compiling a description of property what details should you pay particular attention to? Are there any special skills required for police officers in producing a reliable and accurate description of things which they have seen?

Activity 1 Think about the members of your class. Try to describe one of them so accurately that all the others in the class would identify that person from your description. The following checklist may be of help to you- but obviously you do not mention his/her name yet! a) Full name, including any alias/ nickname age: he/she is 20 years old; he is 20 years of age; he is aged 20; he is a 20 year old youth; he is in his twenties/ early 20s/ late 20s; he is about/ approximately 20. age group: school age / young/ middle aged/ old. age range: under/ over. b) Appearance Height: tall/ short/ medium height/ average height Build: fat/ heavy/ medium/ slim/ thin/ slightly built/ well built Colour (ethnic origin): Caucasian or white European/ dark European/ Asian/ AfroCaribbean /Latin-American Complexion: fresh/ ruddy/ pale/ pimply/ uses cosmetics Hair: length/type- short/ long/ curly/ wavy/ bald/ colour- dark/brown/blond/grey/dyed. He has got dark hair/ he is dark haired Hair on face (facial hair): beard/ moustache/ dark chin/stubble Eyes colour of the eyes: He has got blue eyes/ he is blue eyed
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English for Modern Policing c) d) e) Distinctive (distinguishing) marks: birth marks/ moles/ warts/ scars/ tattoos/ deformity other identifying marks. Characteristics and habits: drinking/ smoking/ known associates Dress (clothing): smart/ casual/ sporting/ scruffy/ vagrant Items of clothing. Try to build up a complete description of yourself.

Activity 2

Grammar: Order of Adjectives

1. She has got curly blond long hair. 2. He is wearing a long black leather jacket. 3. He is a middle aged short man. 4. He is driving a black small car. Whats wrong with these sentences? This is generally the correct order of adjectives: Size Style/pattern Colour/material (Noun)

Put the adjectives in order in these phrases: a) b) c) d) e) f) grey brown grey short cotton blue short large woollen silk striped dark straight round long floral blouse four-door hair eyes sweater dress short-sleeved saloon

Activity 3

Translate the following text into English:

Martorul incidentului a declarat ofierului anchetator c l-a vzut pe cel care a tras dou focuri de arm asupra victimei. El a descris suspectul dup cum urmeaz: Suspectul era un brbat alb, de talie mijlocie, n vrst de aproximativ 30 de ani. Avea prul negru tuns scurt i musta. Purta un tricou de culoare deschis i pantaloni negri. Dup atac s-a urcat ntr-o main alb, model japonez, cred, i a prsit locul faptei n vitez. Asta-i tot ce mi amintesc.
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UNIT 1 Descriptions Activity 4

Reading

OPERATION GRANGER Detectives investigating a series of serious indecent assaults in Havant and Hayling Island know that at least two were carried out by the same man. And the methods used in the other incidents- between December 1999 and July 2000suggest that he could also have been responsible for at least three others. A major inquiry team has been set up to investigate the assaults, and DNA evidence has shown there is a positive link between two of the attacks on a 51-year- old woman between Havant and Emsworth and on a 13- year- old girl in a Hayling Island church yard. Detectives are especially keen to find the perpetrator before he strikes again because his attacks are becoming progressively more violent and showing signs of more planning. In the most recent attack on Friday, July 7, 2000, at 7.50pm a 15- year- old girl was cycling home north along the disused Hayling Billy railway line, now a public footpath. As she reached West Lane she heard someone on the path behind her. Thinking it was a jogger or walker she made way for them to pass, but instead she was grabbed from behind by a man. The attacker threatened to kill her if she struggled and tried to drag her into the bushes at the side of the footpath. But the girl managed to fight her way free and screamed for help, frightening the man off. The terrified girl was then able to cycle to a petrol station and phoned the police. She has been able to describe the man who attacked her as follows: White Clean shaven 5ft 7ins tall Short grey to fair hair Physically weak Wearing a black woollen hat Long sleeved dark coloured top and jogging bottoms Gloves She has also helped detectives piece together a CD-fit image of the attacker. This attack bears all the hallmarks of at least four other incidents since December 1999 and another reported prowler incident could also have been the work of this man. Based on the victims statements, the composite description of the man responsible for their ordeals is that he is: Aged 35 to 55 years 5ft 5 in to 5ft 8in tall Slim to slight build Described by all the victims as physically weak Reasonably deep voice Smelled very strongly of cigarettes In four out of the five attacks he wore gloves In the May attack, -the only one in daylight he wore a dark blue sweatshirt or, possibly a blue jacket with side pockets, and pale blue or possibly white trousers or jeans. Police officers want to hear from anyone who recognise the description.
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English for Modern Policing # Exercise 1 Decide which statements are true and which are false. Write T if you think the statement is true and F if you think it is false. 1. Detectives are investigating a series of indecent exposure cases. 2. DNA evidence has shown there is no positive link between two of the attacks. 3. A 15-year-old girl was cycling home 4. She was grabbed by the hand. 5. The attacker dragged her into the bushes at the side of the footpath. 6. The victim drove off to a petrol station and phoned the medical services. 7. The girl described the man as being black, short but strong, wearing light coloured clothes. 8. The suspect is known as a heavy cigar smoker. 9. The same attacker may also be responsible for at least three other attacks. 10. Police launched a nationwide hunt for the man who carried out the assaults. Follow - up discussion Work in groups or with a partner and discuss the following issues: Motive for the attack Known description Expected description Follow-up investigation Chances of the attacker being caught Punishment for such offences under the criminal code

Activity 5 a) Vocabulary specialist terminology related to suspects description. Find the right equivalent in Romanian. To describe a person To give a description To compile a description To produce a reliable and accurate description To draw a sketch To build a description/picture Personal description/word picture/spoken picture /sketch portrait Face image Computer description (CD) fit/identity kit/photo-fit system Computer generated image (E-Fit) Mugshots/ mugbook Features (the face or countenance) Description of suspect/offender To fit/ match the description To locate suspects
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UNIT 1 Descriptions Suspects wanted for Suspects considered to be armed and dangerous Suspect described as follows Last seen wearing # Exercise 2 Choose the right word from the list above to complete the text: INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM To all Station Commanders The Serious Crimes Squad is requesting the assistance of your office in ____1______ four suspects ____2_____ for the shooting of a Turkish businessman at the Palace Hotel in Bucharest. The members of our Squad are in the process of ____3_____ the pictures of the alleged shooters based on descriptions ____4_____ by witnesses. Using ____5___ from police criminal records weve found no one _____6_____ the offenders____7_____. Photocopy pictures of the suspects will be made available to you as soon as possible. Should your officers locate any of the suspects, report location immediately. Do not attempt to apprehend. Suspects are to be considered ___8____ and ___9___. Thank you for your assistance in this matter and if you have any further questions please do not hesitate to contact our investigating officers. # Exercise 3 Use a verb from the left and a noun phrase from the right, make phrases describing police activities. You can use the verbs with more than one phrase. Make up sentences of your own. Investigate Conduct Collect Take (to) Attend Give Arrange Search (for) Check Interview Describe evidence identification parade crime scene examination investigation police files suspects witnesses crimes prints emergency call information
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English for Modern Policing # Exercise 4 Put in the correct prepositions: POLICE BUILD PICTURE _1__ ALLEGED TERRORIST WHOSE CHOICE _2__ CAR WAS BASED _3__ SIZE _4__ BOOT A saleswoman who sold the car used __5_ the Ealing bombing _6_ a suspected member _7__ the Real IRA cell behind the attack said the man had chosen the vehicle _8__ the biggest boot. Speaking yesterday as police issued an e-fit _9__ the man believed to have bought the car, the woman said the man had paid _10__ cash and it had taken only 20 minutes _11__ him first seeing the car untill he drove away _12__ it. The five-door grey Saab turbo was bought __13__ the car lot _14__ Ilford, Esseex, _15__ July 19, two weeks before the explosion __16__ Ealing, west London, last week which injured 11 people. The e-fit shows a white man _17__ his mid-30s, 5ft 10in _18__ 5ft 11in tall and _19__ slim build. He has straight blond hair and a pitted face which suggests he suffered _20___ acne __21__ some time. The man has a slightly dimpled chin and speaks _22__ a soft Irish accent. After buying the car he asked directions _23__ the A46, known _24__ Londoners as the north circular road, suggesting he was not local. Re-read the text and translate it into Romanian. Use all information in the text to fill in the Police Report at the end of this unit. Activity 6

Parts of the Human Body and Injuries

Injuries - vocabulary To receive/sustain injuries Minor/ serious/ injuries Slightly injured Severely injured Killed Deaths fatalities Casualties Wounding to wound Stab to stab Concussion to concuss Bruise bruising Shotgun wound
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UNIT 1 Descriptions # Exercise 5 Translate the following sentences into Romanian: Two police officers received serious injuries while attemting to quell a disturbance outside a town centre discotheque. 1) The post mortem examination revealed that death had been caused by a single shotgun wound to the head. 2) The victim of the assault complained that he had two broken ribs and bruising to his head and back. 3) The murderer stabbed his victim in the heart with a kitchen knife. 4) No casualities were reported in last weeks accident but the driver was treated for severe concussion 5) The gunman shot his victim once in the chest.

Activity 7

Listening
MISSING FATHER AND SON

Before listening, discuss the following questions with a partner: 1. Why do people go missing? 2. What do you do if you are concerned about a missing person? 3. Are there any specific requirements in reporting a missing person to the police? 4. Is there a national service or helpline one can apply to when there is a long-term absence or where there is cause for concern? 5. What problems are associated with finding persons who go missing? 6. Give your own opinions (speculate) as to what may happen to a missing person. In such cases, it is common to speculate about where a person may be now or what may have happened to her. So we can speculate about the present using May/might +infinitive May/might be +.ing (may be holding; might be keeping her prisoner; might be working) Or about the past using May/might have + past participle May/might have been + past participle (PASSIVE) Examples She/he may be with her/his relatives in countryside. (PRESENT) Someone may have abducted her/him (PAST) and may be keeping her/him hostage.
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English for Modern Policing During listening Make notes while listening to the tape. Write down all important details. After listening You have just listened to a police report. Use the notes you have made to answer the following questions. 1. How old is the missing son? 2. Since when have the pair been missing? 3. What is the prime concern of the police? 4. How tall is Simon (the father)? 5. What distinctive mark does he have? Where? 6. What was the baby wearing when last seen? 7. What vehicle (s) could the pair be travelling in? 8. Where have the police displayed posters featuring photographs of the pair? 9. What is Simon keen on? 10. What do the police urge the father to do? Activity 8

Translate the following text into English:

POLIIST UCIS CU MITRALIERA LA TIMIOARA Un poliist a fost ucis cu focuri de mitralier, iar un altul a fost izbit cu maina n timp ce urmreau un autoturism furat. Este pentru prima oar cnd hoii recurg la mitralier n confruntarea cu aprtorii legii i ordinii. Un poliist din Timioara a fost ucis cu focuri de mitralier, n zori zilei de duminic, 4 martie 2001, n timp ce urmreau o main furat. Un alt poliist implicat n urmrire a fost izbit cu maina. Poliia din Timioara a primit, smbt noaptea, o sesizare privind furtul unui autoturism Mercedes de pe o strad din ora. Maina a fost dat n urmrire local i a fost identificat, la puin timp, de o patrul mobil de poliie, care i-a fcut semn oferului s opreasc. Persoana aflat la volan a redus iniial viteza, dup care l-a lovit n plin pe unul din subofierii de poliie, Ioan Mateescu, aruncndu-l la doi metri distan, pe carosabil. Cellalt membru al echipajului de poliie, plutonier major Saa Disici, a urcat n maina personal i a plecat n urmrirea autoturismului furat. Disici a luat legtura telefonic cu poliistul lovit, pe care l-a anunat c n maina urmrit se aflau trei persoane care au deschis focul asupra sa, cu o mitralier. Trag cu o mitralier. M ciuruiesc!- acestea au fost ultimele cuvinte ale poliistului. Mateescu a plecat cu un autoturism n cutarea colegului su, pe care l-a gsit pe marginea oselei, mpucat mortal n piept i cu pistolul din dotare n mna stng. Poliitii timioreni au realizat portretul robot al uneia din persoanele implicate n uciderea unui poliist n timpul exercitrii atribuiilor legale. Poliitii susin c unul dintre agresori este brunet, cu prul lung, are faa oval, nasul lung, ochi mari, negri, i fruntea ngust. Ei afirm c agresorul are n jur de 30 de ani, aproximativ 1,80m nlime i era mbrcat cu o geac maro din piele. (Monitorul, 5 martie, 2001)
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UNIT 1 Descriptions Activity 9

Try to describe the two persons photographed here

What are the most important distinguishing features for each?

Activity 10

Identify and correct the mistakes in each sentence

1. He is long brown hair. 2. She has a freshly complexion. 3. He is average high. 4. She has dark brown dyed hair. 5. He is blue eyes. 6. He is a tattoo on his right forearm. 7. The suspect was casual dressed. 8. He is known to associate with drug addictions. 9. The suspect uses heavy make-ups. 10. He is a white european.
Border police and other law enforcement officers have special training to enable them to spot imposters! Can you identify from the two photographs if it is the same man?

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English for Modern Policing

POLICE REPORT 1. Person reporting:

Address: Complainant: Address: Incident as Reported Reported To: 2.Where Committed House No. 3.When committed At/ Between and If M/Vehicle Used Show Reg. No. (or Part) 36 Age Sex

Time& Date Name of premises Street District or Town Time Day Date Month (24hrs)

Year

No.of witnesses

UNIT 1 Descriptions Description of Suspect/Offender

Dress Marks Smart Tattoos Casual Scar Sporting Deformity Scruffy Other identifying marks Age group 1 school age 2 young 3 middle age 4 old 5 6 7 8 Vagrant

Enter Appropriate Code in Box Below Height Build Ethnic origin 1 under 1 fat 1 White 1.60m European 2 1.602 heavy 2 Dark 1.75m European 3 over 3 medium 3 Asian 1.75m 4 4 slim 4 Oriental 5 5 thin 5 Arabian 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8

Hair colour 1 balck 2 brown 3 ginger 4 5 6 7 8 blonde white grey bald dyed

Accent 1 local 2 north 3 south 4 5 6 7 8 Scots Welsh Irish foreign

Age Range 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 under 12yrs 12-13yrs 14-16yrs 17-20yrs 21-29yrs 30-39yrs 40-49yrs 50-59yrs

9 unknown

9 unknown

9 unknown

9 unknown

9 unknown

60yrs& over
Wanted

Offender/Suspect Name&Address Reported Sex C.R.O.No.

Suspected DOB

Complainant requests no publicity (Tick) Officer in Case .. Officers Attending Scene (Officers Time and Date of Arrival) Section Officer Reporting Officer Plain Clothes C.I.D. Crime &Vandalism Squad Crime Prevention Other Supervising Officer Others
Witnesses: (Name, address- nature of evidence)

Report of Investigating Officer: I have made enquiries as follows: SCENE Searched Fingerprint examination result awaited VICINITY OF SCENE Local residents Tradesmen

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English for Modern Policing Occupants interviewed Visitors Relations Employes Tradesmen Others SEARCH OF AREA FOR Route taken by offender Instrument Passers by Suspected persons Suspected vehicles Unusual telephone calls

Abandoned property Abandoned vehicles

ENQUIRIES TO TRACE SUSPECTS Places of entertainment Hospitals/surgeries Licensed premises Places of refreshment Hotels/hostels Gipsy encampments Observations to be kept Photographs shown Informants Liaison C.R.O. Crime Int. P.N.C. Date Officer Rank & No. Periodic visits Photo-fit shown

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UNIT 2

CRIME AND PUNISHMENT

Activity 1

Discussion

1. Why do we have rules and laws? Why do people follow them? Why do people break them? 2. Is ignorance of the law an excuse? Why (not)? 3. A policeman on duty kills a criminal while defending a victim? Has the officer committed any crime? 4. What is crime? Take two minutes to write a possible definition for crime. 5. There is more crime than there used to be. Do you agree? Why (not)? 6. You are innocent until proven guilty! Why do you think miscarriages of justice still occur? 7. Where can you find the following signs? What do they tell you?

WARNING
NO DUMPING ALLOWED

ZONE

NO TRESPASSING

Perpetrators will be prosecuted

$500 FINE

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Activity 2 What effects do you imagine the following have had on crime? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. the invention of gunpowder the creation of police street lighting employment in factories the payment of police 6. war 7. the discovery of fingerprints 8. cars 9. the colour of mans skin/religion 10. the welfare state

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English for Modern Policing Activity 3 Look at the spidergram below and say what effect each of these factors has on the crime rate and why. Alcoholism/ drugs Severity of punishment Social values

CRIME RATE
Police/other prevention Poverty

Individual morality

Activity 4

Writing

Crime is on the increase. Offer some possible solutions. Use the following phrases in an essay of around 200 words. It is my firm belief that... One way to combat crime would be... The result of this would be ... Furthermore... Due to the fact that... A further advantage of this... On the other hand... It would certainly be a good idea if ... One final suggestion...

Activity 5

Crimes

Preliminary Acts as Crimes Read the following text and choose the best word for each space. Certain types of behaviour take place before the 1of a crime but are nevertheless complete crimes in2.. These offences solicitation, attempt and conspiracy give the police the opportunity to prevent the intended crime. Each offence can be punished even if the 3.intended never occurred. A number of states make 4.. a crime for a person to solicit (ask, command, urge, advise) another person to commit a crime. In most states an attempt to commit a crime is in itself a crime. To be guilty of the crime of attempt, the accused must have 5.intended to commit a crime and taken some substantial 6.toward committing the crime. 7preparation to commit a crime is not enough. The difficult problem with the crime of attempt is determining 8.the actions of
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UNIT 2 Crime and Punishment the accused were a step toward the 9..commission of a crime or mere acts of preparation. A common example of attempt is the situation in which a person decides to shoot and kill someone but, being a poor10., misses the intended victim. The person doing the shooting would be 11for attempted murder. A conspiracy is an agreement between two or more persons to commit a crime. The crime of conspiracy is designed as a means of preventing other crimes and 12against criminal activity by groups. 13..it is sometimes criticised as a threat to freedom of speech and association. 1. a) commission 2. a) them 3. a) bad 4. a) it 5. a) also 6. a) way 7. a) little 8. a) when 9. a) actual 10. a) man 11. a) accused 12. a) striking 13. a) despite b) achievement b) itself b) harm b) this b) both b) possibility b) just b) that b) current b) guy b) liable b) urging b) although c) accomplishment c) they c) wrong c) c) too c) step c) a few c) whether c) existing c) killer c) sentenced c) beating c) however d) finalisation d) themselves d) worse d) of d) still d) action d) mere d) therefore d) present d) shot d) exonerated d) interrupting d) as well

Activity 6

Crimes Against the Person

Crimes against the person are serious offences. However the law protects the defendant by defining the various levels of these crimes and by considering the circumstances of each offence. Using dictionaries and working in pairs, give definitions to the following crimes.
assault, battery, homicide, murder, first-degree murder, second-degree murder, voluntary manslaughter, grievous bodily harm, involuntary manslaughter, abduction, slander, libel, hate crime

Share your results with the class. One has been done for you. Hate crime is defined as "the violence of intolerance and bigotry, intended to hurt and intimidate someone because of their race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, or disability. (Community Relations Service, 1997) N.B. In the texts, some of the crimes are specific to the American legal system, some to the English. The two systems have different terminology, the more serious crimes in the US system are called felonies and the less serious are called misdemeanors. There are different terms for specific crimes, too, e.g. larceny (US) is divided into petty and grand. In English law, the crime is theft.
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English for Modern Policing Activity 7

Crimes Against Property

Use the words in the box to complete the text. arson burglary computer crime embezzlement extortion forgery theft mugging

receiving stolen property robbery shoplifting taking a vehicle without consent vandalism

The category of crimes against property includes crimes in which property is damaged or cases in which property is stolen or otherwise taken against the will of the owner. a) is the willful and malicious burning of another persons property, whether owned by the accused or not. If any property is burned with the intent to defraud an insurance company this is usually a separate crime. b) also known as malicious mischief, is the willful destruction of, or damage to, the property of another. It includes such things as smashing telephone kiosks, breaking windows, ripping down fences, flooding basements and breaking car aerials. Depending on its extent, it can be either a felony or a misdemeanor in the USA. c) is the unlawful taking of property of another with intent to steal it permanently. This crime also includes keeping lost property when a reasonable method exists for finding the owner, or if you keep property delivered to you by mistake.. d) is a form of theft (or larceny in US). It is the crime of taking items from a store without paying or intending to pay for them. e) is the unlawful taking of property or money by someone to whom it was entrusted. IN UK it is a form of theft. f) is the unlawful taking of property from a persons immediate possession by force or intimidation, generally in banks, trains etc. In fact, it involves two criminal intentions: theft of property and actual or potential physical harm to the victim g) , popularly called blackmail, is the use of threats to obtain the property of another. Its statutes generally cover threats to do future physical harm, destroy property or injure someones character or reputation. h) , originally defined as breaking and entering the dwelling of another during the night with intent to commit a felony (commit theft UK), now includes the unauthorised entry into any structure with the intent to commit a crime, regardless of the time of day. i) is a crime in which a person falsely makes or alters a writing or document with intent to defraud. It can also mean altering or erasing part of a previously signed document. j) is a crime of receiving or buying property that you know or have reason to believe is stolen. Knowledge that the property is stolen may be implied by the circumstances. k) is committed when a person takes, operates, or removes a motor vehicle without consent of the owner, including joy-riding. A passenger in a stolen car may also be guilty if that person had reason to believe the car was being used without permission. l) can be broadly defined as the unauthorised access to someone elses computer system. Most of the time such action is designed to steal government or trade secrets and sell them to business rivals or foreign governments. m) is attacking and violently robbing a person out of doors (e.g. in a park, in a car park or in the street).

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UNIT 2 Crime and Punishment Activity 8 Work with a partner and test each other. One person turns the page over, the other asks questions. e.g. What do you call the crime of burning another persons property? Define forgery. Thief is a very general term. Write more specific names for a thief in each space.

THIEF

Activity 9

Listening

Listen and complete the sentences below with a word, phrase or number. Car theft accounts for 1).. of all crimes. Methods include 2). and equipment, and installing 3) .. Neighbourhood Watch schemes help preventing 4). and thefts. Crime Concern was established in 5) In inner city areas the risk of burglary is 6). than in rural areas. Mass shootings have resulted in a review of regulations controlling 7).. The problem of drinking and driving is combated by measures such as 8). Racial incidents consist in 9)..and 10).. in shops.

Activity 10

Crime and the Media

Explain and rewrite the headlines in detail. 4 bodies found in Camden County house; 6 arrested in drug raid nearby Student kidnap case against bus driver on hold for mental review Two arrested in woman's slaying Search on for gunman in triple-killing

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English for Modern Policing Robbery suspect takes hostages at California bank Gunman Kills 2 Men; Mother, Unborn Baby Shot Articles Hurt Search For Yates' Jurors Life Or Death For Deputy Killer? Five Killed In Murder-Suicide

Activity 11

Quiz

Among people victimized while working, men are more likely than women to experience a violent crime. True or false? Which of the following methods is more likely to be used for killing a person? Why? a) shooting b) hitting or kicking c) sharp instrument d) strangulation e) other Who among the following is least/most likely to kill you? For what reasons? a) a friend or acquaintance b) a present or former spouse or lover c) another member of your family d) a stranger e) a terrorist More women than men are found guilty of shoplifting. True or false?

Activity 12

Crime Fixation

We all tend to be cynical about tabloid media sensationalism, but do you realise just how much your perceptions of crime have probably been distorted? Take a look at the table below and then discuss on it with a partner. Perception Statistical Picture

Violent crime accounts for roughly a half Violent crime accounts for only 6% of all crime. of all crime (average estimate in public responses to NOP poll). Young children and the elderly are the Those least at risk from violent attacks are young most at risk from violent attack. children and the elderly (only 2% of mugging or beating victims are elderly). 25% of people expect to fall victim to Only 1% of people ever experience violent crime. violent crime. Its dangerous to be out on the streets after A greater number of violent attacks take place in dark. the home than on the street. 85% of adults believe its more dangerous Over the last 25 years there has been no increase for children after dark now than when they in child murder by strangers. The overall murder were young. Attack by strangers is the rate (all age groups) has been almost static over biggest fear (survey by Dr Barnardos the last 10 years. childrens welfare agency).
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UNIT 2 Crime and Punishment In most cases of violence, the offender is known There are weirdoes everywhere these days (quoted from a bystander at a child to the victim, rather than fitting the stereotype of murder case, interviewed on BBC News). suspicious stranger or weirdo. They (violent offenders) are all on drugs The offender is seldom on illegal drugs, but is these days. often drunk. 57% of women fear going out at night alone Only a small percentage of victims of outdoor (compared to 11% of men). violence are female. Those most vulnerable (statistically) are young males.

Activity 13 1.

Punishments

A policeman on duty defends a victim and kills the criminal. What is he guilty of?

2. Do you agree with the death penalty? Why (not)? If you do, under what circumstances? 3. Imagine that you discover that your best friend has found a way of cheating in an important exam which the two of you are taking soon. What would you do and why? Mention any personal experience you may have had. 4. Should police officers carry guns? Why (not)? What reasons can you give for choosing punishments? Select the three that seem most important to you. Justify your choice(s). to make the punishment fit the crime; to teach them a lesson; to make them pay for their crimes; to give them a second chance; to deter others; to allow opportunity for rehabilitation; to ease the burden on tax payers; to set an example.

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English for Modern Policing Activity 14

Sentencing

Read about the court sentences in the text and think of a crime to fit each one. If it is someones first offence, and the crime is a small one, even a guilty person is often unconditionally discharged. He or she is set free without punishment. The next step up the ladder is a conditional discharge. This means that the guilty person is set free but if he or she commits another crime within a stated time, the first crime will be taken into account. He or she may also be put on probation, which means that regular meetings with a social worker must take place. A very common form of punishment for minor offences is a fine, which means that the guilty person is sentenced to a certain number of hours of community service. Wherever possible, magistrates and judges try not to imprison people. This costs the state money, the countrys prisons are already overcrowded and prisons have a reputation for being schools for crime. Even people who are sent to prison do not usually serve the whole time to which they were sentenced. They get remission of their sentence for good behaviour. There is no death penalty in Britain, except for treason. It was abolished for all other offences in 1969. Although public opinion polls often show a majority in favour of its return, a majority of MPs has always been against it. For murderers, there is an obligatory life sentence. However life does not normally mean life. A parole system operates to give prisoners, even convicted murderers under certain circumstances, an opportunity to be released "earlier". Activity 15 Work with a partner and discuss the following questions: 1. What purpose do prisons fulfill in current society? What purpose should they fulfill? Comment on the points in the list below. 2. What kinds of problems do prisoners face, both while they are in jail and after they are released? 3. Why are people sometimes tempted to take the law into their own hands? Are there any circumstances in which this is justifiable? Activity 16

Writing

Write a short essay- about 200 words- on punishment. Try to use the following words and phrases:
depression, humiliation, fear of violence from guards or other inmates, contact with more experienced and hardened criminals, drug abuse, ostracism, stigma attached to it, slip back into his old ways, finding housing and employment, the law has failed them, a code of honour, a blood feud, a vendetta, to take revenge on somebody

Activity 17

Appropriate Sentences

Read the accounts of nine cases. The sentences have been left out. What do you think the sentence should have been? Choose from the following: the death penalty life in prison without parole. 1,500 years in jail 18 years in prison 15 years in prison. three years in jail
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UNIT 2 Crime and Punishment nine years 12 years 15 years in prison

1) SAN FERNANDO, Jan. 14 - A 16-year-old boy convicted of murdering two other teen-agers on a La Crescenta playground over about $660 worth of marijuana was sentenced today to... 2) A former Immokalee man who has been in prison since 1996 pleaded no contest Monday to shooting and killing another Immokalee man. Willie Barrett could have faced the death penalty if convicted of first-degree murder in the shooting death of Henry Jean "Baby Ruth" Marshall on Dec. 22, 1995. Instead, Collier County Circuit Judge Lauren Miller formally found him guilty of a reduced charge of second-degree murder and sentenced him to . 3) A former baby sitter was sentenced to . for causing the death of a toddler in her care. Tawny Sue Gunter had pleaded guilty to voluntary manslaughter for causing 2-year-old Billy Deon Blankenship to fall over the side of a staircase Nov. 15, 1990, at her Concordia, Mo., residence. Last Nov. 15, Gunter admitted grabbing Billy in a burst of anger and causing his fall. 4) A former police officer who admitted killing his wife was sentenced in Rockland County Court yesterday to . after appeals from his daughter for leniency and from his former mother-in-law that he be jailed longer. 5) Thursday, September 06, 2001 OKLAHOMA CITY, Okla. The city's new district attorney is pressing ahead with state murder charges against bombing conspirator Terry Nichols and is seeking... despite Nichols' federal conviction and the high cost of prosecuting him. 6) Shooting spree leader gets .Three bored Athens teen-agers with idle time, a car and a hunting rifle spent a weekend last February shooting up empty schools, cars, and occupied homes for kicks. 7) A man who did cocaine, ecstasy and cannabis in a nursery school in Edinburgh, was sent to prison for... John Curran was arrested by police after a successful operation was mounted. The drugs recovered had an estimated street value of 220.000. 8) An all-white jury in Oklahoma City yesterday convicted a Negro, aged 22, of raping a white employee of a telephone company. They sentenced him to ... after the prosecution said that 500 years would be just a slap on his wrist. 9) A Glasgow housebreaker is now serving .. after an intensive police investigation put him behind bars. Following a series of break-ins, the Operation Magpie squad carefully analysed each crime and established a pattern, suggesting the same person was responsible. The painstaking investigation led to a Glasgow criminal called David Kelly. He was arrested and charged with a total of 33 break-ins across Edinburgh. Activity 18

Role Play

Read the following newspaper stories. The class will be divided into 2 groups, one will be the prosecution and one will be the counsel for the defence. Elect three representatives in each team. After preparation, each representative will talk to his/her counterpart, in turn. Decide on the appropriate punishment for the offenders in each case; prepare to make demands, plead, justify, negotiate.

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English for Modern Policing A

An innocent man was released from prison today after serving ten years of a thirty year prison sentence for murder. The man had been found guilty on false police evidence. Before leaving the court, the mans solicitor spoke to the reporters: Thank God we dont have capital punishment any more, he said.

B
A boy and a girl were in hospital yesterday after being attacked by guard dogs. They had climbed over a factory wall to fetch their football. If they hadnt been in the factory this wouldnt have happened, said the owner. My dogs were just doing their job.

C
A young mother appeared in court yesterday. She was charged with 20 worth of food from a supermarket. The woman told the court that she had stolen the food for her children. She had lost her job and had no money.

Activity 19

Listening

Listen to the following report on drink-driving and fill in the blanks in the table below with a number, word or short phrase
Conviction Causing death by 1). whilst under the influence of drink/drugs Driving whilst 3)through drink 6).. of a vehicle Refusing to provide a 9) . Imprisonment 2) .. 6 months Ban 2 years 4).. or 3 yrs if convicted 5). in 10 yrs. 12 months Fine 5,000

7). 6 months

8). . 10) .

What are the punishments for such offences in your country? Reading Activity CRIMINALS This is the story of a serial killer called Son of Sam. What is a serial killer? Have you heard of any? What do you expect to find out about serial killers after reading this text? Read the text. Some sentences have been removed. Decide where they should go. Look at the underlined vocabulary items and look up any unknown words.

Son of Sam PART ONE .a) Two young women, Donna Lauria, and her friend Jody Valenti, were talking in Jody's car in the Bronx, New York City. A man pulled out a Charter Arms .44 Bulldog handgun from a paper bag, squatted down and fired into the car five times. Donna died immediately, hit in
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UNIT 2 Crime and Punishment the neck. Jody, shot in the thigh, leaned on the horn while the man continued to pull the trigger, even though the chamber was now empty. On the night of October 23, 1976, three months after the Lauria girls senseless murder, twenty-year-old Carl Denaro was shot five times in the head. A little more than a month later, on the evening of November 26, 1976, Donna DeMasi and her friend Joanne Lomino were fired at and barely survived. Of these three assaults which had occurred in two different areas, the Bronx and Queens, only one bullet had been recovered intact. Consequently, police were not yet able to link these attacks to a single individual. Things quietened down for two months. Then in the early hours of January 30, 1977, the killer went hunting for his next victim. Christine Freund and her finance John Diel left The Wine Gallery in Queens around 12:10 A.M. and strolled towards his car. As they sat in the car, two shots broke the night, shattering the windshield. Christine grabbed her head; both shots had struck her. John rested her head on the driver's seat and ran for help, trying to flag down passing cars, but to no avail. People in nearby homes had heard the shots and had called the police. A few hours later Christine died in hospital. Forty-three-year-old Detective Sergeant Joe Coffey and Captain Joe Borrelli started to work on this latest homicide. Coffey could see that the bullets used to kill her were not typical. b)Investigating further, he discovered that her murder matched those other assaults on Donna Lauria, Donna LaMasi and Joanne Lomino. Coffey had a hunch that they were dealing with one psycho using a .44, stalking women in various parts of the city. As his investigation began to bear fruit, a homicide task force was formed under Captain Borrelli. After probing into the backgrounds of the murders and their victims, police were unable to find any suspect on record; .c)It was beginning to look as though a psycho had randomly targeted attractive young women for assassination. When did the police realise that the attacks belonged to the same individual? What information can the type of the bullet provide? Why is the background of a murderer important in solving a crime PART TWO On the evening of Tuesday, March 8, 1977, an attractive young Barnard College honor student named Virginia Voskerichian was shot in the face and died immediately. The next day, the police had a match on the bullet. It had come from the same gun that had killed Donna Lauria. The following day, the police commissioner held a press conference to announce to the City of New York that they had linked the various shootings. d). As expected, the phantom reappeared. On April 17, 1977, Valentina Suriani, and Alexander Esau. Valentina was shot twice. She died immediately and Alexander a bit later at the hospital. This psycho who would keep on killing until he could be found among the millions of men who fitted his description. But -- this time there was something different: the killer's letter left at the scene of the murders addressed to Captain Borrelli. The letter did not have any useful fingerprints and the envelope had been handled by so many people that if there were any of the murderer's prints, they were lost. e)..
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English for Modern Policing Operation Omega was growing in size and resources. It had expanded to some two hundred detectives. Catching the perpetrator of six murderous assaults would mean tremendous awards for the detectives involved -- and they knew it. It was an extra incentive to put in long hours to catch this nut. Such long hours, however, brought frayed nerves. The Omega task force was flooded with calls. Everyone, it seemed, knew the killer: f).Every one of these thousands of leads had to be checked out and disqualified -- a huge chore for any task force. While the police were chasing down every suspect, checking registrations for .44 weapons, tracing activities of former mental patients and generally running themselves ragged, the Son of Sam had become emboldened by the publicity. He decided to write to a reporter for the Daily News. Partial fingerprints were salvaged from the letter, which were of no value in finding the suspect, but would be valuable to match against a suspect once captured. Donna Lauria, Son of Sams first victim, had been murdered on July 29, 1976. Considering the Son of Sams letter, police were worried about an anniversary killing. g) The Omega task force was desperate. How to protect a whole city of young women from a random killer? Detective Coffey even considered placing cops in bullet-proof cars with mannequins to try to lure the killer. h)Tensions built steadily until July 29 and nerves were at a breaking point all that day and night, but no Son of Sam. Not that day. Two days later when the police were beginning to feel relieved that the anniversary had passed without another murder, the Son of Sam took his last victims. In the early morning of Sunday, July 31, 1977, a pretty young woman named Stacy Moskowitz and her handsome young boyfriend Bobby Violante were shot. He barely survived. She didnt. Why is it important for the press to know the development of the case? What is the impact of hunting a dangerous criminal on detectives lives? Why are fingerprints important? Why did the police expect the killer to strike again on July 29?

PART THREE A Sam Carr remembered then the odd guy, David Berkowitz, who had briefly rented a room in their house in early 1976. "He never came back for his two-hundred dollar security deposit when he left. Well, he was always bothered by our dog, too." On August 3, 1977, the two Yonkers cops, Chamberlain and Intervallo, proceeded cautiously and queried the state computer network about Berkowitz. The computer gave a brief profile of him from his driver's licence. Berkowitz appeared to be approximately the same age, height and build as the Son of Sam, as described by various witnesses. In the meantime, things seemed to be popping all over. Officer Chamberlain of the Yonkers PD responded to a call about a suspected arson at Berkowitz's apartment house at 35 Pine Street. That same afternoon, Sam Carr, upset over the shooting of his dog and what he saw as nonaction by the police, independently pursued the matter with the Omega Task Force. i)
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UNIT 2 Crime and Punishment The day of Berkowitz's arrest, Sergeant Joseph Coffey was called in to interview him. Calmly and candidly, David told him about each of the shootings. When the interview was over there was no doubt that Berkowitz was the Son of Sam. The details that he supplied about each assault were bits of information that only the killer would know. .j). While David did not start his life under the most auspicious circumstances, he grew up in a middle-class family with doting adoptive parents who showered him with gifts and attention. His real mother had arranged for his adoption even before David was born on June 1, 1953. Perhaps the most significant factor in his life was that he was a loner. His parents weren't particularly socially oriented and neither was David. He was always big for his age and always felt different and less attractive than his peers. His neighbors remember him as a nice-looking boy but with a violent streak, a bully who assaulted neighborhood kids for no apparent reason. He was devastated when his foster mother died of breast cancer in the fall of 1967. His faith in God was shaken. He began to imagine that her death was a part of some plan to destroy him. David joined the Army in the summer of 1971 and stayed there for three years. He was an excellent marksman, particularly proficient with rifles. Anger and frustration with women, coupled by a bizarre fantasy life, started him down the road to violence when he got out of the Army in 1974. Even before the murders began, David had set some 1,488 fires in the city of New York and kept a diary of each one. He was acting out a control fantasy. Robert Ressler in his book Whoever Fights Monsters explains: " k) With the simple act of lighting matches, they control events in society that are not normally controlled; they orchestrate the fire, the screaming arrival and deployment of the fire trucks and fire fighters, the gathering crowds, the destruction of property and sometimes of people." His former tenants German shepherd was a noisy dog and howled frequently. The neighborhood dogs howled back. In David's diseased mind demons lived within the dogs and their howling was the way they ordered David to go hunting for blood - the blood of pretty young women. David's apartment on Pine Street also had its dogs: Sam Carr's black Labrador, which he shot with a gun. Sam Carr, in David's elaborate delusion, was the host of a powerful demon named Sam. When David called himself the Son of Sam, it was the demon living in Sam Carr to which he referred. David was classified by the defense psychiatrists as a paranoid schizophrenic. l).This story is repeated time after time in every city experiencing the attacks of a serial killer. The demands of the citizens to know what is happening is balanced against the reality that feeding these demands for information virtually ensures that the killer will keep on killing. Legitimate police work is seriously hampered by a deluge of bogus tips from well-meaning citizens. The only party that benefits from this common problem is the media. What personal information can be found in a state computer network? What kind of information would only the killer know? Why did the killer adopt the name Son of Sam? Do you agree with the punishment he received? How can the media benefit from such a problem?
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English for Modern Policing Here are the sentences you must put into the correct places 1. The list of suspects was endless. 2. The fact was, despite the subsequent excuses, Sam Carr had just handed them the name of the killer and they sat on it. 3. They had come from a powerful, large caliber gun. 4. When Son of Sam first struck on the morning of July 29, 1976, no one could expect that a serial killer was making his debut. 5. He pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 365 years in jail. 6. Who was David Berkowitz anyway and how did he become the Son of Sam? 7. The commissioner stated that the only description of the murderer was that of "a white male, twenty-five to thirty years old, six feet tall, medium build, with dark hair." 8. This letter was leaked to the press in early June and the world finally heard the name, "Son of Sam." 9. Most arsonists like the feeling that they are responsible for the excitement and violence of a fire. 10. .nor could they find any common thread that linked the victims to one another or a third party. 11. It was a waiting game 12. The newspapers made absolutely certain that the entire city expected another killing on or around that day. Activity 20 Find words and phrases in the text which mean: crouched, meaningless, hardly, happened, walked slowly, unsuccessfully, guess, without method, became larger, extraordinary, tiring task, ex , encouraged, saved, weird, shortly, questioned, went on, little pieces, favourable, people of the same age, hindered, false

Activity 21 Match the words and phrases to make common word combinations. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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To be alleged To break To be arrested To be convicted To commit To go/ be To have To restrain To serve To be sought

a law on the run a crime or an offence of theft for questioning a violent suspect for stealing a diamond ring to have killed someone a criminal record a sentence

UNIT 2 Crime and Punishment Activity 22 Complete these sentences using the word associations from the exercise above. You will have to make some changes to fit the grammar of the sentences. 1. She three times in the last two years and because she no one is willing to give her a job. 2. You must realise that you when you park on the pavement. 3. He is in cold blood and then ever since. 4. The police and he will remain in custody until his behaviour improves. 5. The man who is suspected of having received stolen goods. 6. He when he was 19 and he in a high security prison ever since. 7. She although she claims she got it as a gift.

Activity 23 How good are you at detective work? The following conversation includes many slang words. Match the words to their definitions. A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A Have you heard about Brian? No. What? Hes been nicked. Youre joking. What happened? He was blagging a bank with his brother and somebody grassed on them. Whos the nark? Who knows? Brians got a lot of enemies. What did he get? Nine years. Nine years inside! I thought you said he had a good brief. Well, he thought he did. Wheres he going to do it? Dartmoor. Oh, no. The screws in there are the worst in the world. So, what have you got for me? Top quality gold rings. Fifty of them. Are they hot? What do you think? Would I come to a fence like you with them if they werent? Leave them with me tonight and Ill give you a price for them in the morning. Leave it out. Do I look like a mug? Im surprised at you, trying a scam like that. I wasnt born yesterday. I want a price now. Sorry, worth a try!
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English for Modern Policing

Definitions of slang expressions

1 a buyer of stolen property 2 a lawyer 3 a person who is easily deceived 4 a prison guard 5 a trick 6 an informer 7 in prison 8 stolen 9 to arrest 10 to hold up, to rob using weapons 11 to inform the police = = = = = = = = = = =

Activity 24

Name the Crime

A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2

B Across: 1. getting money from people by threatening to publicise facts they do not want revealed 2. going through a ceremony of marriage when you are still married to someone else 3. betraying your country to a foreign power 4. saying something which damages someones character 5. acting in such a way as to make someone believe he or she will be hurt 6. setting fire to a building 7. taking goods illegally into or out of a country 8. making an illegal copy of a banknote or document 9. stealing, taking property which belongs to someone else 10. getting money from people by using threats 11. offering money corruptly to get someone to do something to help you 12. killing someone illegally and intentionally Down: A-B killing someone unintentionally or in mitigating circumstances
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UNIT 3

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS
Before you read the text, discuss with a partner the steps undertaken by the police in detecting and solving a crime
What is the role of the police as a law-enforcement agency? What other law-enforcement agencies do you know? Which departments of the police service deal directly with crime detection and apprehension of criminals? What is the act that governs the activity of the police in UK? What are the arresting procedures in UK? Who can press or drop charges? Who can try and sentence a criminal?

Principles of Police Investigations How closely are the essential principles of investigations related to Human Rights? What are the consequences of the non-observance of these principles? What are the causes of abuse in police work? # Exercise 1 Read the following text, complete it by putting in appropriate prepositions and discuss the issues involved. The Principles of Police Investigations. THE CRIME SCENE Processing a crime scene includes the application (1) diligent and careful methods by investigators (2) recognise, identify, preserve and collect facts and items of evidentiary value that may assist (3) reconstructing that which actually occurred. It is (4) the utmost importance to the success of any investigation that the investigating officer makes no errors (5) the crime scene or (6) follow-up investigations. Also, the first officer (7) the scene must avoid diminishing or destroying potential clues which may eventually lead (8) the apprehension of the criminal. Though the police are expected to investigate crime, a basic function (9) the police is noninvestigative, that is to keep the peace and protect the people. # Exercise 2 Interviews ands Interrogations In investigations, the interviewing of witnesses, victims and suspects, personal searches, searches of vehicles and premises, the interception of correspondence and communications, the police are
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English for Modern Policing guided by a series of fundamental principles, as shown below. Complete the text with the appropriate word from the box compelled presumed treated subjected prohibited conducted exercised permitted eexerted - everyone has the right to security of the person - everyone has the right to a fair trial - everyone is to be (1) ____________ innocent until proven guilty in a fair trial - no one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence - no one shall be (2) _____________ to unlawful attacks on his honour or reputation - no pressure, physical or mental, shall be (3)____________ on the suspects, witnesses or victims in attempting to obtain information - torture and other inhuman or degrading treatment is absolutely (4) ___________ - victims and witnesses are to be (5)_________with compassion and consideration - confidentiality and care in the handling of sensitive information are to be (6)____________ at all times - no one shall be (7)________________ to confess or to testify against himself - investigatory activities shall be (8)____________ only lawfully and with due cause - neither arbitrary, nor unduly intrusive investigatory activities shall be (9)______ Reading text Operation Magician Discuss these issues with a partner before reading the text. How and where can a police officer gather information on a case? Who does he speak to? What are the steps an investigating officer takes immediately after discovering a crime? How important is crime prevention? What is the situation in Romania? What can the police do in order to deter crime? How can the police raise public awareness on every persons role in detecting, reporting and deterring crime? What concrete steps can they take? How cost-effective can crime prevention be compared to crime investigations? How important are standardised policies, practices and procedures in police work? Do these limit the liberty of police officers in their work or do they help them? Read the text Operation Magician How the Flying Squad foiled the world's biggest ever robbery Intelligence
In summer 2000 the Metropolitan Police Flying Squad developed intelligence that pointed to a major armed robbery plot. Its location was unclear, but police knew the identities of some of the robbers. They also knew the gang was highly organised and would probably be armed. 56

UNIT 3 Criminal Investigations

Over a period of months detectives worked tirelessly to develop the intelligence picture. A major surveillance operation was launched, using officers from the Mets Directorate of Intelligence. Within weeks, police were sure they knew the venue of the robbery The Millennium Dome in Greenwich. The exact target within the Dome was not yet clear.

Discuss: How big a risk were the police taking at this point? Surveillance On 1 September 2000 three of the suspects, William Cockram, Raymond Betson and Aldo Ciarocchi were seen at the venue filming with a camcorder and studying the plans of the Dome. Over the coming weeks the surveillance continued, and further members of the gang were identified and some of the men were spotted testing a speedboat in a harbour in Kent. Detectives thought the gang might use the boat as a getaway. The robbery was getting close. Discuss: What practical steps should the police already have been taking? The JCB Mechanical Digger By early October police inquiries had identified another venue linked to the robbery The Old Coal Yard in Whitehart Road, Plumstead. The detectives observed gang members with a yellow mechanical digger, registration L245 AJU. The digger had been reported stolen some months earlier and would clearly have some role to play in the robbery. Discuss: JCBs (yellow construction/digging vehicles) had been used before in a new version of the smash and grab raid known as ram raids What precautions should the police have taken? The River Police could not be sure when or indeed exactly how the robbery would take place On a number of days in October the gang looked as if they were about to commit the offence. On three separate days they towed a speedboat to Greenwich and placed it in the river opposite the Dome. Other activity on those days tended to indicate that the robbery was close but strangely it didnt materialise. Detectives were sure that there was more to this than merely a loss of nerve on the robbers part. They analysed the times and days of the aborted attempts and found that they had something in common the tide. On each of the days when the robbery was aborted the tide was at its highest possible level. This was vital to the robbers escape, since the boat could only be launched on the north side of the Thames when the water was high. Through studying the patterns of the tide, police were able to predict the optimum times for the robbery to take place. One of these days was 7 November 2001 Discuss: Speedboat .. river.. possible mooring and launching locations.. tides.. a very obvious deduction and conclusion by the police ?

Activity 1

The Day of the Robbery

Match the two parts of the sentences to complete the text. 1) At 3 a.m. on 7 November 2001, approximately 200 officers involved in Operation Magician... 2) They were prepared for a tactical operation which had been months... 3) Public safety was the prime consideration and officers had plans....

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English for Modern Policing 4) Amongst those present were 40 specialist firearms officers.... 5) Others were sent into the Dome in disguise.... 6) Surveillance officers disguised as Dome employees... 7) A further 60 armed Flying Squad officers were stationed around the Thames.... Officers also moved to a number of observation points between the Old Coal Yard in Plumstead and the Dome. 8) The Domes CCTV room was turned into a police control room... A. gathered at the Dome for a dawn briefing B. dressed as cleaners they concealed their guns in black plastic bags and rubbish bins. C. to ensure that the robbers could be arrested quickly and safely at any given stage during the incident. D. from where Det. Supt. Jon Shatford ran the whole operation. E. and 20 on the river itself. F. who would be hidden behind a secret wall within the Dome and in other places. G. in planning and providing contingencies for many different outcomes. H. also patrolled the area.
1 A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Discuss: If you had been a gang member would YOU have been keeping surveillance on the Dome? Timetable of events on the morning of 7 November 2001 7:26 A white Transit van registration N770 AHE was seen towing the red and white speedboat along West Ferry Rd on the Isle of Dogs. The passenger was later identified as Kevin Meredith. 8:11 White Ford Transit van, registration number C673 COR, drove into the Old Coal Yard in Plumstead. The JCB was parked there. 8:39 A red and white speedboat was seen travelling east along the Thames towards the Dome. The driver, later identified as Kevin Meredith, then crossed the river into Bow Creek where he tied the boat up and waited. 8:43

The JCB and van drove out of the Yard towards Plumstead. The JCB driver later identified as Betson- was wearing a fluorescent waistcoat. The JCB traveled towards Greenwich, turning right into Anchor and Hope Lane. At this point the white van was lost. The driver was not identified and the vehicle has never been recovered.

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UNIT 3 Criminal Investigations

9:07

The JCB travelled along Bugsby Way towards the Dome. It turned left beneath the A102 Blackwall Tunnel Approach and parked out of sight. Police believe that this is where Ciarocchi, Cockram and Robert Adams got into the JC into the JCB alongside Betson. The gang had modified the cabin to fit four passengers people. The JCB turned left into Ordnance Crescent towards the Dome. It stopped in Drawdock Road, just short of the Domes perimeter fence.

9:33

The JCB crashed through a gap in the fence, flattening a metal bollard as it went. It headed towards Gate 4 of the Dome. The JCB rammed open the double locked gates at Gate 4 and moved into the grounds of the Dome. The speedboat crossed the Thames toward the Dome from Bow Creek. It got into position at Millennium Pier where it waited for the robbers. The JCB crashed through the side of the Millennium Dome and careered towards the Money Zone. It braked quickly outside the diamond exhibition, and Adams, Ciarrocchi and Cockram jumped down from the cabin. All three were wearing gasmasks and body-armour. Adams and Cockram entered the vault while Ciarrocchi kept watch outside.

9:35

9:36 9:37

Inside the vault, Cockram dashed to the cabinet containing the 777-carat Millennium Star diamond. He fired into the glass with a loaded Hilti gun. Adams then set about smashing the cabinet with a sledgehammer. Having broken the glass he started on the second cabinet - where the De Beers Millennium Diamonds were displayed: eleven rare blue stones and the 777 carat flawless Millennium Star. Worth over 200 million, the diamonds are second in value only to the Crown Jewels. At this point Det Supt Jon Shatford gave the order to arrest the suspects. 9:37 Outside the vault Ciarrocchi was still keeping watch. As armed officers approached him, he threw a grenade in their direction - which exploded into a ball of blue smoke. Ciarrocchi was quickly overpowered and arrested. When searched he was found to be carrying further grenades, a firework and ammonia.

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English for Modern Policing The arrests and after Damage in the vault

With the suspects outside the vault safely detained, armed officers moved towards the vault itself. Distraction devices were thrown inside as officers entered and overpowered the pair. As they handcuffed Adams they noticed a strong smell of ammonia and discovered that both he and Cockram were carrying bottles of the substance. Betson, who remained inside the JCB was also swiftly arrested and handcuffed. Armour and ammonia

Meanwhile officers on the river moved in to arrest Meredith. Armed officers deployed on three boats left their hiding places and moved towards Millennium Pier. They quickly cut off his escape route, and arrested him. Meredith was carrying a large quantity of petrol which police believe would have been used to set fire to the boat after the robbery. A sixth man was arrested on the north side of the river Thames at the Lower Lea Crossing. He was parked in the White Ford Transit van (N770 AHE) which was seen towing the speedboat earlier that morning. The robbers were taken to different police stations in South East London for questioning. On 8 November, the following day, they were charged.

Conviction and Sentence

# Exercise 3 Listen to the text and complete the notes On 18 February 2002 at the Old Bailey, Adams, Ciarrocchi, Cockram and Betson were convicted of conspiracy to rob and Meredith was convicted of (1).. Betson and Cockram were each jailed for (2)... Adams and Ciarrocchi were each jailed for 15 years and Meredith was jailed for 5 years. A sixth man involved in the robbery plot was jailed at the Old Bailey on Wednesday 20 February. Lee Wenham, aged 33, was sentenced to four years in jail (3). to

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UNIT 3 Criminal Investigations conspiracy to steal. (4).. he was sentenced to nine years after pleading guilty to an attempted robbery which took place at Aylesford, in Kent, in June 2000. Proceedings (5) .. against another man, 59-year-old James Wenham, who had been charged with conspiracy to rob in relation to the raid on the Dome. # Exercise 4 Comprehension check. Complete the statements with the correct answer: 1) The police operation was
a) b) c) d) a) b) c) d) a) b) c) d) a) b) c) d) a) b) c) d) a) b) c) d) a) b) c) d) a) b) c) d) e) poor and superficial massive and meticulous obstructed by local politicians detected by the gang at an early stage police operation intervention strategy robbers plot gang leader badly organised and unarmed well organised and armed a group of criminals unknown to each other former security officers at the Dome a white van a mechanical digger a speedboat a tunnel through the vault an eclipse of the sun the position of the stars the phases of the moon Atlantic high tides calculating a high risk to the public quickly although riskily spectacularly to set an example rapidly with minimal risk to the public was known from the very beginning had to be carefully figured out had been instigated by police agent provocateurs was based on a previous foiled plan their own safety the apprehension of the robbers the guarding of the diamonds public safety ensuring long prison sentences for the gang leaders 61

2) Magician was the codename of the

3) The gang was supposed to be

4) The getaway of the gang was

5) The day of the robbery was connected to

6) The police ensured that the arrest would go

7) The plan of the robbery

8) The prime consideration of the police was

English for Modern Policing 9) The police operations room was

a) b) c) d) the ground floor of the police headquarters the Domes CCTV room The Old Coal Yard in Whitehart Road, Plumstead The Old White Hart public house

10) Amongst the 200 officers involved in Operation Magician there were
a) DVU and Internal Affairs officers b) CPT and Fraud Squad officers c) Flying Squad and Specialist Firearms officers d) VAT and National Lottery protection officers

Activity 2 With a partner, try to retell the story in your own words. Look in the papers or on the Internet for other such operations. Do they involve reactive or proactive approaches? Homework activity: Give a written account of a real police operation that you know about from Romania. This should be described in about 150 words. Caution in UK: You do not have to say anything. But it may harm your defence if you do not mention, during questioning, something which you later rely on in court. Anything you do say may be given in evidence. Caution in US: Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law Activity 3 Try to classify the following actions according to the person who performs them. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. There may also be a natural sequence or chronology related to some actions. WORK IN GROUPS! Use the following abbreviations. Investigating Officer = (IO) Victim=(V) Witness= (W) Offender= (O) (CPS) = Crown Prosecution Service Court = (C)
Investigating Officer Victim Witness Offender CPS Court

GROUP 1 to detect a crime, to report a crime, to commit a crime, to catch a criminal, to arrest a suspect, to interrogate, to make a confession, to break the law, to put an APB on a criminal, to take into custody, to browse a mug-shot book, to gather evidence, to prosecute, to send to prison, to
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UNIT 3 Criminal Investigations handcuff a suspect, to commit to trial, to send to court, to take a statement, to give a statement, to release on parole, to release on probation, to plead guilty, GROUP 2 to charge, to execute a search warrant, to press charges, to drop charges, to issue an warrant, to be on call, to perpetrate a crime, to conduct a crime scene examination, to report for duty, to follow a lead, to shadow a suspect, to apprehend a criminal, to be served with a subpoena, to admit an offence, to perform a ballistics match, to resort to the polygraph, to conceal facts, to combat crime, to conduct an interview, to exercise their right to silence, to elicit information from a suspect, to deny involvement, to establish the identity of a suspect GROUP 3 to withhold information, to request legal advice, to locate a crime, to check an alibi, to do the fingerprints match, to handle exhibits and evidence, to obtain a confession, to record an interview, to prove an offence, to caution a suspect, to conspire with, to view an identification parade, to accuse, to carry out an intimate search, to detain a suspect, to witness an offence, to have the power to stop and search, to be assigned to a case, to be put on a case, GROUP 4 to question a suspect, to pass sentence, to be under subpoena, to do a positive ID on somebody, to violate the law, to find guilty on all counts, to find guilty as charged, to bring charges against, to invalidate a confession, to dismiss a case, to hear a case, to disclose evidence, to arrest in anticipation of violent behaviour, to reach a verdict, to return a verdict, to sign a restraining order, to institute criminal proceedings, to testify, to arrest on suspicion of murder Activity 4

Word Association

Each of these four words below can be linked by one other word. All the words are to do with police matters. What are the missing link words? 1. intimate house-to-house vehicle 2. investigating duty arresting body underwater

custody

crime prevention
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English for Modern Policing 3. first-time repeat 4. detention arrest 5. open-and-shut juvenile habitual search eviction hit-and-run

murder

unsolved

Activity 5

Whats in a Name?

When a criminal is caught by the police he is first (a)(an) ...., then (a)(an) .., after that (a)(an), probably both the and the .. when he is in court, after sentencing he is a frequently (a)(an) ! Choose from the following and put them in the right order: arrestee, detainee, convict, suspect, accused, defendant, chargee. Are there any other possible stages (with names!) for a criminal?

Grammar focus

Modal verbs can also express possibility- may, could or might for greater doubt to replace phrases such as it is possible, maybe, perhaps, it is likely etc; probability or deductions - must to replace phrases such as it is probable, it is almost certain, I am sure, etc. and impossibility - cant or couldnt to replace phrases such as it is impossible that, it is unlikely that.

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UNIT 3 Criminal Investigations

# Exercise 6 Re-phrase the following sentences by using an appropriate modal verb. Examples It is possible to invalidate a confession under the provisions of the Codes. A confession may be invalidated under the provisions of the Codes. Probably the accused failed to mention facts to the police. The accused must have failed to mention facts to the police. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The confession is likely to be unreliable. It was possible that the action employed by the police was unfair. It is impossible that the interviewing officers bullied the suspect. Possibly the judge will direct the jury to ignore the evidence. It is almost certain that the defendant was drinking with the victim on the night of the mugging. 6. Probably the jury took into consideration the defendants mental condition when passing such a light sentence. 7. It is likely that the defendant benefited from mitigating circumstances. 8. The police were positive that the suspect had previous experience of being interviewed at a police station. 9. It is possible that the police have made more limited disclosure of evidence than is normal. 10. Im sure that the witness didnt see as much as he claimed to have seen.

# Exercise 7 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets in the infinitive (active or passive) or the ing form. When (1) . (investigate) crime, the police choose between reactive and proactive policing. The reactive approach involves the police in (2) .. (respond) to public calls for help. It has the advantages that the police operate openly and in response to real public demand and with the consent of the public. When (3).....(not answer) calls, the police are expected (4) .. (patrol) openly (5) .. (deter) wrongdoing but it has been pointed out that the strategy, especially patrolling, is very inefficient the police rarely bump into criminals who are on their way home from a burglary. The proactive approach involves (6) . (build) up pictures of threats to law and order and potential criminality through the targeting of potential criminals and the surveillance. Intelligence is vital so that threats can (7) .. (identify) and appropriate counter-measures (8).. (take). This form of policing tends (9) .. (involve) specialist squads who are reliant on the analysis of crime patterns and information from the informants.
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English for Modern Policing Activity 6 A key part in modern criminal investigation is played by DNA testing. This activity is based on materials from the UK Forensic Science Service (FSS). www.fss.org.uk These are two of their FAQ Frequently Asked Questions. Q: Can a DNA profile ever be exclusive to one person? A: Apart from the case of genetically identical twins, the DNA contained in every persons cells is different from that contained by any other person. The FSS looks at eleven information sites using the current DNA profiling technique Q: What is the best reference sample to submit a blood sample, a buccal scrape or hair sample? A: DNA can be extracted from any cells that contain a structure called the nucleus. This is where the DNA resides within the cell. Nucleated cells are found in (white) blood cells, buccal (cheek) cells, spermatozoa, vaginal cells, hair root sheath cells and body tissue cells. The choice of the appropriate reference sample depends on the case. The DNA unit would prefer to receive blood samples because of the ease of processing. Alternative samples such as buccal scrapes (as used for the National DNA Database) or hair samples (pulled) may be taken. The Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) gives the police powers to take buccal scrapes or hair roots (non-intimate samples), by force, in certain circumstances and with the authority of a very senior police officer. Activity 7 Put together the parts of the sentences to get true information about SALIVA stains
1. DNA in saliva can be analysed from a variety of places 2. The DNA is NOT present in the liquid saliva 3. There are occasions when DNA may be recovered from drinking vessels or straws or even food 4. It is impossible to predict the quantity A. is very variable. B. for example, swabs from the body, drinking vessels, masks, cigarette butts,envelopes and stamps. C. while a well-chewed cigar butt would have many.

D. so all items should be stored frozen or submitted to the laboratory as soon as possible. 5. For this reason the success rate of DNA E. of any mouth cells in any saliva sample or stain. profiling on saliva 6. A partially smoked cigarette may have F. but currently this is rare. few cells present 7. DNA in mouth cells is very prone to G. but in mouth (buccal) cells which are shed degradation due to high numbers of bacteria (released) into the saliva. in the mouth 1 B 2 3 4 5 6 7

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UNIT 4

CRIME, INVESTIGATION AND SOCIAL RELEVANCE

In this unit, after some revision activities, we look briefly at the safety of the citizen, considering the responsibilities of the police to investigate crime. The unit also highlights the social pressures which the police find themselves under and some of the factors which lead to successful (or unsuccessful) results. The race issue- from the troubled times of the 1950s and 1960s in the USA and in modern Britain- is one that should be taken into careful consideration by anyone studying crime in contemporary European or American society. The bombing of a Jewish Temple in Atlanta, Georgia in 1958 and of the Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963, may not seem to have much to teach the contemporary police officer. However, the issues involved were and are highly complex and all-too-relevant, as the 2000 case involving the murder of a young Nigerian boy in London shows. On a different level, the FBI investigation of fraud connected with murder underlines the fact that more white-collar criminals are turning to violence to achieve their ends.

# Exercise 1

Procedures for Criminal Investigation and Prosecution

Complete the words to describe criminal investigation and prosecution procedures 1. 2. 3. 4. First, the police m.. an a.. The police t.. the sus.. to the police station. Perhaps the police h. an identity p The wit.. may identify the suspect from an identity p.. or from photographs in the data base known as criminal rec. 5. To help identification of suspects, detectives use computers to construct identity-kit or ph- kit likenesses of the suspect. 6. In serious crimes, these photographic likenesses may appear on pos which are displayed outside police stations or in public places. 7. They always int.. the sus. 8. The police t sam. fingerprints, head-hair, dirt from clothes, fibres etc. 9. The police l a charge as soon as possible. 10. The suspect h the right to contact a l .. 11. The police either rel the defendant on bail or, in more serious cases, they t the defendant before a mag. to hold the defendant on r.

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English for Modern Policing 12. In the court proceedings, the mag. h the evidence alone in less serious cases. 13. In more serious cases, there is a jud.. who hears the evidence. Again, in more serious cases, there is a ju., usually consisting of 12 members. The ju .reaches a v after hearing all the ev . 14. In English law, there are only 2 possible v - Guilty or Not Guilty. 15. If the v. is guilty, the court (judge or magistrate) p sen. 16. The sentence for off is different according to the nature of the offence, summary or indictable (petty or serious) (USA; misdemeanor or felony). 17. The jurisdiction of the courts is diff.. acc to the nature of the offence, too. 18. Prisoners who are given cus. sentences may be sent to open or closed prisons. 19. The first category of prison is reserved for prisoners who have comm. less serious offences. 20. Closed prisons are for criminals who have comm____________________ serious offences. 21. Some offenders may be h______________ in solitary confinement if they are at risk from attack by other prisoners. For example, offenders in child abuse or sex crimes involving children. 22. The death penalty or cap . punishment does not exist in Britain but is still used in many states of the United States. 23. Many prisoners are entitled to apply for par.. after having served a certain number of years of their sentence. 24. If the par board (committee) considers the prisoner is not a risk or danger to the community, he may be released on par ... He will have to report to a par. officer who is usually a prob officer. # Exercise 2 Sentence Transformations

Rewrite each of the following sentences to mean the same as the sentence printed before it. Use the words given. Two EXAMPLES are given. EXAMPLE: You will end up in trouble! Behave yourself! If ANSWER: If you dont behave yourself you will end up in trouble! EXAMPLE: Would you like me to call the police? Shall ? ANSWER: Shall I call the police? 1. My advice to you is to call the police. I think you
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UNIT 4 Crime and Social Relevance 2. The policeman told us to fit new locks on all our doors and windows. He suggested . 3. The thief didnt wear gloves so he left a lot of fingerprints. If the thief ... 4. Thieves broke into our house when we were on holiday. Our house .. 5. Please come to the conference! Id be grateful .. 6. No, Jerry definitely didnt steal the jewels. I had the only keys with me. Jerry couldnt . 7. The police informed the reporters that the number of crimes had decreased. The reporters ... 8. Recruiting more police would mean a fall in crime rates! If we 9. It was impossible for them to complete all the paperwork on time! They .... 10. If there is a road traffic accident causing injury the police are obliged to make a full report. The police . Activity 1 Before hearing about a case in England, read the following text and discuss the issues involved. Race Trial Pricks Norways Conscience Andew Osborn, The Guardian Weekly, January 2002 Norway, which fancied itself to be free of the xenophobia which infects other Nordic societies, has been forced to confront a less palatable reality. The verdict is expected this week in a trial of three neo-Nazis accused of stabbing a black teenager to death, simply because they did not like the colour of his skin. Prosecutors demanded the maximum sentence of 21 years for one man. 19 years and 4 months for another and a lesser sentence of two and a half years for a third defendant. It is Norways first recorded racially motivated murder. The killing, which, in the words of the former Prime Minister, Jens Stoltenberg, marked a watershed in Norways history, happened in January 2001. Benjamin Hermansen, a 15 yearold boy of mixed Norwegian-Ghanaian extraction, was attacked only 500 metres from his home in an Oslo suburb. He died of multiple stabbing wounds and had received a severe kicking. Joe Erling Jahr, 20, one of the defendants had admitted stabbing Benny, but said he had just wanted to give him a scratch and that the death was an accident.
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English for Modern Policing But another of the defendants, Veronica Andreassen, 18, told the court that she, Jahr and a third accused, Ole Nicolae Kvisler, 22, went looking for foreigners in their car and she picked out Benny Hermansen as a perfect target.

Activity 2

Listening

POLICE ACTION UNDER SCRUTINY IN DAMILOLA TAYLOR TRIAL

Listen to the account of Damilola's Death. Complete the details in the box below:
PERSONS 6 passersby who .. .... 3 youths .. .... Mr Mark Parsons .... .... .... Maynard Cox George . .... .... Mohammed El-Nagdy .... Jordan Fayemi. Superintendent Rob Jarman Gloria Taylor .. ... ENVIRONMENT housing estate (council blocks).. .. .. street lighting .. .. rubbish chute . ... TIMES/DATES four months ago (August 2000) . .

4:45 p.m .. ....... 5 p.m. . . minutes later .... PLACES stairwell in the council apartment block. ... ... North Peckham Estate ... Oliver Goldsmith Primary School . Blakes Road ... OFFENCES AND ANTI-SOCIAL ACTIVITIES bullying ... stabbing .. stealing ....... .... taunts (racist or Youre gay!)..... .... attack (assault) .... ....

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UNIT 4 Crime and Social Relevance Activity 3

A Racist Crime? Whats your opinion?

AGREE OR DISAGREE? 1. The crime had racist overtones. 2. The suspects were also victims of their environment. 3. The school should have taken the bullying of Damilola more seriously. 4. The police should have been more vigilant in such a high-risk area. 5. The local people should have been more aware of the need to protect their community. 6. The planning of such housing estates should be much more carefully done. 7. Such a murder emphasises the inherent racism in British society. 8. The fact that the family got an apartment from the Council shows the positive side of British society. 9. The family should have been more careful, knowing the risks of racist attacks in London. 10. The perpetrators should be kept in prison for life. 11. Public opinion will have been shocked by this murder. 12. The police will have a relatively easy task in finding the offenders.

Activity 4 Consider the vocabulary items in the box. How many of these words would you consider to be absolutely essential core vocabulary for your own language progress?

VOCABULARY
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. bleak: miserable, unpleasant, unattractive to taunt: provoke or attack a person with words; abuse verbally drenching: making very wet to stem: stop the flow of (blood) to piece together : to put the pieces (of the incident) together to be slashed: to be cut through very badly to settle (down); to adjust to a different way of life or different environment bulldozed: to be made flat by bulldozers to swear at someone : to use vulgar or obscene language at someone to call someone names: to abuse someone verbally to take something seriously: to consider something to be serious to bump into: to meet someone by chance a black eye: the wound resulting from a blow or punch in the eye to sift through: to examine very carefully rubbish chute: rubbish disposal system in the apartment blocks

15.

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English for Modern Policing Activity 5 Now read the following text for more recent developments POLICE ACTION UNDER SCRUTINY IN DAMILOLA TAYLOR TRIAL Astrid Zweynert, Reuter February 27 2002 Police have suffered another blow when a judge cleared a defendant on trial for the murder of Damilola Taylor and threw out the evidence of the prosecutions main witness. The judge criticised the police for breaking rules and offering inducements to their key witness, a 14 year-old schoolgirl, which had contributed to making her evidence unreliable. The defence said officers gave the girl clothes and mobile phones and told her she was more likely to get a 50000 newspaper reward if she said she saw the killing, as police believe she did. Justice Anthony Hooper said there was a very real danger that detectives persuaded the girl to tell lies when they offered her the inducements to convince her to give evidence in court. No part of the evidence which is adverse to any defendant can be relied upon, Justice Hooper told the jury at Londons Old Bailey. Even though the trial against the other three juvenile defendants continues, Wednesdays ruling once again put the spotlight on police practices in high-profile cases. A government report in 1999 lashed the Metropolitan Police for its bungled investigation into the murder of black teenager, Steven Lawrence, who was stabbed to death by a gang of white youths in 1993 as he waited at a bus stop. His killers have never been brought to justice. Both cases sparked soul-searching in Britain and led to calls for a crackdown on gang violence and thuggery. Police chiefs say the force has worked hard to clean up its image, but the pressure to solve crime is acute as street crime in the capital rockets, with figures in January 2002 49% higher than a year before. Cortenay Griffiths, QC, a defence lawyer in the Taylor case, told the court that police had manufactured the schoolgirl to become their star witness because they could not afford another unsolved murder like that in the Lawrence case. Griffiths said criticism aimed at the police after the Lawrence enquiry had motivated officers to break every rule in the book in their handling of the schoolgirl, who cannot be named for legal reasons. The defence said officers had told the girl that she could help one of the defendants, who was her friend, by saying she saw the killing. According to the defence, she was also told that reward money offered by a newspaper would be more guaranteed if she said she had witnessed the murder. Defence lawyers produced evidence that she and her mother had run up a 4100 hotel bill before the trial and that police had bought her clothes, mobile phones and had paid 1000 of telephone calls to her friends.
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UNIT 4 Crime and Social Relevance Police admitted to the hotel bills and to buying the girl clothes and giving her two mobile phones, but denied that this was meant to entice her into giving evidence at the trial.

# Exercise 3 Read the text and answer the questions: TRUE or FALSE or NOT CLEARLY STATED The police offered rewards to the girl to give false evidence. The judge stated that the police acted in a way that made the truth more difficult to identify. Some of the main witnesss evidence may still be used in court. Police inducements to the girl had included money payments to her and her mother. The girl was related to one of the accused. Police chiefs say that the image of the Metropolitan Police is not compromised as people are generally satisfied because of the falling crime rate. 7. Criticism of the police over their conduct in the Stephen Lawrence case has meant that police are under pressure to solve the Taylor case by any means. 8. The hotel bills involved friends staying with the girl. 9. The trial itself is now compromised and the case may be dismissed. 10. The police hope there will be a more successful outcome to this case than to the Lawrence case. 11. The girl has already been promised money by a newspaper for her story 12. One of the accused has been released as a result of the fact that her evidence is unreliable. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

# Exercise 4 Find words from the text in the box which mean
Inducements / blow / adverse / soul-searching / rockets / run-down Ambushed / put the spotlight on / high-profile / bungled / lashed / entice / be relied on

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M.

a setback; a reversal ( suffer a ..) to encourage someone by offering something; to tempt a person (Verb) extremely important, especially for the media attacked without any warning; (a surprise attack) harmful to ; against a person to focus carefully on something or somebody increases rapidly examination of peoples values, attitudes and priorities criticised very severely offers or rewards given to a person for information, help or support in a very poor condition; neglected badly handled or managed to be counted on; to be believed
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English for Modern Policing The Temple Bombing Atlanta, Georgia, October 1958 Material taken from Melissa Fay Greenes The Temple Bombing, (1997), Vintage Press, Random House, London. GROUP READING: Introduction THE TEMPLE BOMBING This activity relates to an incident in Atlanta, Georgia in October 1958. There are 4 different texts. The class should be divided into students who read text A, who read text B, who read text C and those who read text D. Students should use dictionaries to deal with unknown words. After reading ONE text and answering the questions, students should then form into groups of 4, with a combination of A, B, C, and D text-readers. The 4 students should exchange and complete the information by means of SPOKEN reports about the part they had read. In this way, all students should have knowledge about all aspects of the case without necessarily having read all 4 texts. This may be done at a later date, as a homework assignment or for self-study.

TEXT A

THE ATLANTA POLICE FORCE

It was a widely respected police-force, an award-winning police force. Murders were solved, speeding autos were apprehended, drunks and transients were dealt with, order was maintained. In the 1950s, the secret of exposing wrongdoers lay not primarily in the retrieval of microscopic evidence from a crime scene (although the FBI was making rapid strides in matching bullets to gun types and Detective W.K. Perry solved a rape case in 1957 by matching pubic hairs and underwear fibres). The emphasis was on knowing about peoples characters the ability to spot a bad apple, to recognise suspicious behaviour, to make out an alibi as not holding water and the ability to break a suspect under interrogation and pressure. Good, upstanding moral character radiated from the top- from Mayor Hartsfield and from Chief of Police Jenkins and from all the clean-cut, straight-arrow, square-shouldered police officers on the force white and black- because the force had been integrated under Hartsfield and Jenkins since 1948. Social deviants in the community stuck out like the proverbial sore thumb, especially in Atlanta. Here, the citys civilized acknowledgment of the Supreme Courts ruling on integration was being implemented at the highest levels. Elsewhere in the South, mayors, police chief, city councillors were cutting themselves loose from the rule of law. While long lines of social misfits followed their example. Community leaders ignored the federal courts and the directives from Washington it was like opening the doors of the insane asylum! Klan-robed trash paraded through the streets, they bribed and accepted bribes from public officials and knew themselves to be untouchable. But in Atlanta, the names of the troublemakers were known, appeared on the police chiefs desk and the police patrols were instructed to drive slowly through certain areas looking for trouble.
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UNIT 4 Crime and Social Relevance Text A Answer the questions by choosing the best alternative a, b, c, or d. 1. The Atlanta police force was a) corrupt and inefficient c) competent and capable 2. b) racist and intolerant d) linked to the Ku Klux Klan

Police investigative work in Atlanta relied very much on a) forensic accuracy b) lucky breaks c) FBI provided data d) basic psychology and experience Social deviants (potential lawbreakers) in Atlanta were a) concealed by the police b) kept under surveillance c) allowed to cause trouble without fear of punishment d) discouraged by the Klan and other white supremacist groups. The situation in Atlanta was a) quite different from other cities in the South b) much less tolerant than other places c) about the same as most cities in the Southern states d) extremely tense with Klan leaders in control The City leaders and officials in Atlanta a) were known for their corrupt practices b) had a high moral code c) rejected Washingtons directives d) were in the pay of the Ku Klux Klan THE MAIN SUSPECTS

3.

4.

5.

TEXT B

At the top of Police Chief Jenkins list of suspects in the Temple bombing were the men arrested that summer for the anti-Semitic picketing of the newspaper trial. (The Constitution had been charged with publishing anti-Jewish statements and was found guilty.) George Bright, Chester Griffin, Luther Corley all members of the white extremist organisation, the National States Rights Party (NSRP). The Atlanta police moved towards locating, detaining and questioning these men. But the FBI had earlier gone a step further than the Atlanta police. They had had an informant within the NSRP almost from the beginning. George Bright had been suspicious of informants infiltrating their group and he was right in his suspicions. L.E. Rogers a vulgar, overweight, out-of-pocket, unskilled janitor services man. He was an FBI spy- or in the language of the day- a sneak. He had joined both the NSRP and the KKK for the purposes of relaying information to the FBI- he had done it, according to his own high-minded statements, for the highest motives of citizenship. Meanwhile he earned $50 to $75 for each report and had earned $1,150 by October 1958, filling the FBI files with reports of discussions such as the one in May 1958, where the NSRP members talk was of shooting down Jews in the streets. The FBI therefore concurred with the Atlanta Police Department, contributing three more names: the brothers Richard and Robert Bowling, known since boyhood for trouble-making and experimenting with explosives, and who had been spotted recently in the company of some of the Souths most dangerous extremists.

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English for Modern Policing Text B Answer the questions by choosing one of the alternatives a, b, c or d. b) did not know of the extremist activities d) knew all the suspects at once

1. The Atlanta police a) had no really clear suspects c) was fairly sure who was involved

2. The FBI informant was a) motivated only by high moral principles b) claimed he was acting only for the good of the country c) open about his financial reasons for being a spy d) a man of good character and education 3. The NSRP members were a) totally unaware that there might be a spy among them b) aware of the possibility that they were being spied on c) aware of Rogers role but were feeding him false information d) able to identify Rogers easily 4. NSRP meetings were a) harmless and innocent b) only social occasions c) full of racial hatred and extremist ideas d) taken over by the Ku Klux Klan for their own purposes 5. The Bowling brothers were a) unknown to the police and FBI c) not known for extremist opinions TEXT C b) already in the files d) generally considered harmless

ONE SUSPECT APPREHENDED

On Monday 13 October 1958, the day after the bombing, Atlanta police detectives were sent out by Police Chief Jenkins to arrest the suspects. Robert Bowling was apprehended without incident, but Chester Griffin and Richard Bowling had disappeared. The moment that Griffin learned of the bombing- on the morning of the bombing-, he guessed that he would be the target of a massive manhunt and had taken off. He had gone to Stone Mountain in search of James Venable, the Imperial Wizard of the National Knights of the Klan, who had represented Griffin and the others when they were arrested for picketing the Constitution trial. Knowing the warped minds of the FBI, the Atlanta police, the Anti-Defamation League and the Atlanta newspapers, I well enough anticipated what lay in store for me. They had already broadcast that regardless of whether I was guilty or innocent, they were going to come over and try to pin anything that happened on me. So, thats why I drove out to Stone Mountain and tried to get in touch with Mr Venable. But Venable was out. Griffin delayed returning home. I decided the best thing to do was to lay low and try to get in touch with my attorney first thing bright and early on Monday morning, he said later. So, I went to East Point and saw a show and then I came back to Atlanta and caught a cab and went over to Highland Theater and I saw it was the same one I had already seen, so I just stayed around that drug store at the corner of Highland and Greenland until the show at the Plaza was due to come on, and finally around eight oclock, I went on to that show and it was a long one and it was about 11:30 before I got out and I walked across the street, caught a taxi at the Briarclif Hotel, went home. When I got home, there were 2 FBI men and a city policeman who surrounded me and they didnt they tried to prevent me from paying the taxi operator and it was necessary to shove them out of the way before I could do so. I hollered for my brother so he would know what was happening and do something about it, and I demanded that they show me a warrant for my arrest which they did not have and they commenced questioning me about where I had been. 76

UNIT 4 Crime and Social Relevance Text C Answer the questions by choosing one of the alternatives a, b, c, or d b) staying home d) giving himself up

1. Griffin reacted by a) calling his lawyer c) fleeing the city and hiding

2. He claimed that a) he would be treated fairly by the authorities b) he would be falsely charged c) he would be falsely accused d) he would be tortured until he confessed 3. His alibi story a) was lacking in detail b) accounted for a day when he wasnt suspected of anything c) was full of holes and obvious contradictions d) accounted for the time of the bombing 3. Griffin claimed the police and FBI a) dragged him out of the taxi b) prevented him from getting out of the taxi c) beat him up and shoved him around d) stopped him giving the driver the fare 5. If what Griffin said is true the FBI and Atlanta Police a) acted incorrectly b) acted unconstitutionally c) used brutal methods d) planted evidence on the suspect TEXT D ANOTHER SUSPECT: WALLACE ALLEN

Detective W.K. Perry drove forty minutes north of town to arrest Wallace Allen. Allen was home when the detectives appeared. He let his dog loose on them. Well, we had a warrant to go up there and arrest him, said Perry, later the chief of homicide. We got up there and he had a chain link fence right up against the sidewalk and the gate was closed. He had a large front yard to his house and he was on the porch. I told him I had two uniformed men with me as well as my partner. I started to open the gate and he told me not to come in the yard. He was real arrogant. And I told him who I was and I said, Ive got a warrant for your arrest. About that time he turned his dog loose on us. He called him Adolf- that was the dogs name and the dog started running towards the gate. Well, I knew I was going in that gate, so I off and told him When that dog gets to this gate, Im going to kill it. So, I pulled my gun and the dog stopped just before it got to the gate. He hollered at him and he stopped, because I would have shot him. But anyway we went on in, and he had a picture of Hitler over the mantle with little electric candles burning underneath it. He was in the printing business. He had all kinds of pamphlets that he would print. We were looking for explosives or anything pertaining to the bombing, but we didnt find it.

Text D

Answer the questions by choosing the best alternative from a, b, c, or d.

1. Perry set out to arrest Allen a) with uniformed officers and his partner b) alone c) with agents from the FBI d) through the local sheriff

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English for Modern Policing 2. Allen had a) locked himself in his house c) given himself up immediately 3. Allens personality seems to have been a) rational and reasonable c) totally crazy

b) opened fire with a gun when Perry appeared d) tried to intimidate the officers b) provocative and aggressive d) weak and submissive

4. The inside of Allens home was a) nothing out of the ordinary b) b) full of explosives and bomb-making materials c) indicative of his extremist politics d) decorated in Nazi emblems and symbols 5. Incriminating evidence a) was not found at all b) was found in the form of explosives c) was found in the form of racist pamphlets d) had been hidden from the police ALL THE CLASS SHOULD READ THE NEXT TEXT THE TEMPLE BOMBING: The Limits of Forensic Sscience in 1958 One hundred officers were assigned to the case, given highest priority by Chief Herbert Jenkins. FBI laboratory technicians were flown in from Washington. Police departments in Alabama, Florida and Tennessee opened their bombing files to the Atlanta police. Atlanta detectives were paired with FBI agents to visit hotels, and railway, bus and air terminals; they set up roadblocks on Peachtree and questioned drivers; and knocked on doors in a block-by-block search of the area around the Temple. On Monday, detectives announced the recovery from the rubble of a piece of brown wrapping paper, which they turned over to the FBI. In an announcement to the press, FBI laboratory experts confirmed that the paper was similar to that used in wrapping dynamite. This was the extent of the information collected at the crime scene. GRAMMAR FOCUS The remainder of this text concentrates on what could have happened might have happened would have happened had visited the scene. had had better equipment

if modern FBI and Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Agents (ATF)

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UNIT 4 Crime and Social Relevance # Exercise 5 Complete with a suitable modal form

If modern FBI and ATF experts had visited the Temple on October 12 1958, they (1) (recover) __________________________________ chemicals, gunpowder, fuse fragments, footprints and tire markings. Within a few weeks, they (2) (know) _____________________________ precisely the type of nitroglycerine used in the bomb, how much of the substance was available in America. They (3) (find out) _____________________________ the names of people with access to it, how it (4) (transport) ___________________ into Georgia and whether it had been in any of the vehicles or houses of the suspects. They (5) (know) __________________________________ what kind of timing device was used and (6) (check) ________________________________ in what other locations such a device had been used. Whereas the 1958 experts announced the recovery of a small piece of brown wrapping paper that they thought was similar to that used to wrap dynamite, modern experts (7) (know) ____________________________ precisely. Not all brown wrapping paper is identical. The piece of wrapping paper recovered from the bomb crater (8) (reveal) _________________________________ a lot of information to modern experts, it (9) (be imprinted) __________________________ with a grain of gunpowder, a fleck of skin, a hair follicle or even a fingerprint that (10) (cause) ________________________________________ computers to become active and lights to flash back at headquarters. If modern detectives (11) (be airlifted) _______________________________ to the crime scene, via a time machine, the whole, dark history of the South (12) (be altered) _____________________________. Where there were no arrests, there (13) (be) _____________________arrests, arrests but no convictions, there (14) (be) _____________________convictions. The children killed in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963 might be alive today, raising children in an integrated world because the criminals who bombed their church (15) (be identified) ________________________________ earlier or (16) (be imprisoned) ______________________________________ for their earlier crimes. Weak, vague alibis (17) (sound) _______________________________ even more feeble confronted by the poster-sized blow-up of a suspects fingerprint on a timing device or electronic voice recognition evidence from surveillance microphones. Almost forty years ago, all the police could say with any degree of certainty was that whoever had planted the bomb was knowledgeable about explosives. They believed that funds for the bombing had come from sources outside the South. They believed that the bombing was linked to others around the South. They knew the bomb had been wrapped in paper commonly used for wrapping dynamite. The bombing was definitely done by someone who knew his explosives, said one detective in a news conference. An amateur tends to set the fuse so that only one or two sticks explode and the rest just scatter. That knowledge narrowed down the field of suspects to several thousand army veterans and munitions experts!

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English for Modern Policing Activity 6 Read the details of an old case with a fairly recent end result! Church Bombing Case at a Glance Important dates in the investigation of the 1963 bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama. September 15 1963 Dynamite bomb explodes outside Sunday service at 16th Street Baptist Church, killing 11 year-old Denise McNair and 14 year-olds Cynthia Wesley, Carole Robertson and Addie Mae Collins and injuring 20 others. FBI memorandum to director, J.Edgar Hoover concludes the bombing was the work of former KuKluXKlansmen, Robert E.Chambliss, Bobby Frank Cherry, Herman Frank Cash and Thomas Blanton Jr. FBI closes its investigation without filing charges Alabama Attorney-General Bill Baxley reopens investigation Chambliss convicted on a state murder charge and sentenced to life in prison. Justice Department report concludes Hoover had blocked prosecution of the Klansmen in 1965 Chambliss dies in prison, still professing his innocence. Alabama Attorney-General Don Siegelman reopens the case, which is closed without action Birmingham-area black leaders meet with FBI, and agents secretly begin new review of the case Cash dies Cherry interrogated in Texas; FBI investigation becomes public knowledge Federal Grand Jury in Alabama begins hearing evidence Blanton and Cherry surrender on murder indictments returned by grand jury in Birmingham Judge delays Cherry trial, citing defendants medical problems amid questions about Cherrys mental competency Blanton convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment.

May 11 1965

1968 1971 November 18 1977 1980 October 29 1985 1988 1993 February 7 1994 July 1997 October 1998 May 2000 April 10 2001

May 17 2001

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UNIT 4 Crime and Social Relevance Activity 7 Discuss the following issues with a colleague 1. What do you think the case illustrates about the American justice system? 2. Without the pressure in the 1990s under a Clinton regime, do you think the investigations would have been re-opened? 3. How would the majority of Americans react to this most recent verdict? 4. Do you think the FBI engaged in some sort of cover-up? 5. Find some information on the Grand Jury. Does it seem like a necessary step? 6. What laws are there in Romania relating to the time a crime has been committed and when a person may be charged with that crime? 7. What laws relate to double jeopardy i.e. not being able to try a person twice for the same crime?

Activity 8 SIDS or Murder? From the FBI homepage www.fbi.gov White Collar and Violent Crime: The Blurred Line Baby Tara was Dina Abdel Haqs second healthy infant to die mysteriously in just over a year. The death of her first child in September 1994, only 18 days old, was attributed to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), a diagnosis applied where the cause of death remains unexplained after an autopsy, investigation and review of the family medical history. Seven week old Tara' death in November 1995 was also a medical mystery, but different in one significant way. Approximately two weeks before Taras death, Abdel Haq had purchased a $200,000 life insurance policy, naming herself as the sole beneficiary. She submitted a claim within two months of Taras death. Despite what seemed a heinous possibility, that she had killed Tara for the insurance money, no state charges were brought. There was neither physical evidence of a murder nor any medical or forensic indicators. The autopsy was negative and Abdel Haq had herself placed a very emotional 911 call to the local police department after the baby died. At first, nothing except the life insurance policy seemed to point to a motive for murder, but a federal investigation was launched. There was not enough evidence to successfully prosecute the case as murder. Therefore, a special agent from the Chicago field office investigated the case with an eye to prosecuting it as a fraud. The agent did research on SIDS and found reports suggesting that multiple SIDS deaths in a single family were most likely the result of homicide by a parent. The Special Agent worked with the US Assistant Attorneys Office on the theory that baby Tara had not died of SIDS but had been suffocated by a troubled young mother.

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English for Modern Policing By proving murder, they would be able to prosecute the case federally as a fraud against the insurance company and the murder of the child could be considered relevant conduct during sentencing. The evidence began slowly to point to the truth. The initial investigation revealed that Abdel Haq was addicted to gambling, having engaged in a series of financial crimes, insurance frauds and health care frauds for years to obtain money to support her addiction. Original gambling records documented Abdel Haqs winnings at Illinois riverboat casinos and established her whereabouts on important days, proving that she had lied on numerous occasions to insurance investigators. Further, Abdel Haq was found to have submitted claims to at least 8 insurance companies regarding various thefts, accidents and injuries she allegedly suffered since 1980. The Special Agent combined the information he had subpoenaed from public and private agencies with other evidence including police reports of Abdel Haqs confessions to petty crimes, domestic incidence reports and civil lawsuits where Abdel Haq was the defendant. The Agent created a comprehensive crime time-line from 1980 through 1998, showing an increasingly common pattern of criminal conduct. The circumstantial evidence was overwhelming and in February 1999, a federal jury in Chicago returned a guilty verdict in the case on all counts. AT the conclusion of the one-month trial with many witnesses and hundreds of exhibits, the jury found that beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant had deliberately killed Tara, thus committing a fraud against the insurance company. Abdel Haq was sentenced on September 8 1999 to 21 years incarceration, a substantially higher sentence than for normal mail fraud, to make the punishment consistent with the magnitude of her crime. Attorneys for Abdel Haq immediately filed an appeal but on April 7 2001, the Appellate Court unanimously upheld the conviction of Dina Abdel Haq. Answer the questions about the text. Choose the ONE best answer. Do NOT mark more than one alternative. 1. SIDS is a) a classification of infant disease c) an established medical diagnosis

b) a classification of unexplained death d) a classification of a crime

2. Family medical history means a) the health pattern within a family b) b) the number of healthy members in a family c) the details and background of the family doctor d) the number of hospitalisations in a family 3. The mother had taken out the insurance policy when a) Tara was 18 days old b) Tara was five weeks old c) Tara was seven weeks old d)The day Tara was born
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UNIT 4 Crime and Social Relevance 4. According to the insurance policy a) the mother would receive US$ 200,000 in the event of the death of the insured b) the mother and father would receive the insurance money only if the claim was submitted within two months c) no insurance money would be paid if the death occurred within the first two months d) the mother would receive US$ 200,000 in the event of the death of a child under two months old 5. The medical evidence seemed a) to indicate a cleverly disguised murder b) to be inconclusive c) to indicate a possible undetected medical cause of death d) to point to an accident which had been covered up 6. The mothers behaviour immediately after the baby died was described as being a) highly suspicious b) highly distressed c) cold and calculating d) extremely calm 7. The FBI agents research showed that a) multiple SIDS cases often occurred in poorer families b) parental homicide was common in multiple SIDS cases c) parents who committed other crimes were often involved in multiple SIDS cases d) multiple SIDS cases were most likely related to fraud 8. After consultation, the FBI agent decided to a) prosecute the case as murder but with mitigating circumstances b) treat the mother as a disturbed person and not pursue the investigation c) carry out a murder investigation on behalf of the insurance company d) investigate the strong possibility of fraud 9. The initial investigation concentrated on a) the mothers involvement in crime to pay for her addiction to drugs b) the mothers previous criminal activities to pay for her betting addiction c) the mothers previous neglect of her child because of her addiction d) the mothers involvement in crime to pay for her lawyers in other criminal cases 10. The false insurance claims Abdel Haq had made between 1980 and 1995 related to a) accidental injuries she had supposedly received b) the costs of contesting custody hearings for the first child c) the accidental death of her husband in a car crash d) increased unemployment benefits which she was entitled to from public aid funds. 11. The FBI Agents gathering of the evidence showed a lot of information came as a result of a) extremely methodical investigation b) Abdelhaqs own confession to the murder charge
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English for Modern Policing c) a raid on an Illinois riverboat casino d) the public telephoning the FBI with evidence 12. When the case went to court the jury a) was confused by the large amount of evidence and returned an incorrect guilty verdict b) found the defendant guilty of the lesser charge of fraud but not guilty of murder c) was able to identify from the evidence, on a balance of probabilities, that the killing was intentional d) decided the unlawful killing was carried out in pursuance of a fraud 13. The federal trial in Chicago a) lasted until sentencing in September b) lasted 21 years c) lasted about four weeks d) lasted from September till April 14. Abdel Haq was sentenced to a long prison term a) which was appropriate for the type of mail fraud she had committed involving an insurance company b) because so many witnesses clearly showed the SIDS was murder c) which was more severe because of the serious nature of the accompanying circumstances d) in view of the fact that the minimum punishment for fraud is 21 years 15. Abdel Haq's attorneys a) appealed against the severity of the sentence on the grounds of misdirection b) demanded a re-trial on the grounds of lack of evidence c) decided to appeal on the issue of the guilty verdict on fraud charges d) decided to affirm the conviction and appeal against the incarceration

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UNIT 5

CRIME AND SOCIETY

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN INFORMATION BOX The West Yorkshire Police alone took reports of 26,000 incidents of domestic violence in the year 2000. In 75% of the cases the complaint was withdrawn and the case terminated. In Bucharest, of 500 violent incidents in 1999, 300 were domestic violence cases, and of 110 killings, 70 were victims at the hands of family members 983 is the Romanian helpline for victims of domestic violence Between January and October 2000, when a study was published, 350 had used the helpline number. People throw around statistics saying that up to 70 or 80% of children of batterers are also abused. That statistic is wrong. EVERY child who witnesses abuse is a victim of abuse. 4 million American women experience a serious assault by an intimate partner during an average 12-month period.

Before reading the text, discuss with a partner what domestic violence really entails. Who commits it and why? Who are the victims and how can it be eradicated? Text A There is still a lot of confusion and misunderstanding about domestic violence what it is, who suffers from it, who commits it and why. Violence or abuse suffered by women in their home which is carried out by their partner, ex-partner or anyone they are living with is known as domestic violence. Victims of domestic violence are usually women, but this is not always the case. Women experience domestic violence regardless of their social group, class, age, race, disability, sexuality and lifestyle. Violence and abuse can begin at any time in the first year or after years of marriage or living together. Domestic violence can take a number of forms such as physical assault, sexual abuse, rape, and threats. In addition, it may include mental and verbal abuse and humiliation. Women experiencing domestic violence tend to play down rather than exaggerate the violence. For some, the decision to seek help, to leave the abuser, or get the abuser to leave is quickly and easily made. For many, the decision will be long and painful as they try to make the relationship work and stop the violence. Women who leave often return to their partners hoping for an improvement in the relationship or because of financial or social pressures. Men who are abusive to women do not necessarily abuse children, but it can happen. Children will react in different ways to being brought up in a home with a violent person. They may be affected by the tension or by witnessing arguments and assaults. They may feel that they are to blame, or feel insecure, alone, frightened or confused. Domestic violence is a crime which the police now deal with as a very serious matter. Most forces have specially trained and experienced officers that can arrange medical aid, transport and a safe place for the victims.
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English for Modern Policing There are several organisations that can give practical and emotional support to the victims. Refuges provide safe emergency and temporary accommodation, advice, information, support and a range of other services for women and children escaping violence. Womens Aid is a key support agency for women and children experiencing domestic violence and runs a domestic violence helpline. Their services are confidential and completely free. The Samaritans offer confidential emotional support 24 hours a day by phone, face-to-face or by letter. There are over 200 branches in the UK and Eire staffed by trained volunteers. Activity 1 Match a line in A with a word/phrase in B and a line in C: A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 There is still a lot of confusion and misunderstanding Women experience domestic violence Victims of domestic violence are usually women Domestic violence can take a number of forms Victims should seek legal advice from a solicitor Women who experience domestic violence feel Women do have legal rights in relation to their children Womens Aid is a key support agency The police now deal with domestic violence Women often experience depression and anxiety This may happen

B
About Because of After regardless of despite for as such as that but if

C
all the changes and upheavals. they have left the relationship. women and children experiencing domestic violence. a very serious matter. domestic violence. this is not always the case. their social group, class, age, race, disability, sexuality and lifestyle. what their partners say. physical assault, sexual abuse, rape and threat. they are concerned about their children. they are to blame.

Activity 2 Fill in the blanks with one of the following adverbs: completely, directly, effectively, aggressively, often x 2, necessarily, specially, financially, physically, sexually, emotionally, sympathetically, in silence, in fear, alone. a) Nobody has the right to assault anybody , .. or .. b) Women dont have to suffer or live . c) The police will deal with the victims . d) The victims inquiry will be . confidential. e) The police is committed to . improving the service offered to victims of domestic violence. f) It is not easy for the victims to accept that someone they love and have trusted can behave so . towards them.
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UNIT 5 Crime and Society: Domestic Violence g) Children are affected by the tension or by witnessing arguments and assaults. h) Men who are abusive to women do not . abuse children, but it can happen. i) Most police forces have trained and experienced officers to deal with domestic violence. j) Abused women wonder how they will manage .. if they leave home. k) Whatever abused women decide, they dont have to suffer . l) Domestic violence victims can contact Victim Support offices or ask the police to put them in contact with their local group. Text B For over a year before she was murdered by her husband Avelino, Maria Teresa Macias pursued every possible avenue to escape his years of violence against herself and their three children. She reported to Child Protective Services, obtained restraining orders, cooperated with investigators, talked to friends, went to churches, attended counseling, brought her mother in from Mexico and her sister from Ireland, and tirelessly reported new incidents to authorities, verbally and in writing. In just the last three months of her life, between January and April 1996, Teresa and witnesses reported Avelinos crimes against her to the Sheriffs Department on at least 18 different occasions. Teresas struggle to be free of Avelinos violence was relentless. And it was doomed. The help she reached for, failed her at every turn. After Child Protective Services took her children because she was unable to keep Avelino away from them, Teresa made a comment to her mother that seemed to describe the efforts of her entire last year. Instead of helping me, Teresa told her mother, they sank me even more. On April 15, four days before she was going to take the final step of fleeing north with her kids, Avelino lay in wait at the Sonoma house she and her mother were due to clean. Avelino ended Teresas life with a bullet to the head, shot her mother through the legs, and then turned the gun on himself. In the last couple of weeks of her life, Teresa became enveloped by an ominous sense that Avelino would indeed succeed in his threats to kill her. If he did, she told her mother, she wanted the story told. If I die, I dont want other women to suffer what I am suffering, she said, I want them to be listened to. Activity 3 Decide on the appropriate collocations: marriage consent evidence extra marital domestic change patrol police form of adultery violence relations certificate officer in policy service
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English for Modern Policing to produce to grant to seek to take to experience to run to express to take help a divorce an organisation a decision evidence abuse action concern

# Exercise 1 Put in the correct past participles of the verbs in brackets to complete the list: Women who experience domestic abuse could be... (call)..names (give) . no money (rape)... (stop) . from seeing family and friends (punch) (tell) what to wear (threaten).with worse violence (strangle).or (choke) .almost to death (humiliate).. (not allow) ..to go out alone (degrade)

# Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks with ONE suitable word. The first letter(s) is/are given. The problems (1) con with domestic violence are widely recognised, yet, only recently has the focus (2) sh to helping the victims. As far as the police service is (3) con ., it is essential that positive action is taken in all cases at the (4) sc.. of domestic violence. Consequently, wherever there is evidence of an (5) o, in the first instance the arrest should be made (6) irr. of the wishes of the victim. The wifes, partners or girlfriends pleas of Dont lock him up or Leave him alone to the (7) a. officer may be purely for her (8) o protection for when he returns home later. If there is (9) in. evidence to make an arrest but problems are(10) ant in the near future, then an arrest for breach of the (11) p. is appropriate. This will effectively remove the victim from immediate (12) dand provide time to (13) dis..the circumstances in private. This process must be carried (14) o.. without fail, despite previous instances of withdrawals of (15) com by the victim. Moreover, the quality of the files (16) rel to DV assaults must be high, otherwise the CPS cannot do their (17) j A large number of files are being withdrawn by the CPS on the (18) gthat the complainant no longer wishes to prosecute. So, the police service is
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UNIT 5 Crime and Society: Domestic Violence reconsidering the situation to decide whether, even without such witness (19) st. .. and formal complaints, a prosecution should be (20) all.. to proceed. In addition to the role of the police and the CPS, the judiciary also has an important part to play and should (21) p.. more custodial sentences. Locked away, the (22) per would have time to consider his situation carefully. Concerted, long-term 23) str.., implemented by police, judiciary and the government are absolutely essential, while substantial financial (24) in .. must be continued for those agencies which are trying so (25) h. to help and rehabilitate. The time for fine words and good intentions has made way for action. Activity 4 Project work: Choose a topic from the following and make a project about crimes of domestic violence and associated punishments giving as many details as possible and using charts, pictures and photographs: a) Watch the news on TV and read newspapers to find out which crimes are reported and how many of them relate to domestic violence in a week b) Retell a case of domestic violence that you know or have heard of, either recently or in the past c) Is punishment for domestic violence effective or should it be changed? d) Conduct a survey on how people feel about domestic violence (Is it ever necessary acceptable not a case for concern?) e) Responsibility in the case of domestic violence f) The role of the police in preventing, detecting and solving Domestic Violence cases. See if the police in your town or sector have information leaflets related to Domestic Violence.

Activity 5

A Bit Less Serious!

Paraphrase the following sentences to avoid the idioms. 1) A burglar got busted on the job last night just two blocks away from here 2) No lawyer can help him: the police caught him red-handed. 3) Im tired of you throwing away money like that! 4) Paul, can you give me a hand with my report? 5) Fortunately, Mike gave me a lift this morning. 6) Please keep me posted about any further developments in the case. 7) His name rings a bell, but I have such a bad memory. 8) It was difficult for them to make both ends meet. 9) Could we invite Tom to the party? Hes always good at breaking the ice. 10) Homeless persons usually live from hand to mouth. Activity 6 Form the adverbs from the following adjectives: attentive cautious comfortable equal fast fatal hard hopeful immediate lucky mental near simple skilful sudden cowardly fearless kind noisy terrible early friendly late poor wrong efficient, good lively proud

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English for Modern Policing

# Exercise 3
Paraphrase the following sentences using an adverb in place of the words in italics. 1. Our public order forces behaved like heroes in the riot. 2. The policeman left the room in a hurry. 3. One can often see homeless people in the streets looking with hunger at the people in restaurants. 4. The woman told the police she had hurt herself by accident. 5. The victims were beaten without mercy. 6. The chief constable spoke with pride about his force. 7. The demonstrators marched to the parliament building in peace. 8. The two policemen handcuffed the aggressors with ease. 9. The witness at the crime scene seemed unbalanced in his mind. 10. We hope that well bring the suspects in for interview by noon, said the officer in charge. Activity 7 Remember that an adjective qualifies a noun while an adverb qualifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb! Decide which are the adjectives and which the adverbs in the following sentences: A B 1) I work late. I work late hours. 2) These are hard times. She tried hard to compile the weekly report. 3) I can hardly walk. They could hardly see a friendly face. 4) Why do you drive so fast? That was a fast movement. 5) He came home terribly early. There was a terrible storm outside. 6) He speaks English well. Get well soon! 7) Thats very kind of you! We kindly ask you to send us your offer. 8) The report was extremely badly written. 9) The increase in violent crime is surprisingly easily explained Grammar focus The verbs be, get, become, seem, look (=seem), taste (i.v.), feel (i.v.), smell (i.v.), etc always require an adjective if used to express a state or sense relationship. (i.v.) = intransitive verb Compare The soup tasted delicious (intransitive) The cook tasted the soup and said it needed more salt. (transitive usage) # Exercise 4 Choose one of the variants (adjective or adverb) to complete the sentences.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. The policeman remained calm/calmly in spite of the hard/hardly situation. The officers gathered evidence cautious/cautiously. The doctor felt the victim careful/carefully. All is good/well that ends good/well. The witness seemed happy/happily to see the victim alive. These doughnuts taste delicious/deliciously, said the policeman. Its getting late/lately. The body looks heavy/heavily. The fire officer looked fearless/fearlessly through the clouds of dense smoke. They could hard/hardly smell the cigarette smoke in the hall.

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UNIT 5 Crime and Society: Domestic Violence Activity 8

Translate into English

Cercul vicios Adevrul despre violena n familie un fenomen care ia amploare Violena n familie reprezint violena sau abuzul suferit de un membru al unei familii comise de ctre orice persoan care locuiete cu el. Victimele sunt, n cele mai multe cazuri, femeile i copiii, dar cteodat i btrnii sau soii. Aciuni de violen n familie sunt considerate violena fizic, ameninarea, abuzul sexual, violul, abuzul psihic, umilirea i crima, n cazul n care se nfptuiesc n familie. Cum este normal, toate reclamaiile ajung la poliie. n ultimii 10 ani, n Bucureti, s-a nregistrat o cretere a infraciunilor de acest gen. Ele reprezint mai mult de jumtate din totalul actelor de violen, a declarat col. G.R., de la Direcia de ordine public a Poliiei Capitalei. Conform unui studiu efectuat de Centrul de asisten i protecie a victimelor violenei n familie, femeile cstorite sunt btute, n medie, de 35 de ori pn ca ele s solicite ajutorul poliiei. Riscul unui atac violent n propriul lor cmin este mult mai mare dect cel cu care femeile se confrunt cnd merg singure pe strad n timpul nopii. Violena fizic i cruzimea psihic n cadrul familiei sunt principalele cauze ale tendinelor infracionale i violente la tinerii n prezena crora se comit astfel de acte.

# Exercise 5 Domestic Violence Safety Plan The information below is taken from a leaflet with this title, published by the Womens Center, Melbourne, Florida. Complete the text entitled 'Safety During an Explosive Incident' 1. If an argument (seem) ________________ unavoidable, try to have it in a room or area with an exit and not in the kitchen, bathroom or anywhere near weapons. 2. Practise how to get out of your home safely. Identify which windows, elevator or stairs (be) ______________ best. 3. (have) __________________ a packed bag ready and keep it in a secret but accessible place so you can leave quickly. 4. Identify a neighbor you can tell about the violence and ask them to call the police if they (hear) _________________ a disturbance coming from your home. 5. Devise a code word to use with your children, family, friends and neighbors when you (need) _________________ the police. 6. Decide and plan where you (go) _________________ if you (leave) _____________ home (even if you (not think) __________________ you (need) ______________ to). 7. If the situation (be) ________________ very dangerous, use your own instincts and judgements to keep yourself safe. Call the police as soon as it is safe to do so.

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English for Modern Policing Activity 9

The Official Position!

This text is from the STATE ATTORNEYS OFFICE in the same location as the Womens Center. It is a three copy report (white, pink, yellow) and is entitled VICTIMS NOTICE OF STATE ATTORNEY OFFICE APPOINTMENT As a result of your Domestic Violence Complaint you are required to meet with an Assistant State Attorney to talk about your case on __________ at ______________. NOTICE OF LEGAL RIGHTS AND REMEDIES AVAILABLE AS A VICTIM OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, you may ask the State Attorney to file a criminal complaint. You also have the right to go to court and file a petition requesting an injunction for protection from domestic violence which may include, but need not be limited to, provisions which restrain the abuser from further acts of abuse; direct the abuser to leave your household; prevent the abuser from entering your residence, school, business, or place of employment; award you custody of your minor child or children and direct the abuser to pay support to you and the minor children if the abuser has a legal obligation to do so. Imagine a dialogue between a Spanish-American woman victim and a Florida policeman to deal with the procedure based on this form! Victim: Policeman: Victim: Policeman: Victim: Policeman: Victim: Policeman: Victim: Policeman: Victim: Policeman: Victim: Policeman: Victim: Policeman: Victim: Policeman: Why cant you lock him up straight away? ______________________________________________________ But I have reported the incident to the police already. Yes, but you have to meet the Assistant State Attorney But my husband is at home ________________________________ Then you have to file _____________________________________ How long _____________________________________________ ? Well, first you have this appointment ________________________ ______________________________________________________ So, with this injunction, you can lock him up. No, but ________________________________________________ He works in the same factory as me. Then the injunction will order him to ________________________ And what about money? I cant support my 3 children on my salary. ______________________________________________________ How exactly will you do that? The injunction will instruct the employer _____________________ But we are paid cash and we have no social security card. Oh, _________________________________________________ !

# Exercise 6 Listen to the report about cases of rape in England and Wales and complete the information. Clare Dyer, The Guardian Weekly, April 11-17 2002 Only one woman in _____________ reporting a rape will see her assailant convicted according to the first study to look at the investigation and prosecution of rape cases from start to
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UNIT 5 Crime and Society: Domestic Violence finish. The report, produced jointly by _______________________ and the CPS, the _______________________, finds failures throughout the system and calls for a package of measures to ______________________ Among key recommendations are more sensitive ________________________ of rape complainants to increase their confidence in the system and _________________ __________________________________________ to handle rape cases. The report found that 7.35% of all cases reported to the police ______________ ____________________. Home Office statistics show that the rate of conviction for rape ____________ from _____________ of reported cases in 1977 to ___________ in 1999. The study of 10 police forces and CPS areas found that only _______________ of cases reported to the police resulted in ____________________________________ and only _______________ of cases referred to the CPS reached court. When cases reached court, the conviction rate (including guilty pleas) was 60.8% but ___________________________________________________were acquitted. Key findings include: the sensitive treatment of victims is the key to securing a conviction better training and gudiance are needed for police, and _________________ all allegations of rape should _____________________________________________ with specialist training case review descisions by CPS lawyers, such as _________________________ or_________________________ should be discussed with another specialist lawyer prosecuting counsel should be _____________________________ to ensure that victims are not forced Stephen Wooler, chief inspector at the CPS inspectorate, said the figures were quite disturbing in relation to what is an awful crime, there being few crimes which have such a lasting effect on their victims. Activity 10

Honour killing in Sweden silences courageous voice on ethnic integration.

Johanne Hildebrandt, Guardian Weekly, March 2002

For four years, Fadime Sahindals father threatened to kill her. But last week, she took a risk and went to say goodbye to her mother and her sisters before leaving to study in Africa. Just before 10 p.m., as they sat in her sisters flat in the Swedish city of Uppsala, the doorbell rang. Her father burst in and shot Fadime in the head. She died in her mothers arms. Sahindal paid the ultimate price for falling in love with the wrong man and defying the patriarchal values of her culture. Her father was an illiterate Kurdish farmer who moved to Sweden in 1980. His family arrived four years later when Fadime was seven. Her parents discoraged her from speaking to Swedish children at school. Instead she was told the important thing was to return to Turkey and get married.

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English for Modern Policing She grew up under the control of her father and younger brother, who physically abused her. During a computer course in 1996, she met and fell in love with a Swedish boy called Patrik Lindesjo. Sahidal was under no illusion as to her fathers reaction. She knew that he would think she was dishonouring the family. They kept their relationship a secret for over a year but when her father eventually found out, his first reaction was to beat them both up. Her father disowned her, but the couple refused to be intimidated. Lindesjos parents went to Fadimes parents to propose on his behalf but were turned down. Sahindal moved to another town, only to be pursued and threatened by her brother. The police simply advised her to stop talking to her family. Instead she turned to the press, giving interviews about the conditions facing Kurdish girls in Sweden. Single-handedly she started a debate about integration and double standards. The polices inaction in the face of her fathers threats infuriated the public. On a visit to Uppsala her father spotted her with Lindesjo. He attacked her, spat in her face and screamed: Bloody whore. I will beat you to pieces. She told police: He said I was rejected from the family and was not allowed to come back to Uppsala. If I did I would never leave the city alive. Her father was charged and in 1998 was convicted of making unlawful threats. Her brother, who had cursed her as a whore during the trial, was also found guilty. It was a bitter-sweet victory for Sahindal, who had stood up for her beliefs but had lost her family. She often said that she loved her father and that he understood no better way of treating her. Then in June 1998, as the couple prepared to move into a flat together, Lindesjo was killed when his car crashed into a concrete pillar. A police investigation, which found nothing suspicious, has now reopened. Fadime carried on and in November 2001 spoke to the Swedish parliament about her struggle for freedom. Then last week, her father caught up with her. He was arrested a couple of hours later. In court, he called Fadime the whore and then confessed to having killed her. He said that he had to protect the familys honour. The story has stirred deep emotions in Sweden. The government has promised about US$170,000 to help girls in the same position. The legal age of marriage for foreigners will be raised from 15 to 18, on a par with the age for Swedes. Six groups representing foreigners in Sweden want to turn Sahindals funeral into a demonstration against patriarchal cultures that allow honour killings. Sahindal, who had said she did not want a funeral according to the rites of her native religion, may be laid to rest beside Lindesjo at Uppsalas Protestant cathedral. Who would you blame? The father alone. The younger brother. The young woman herself. The Swedish partner. The police. The judicial system The Swedish government Other Kurdish people in Sweden.
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Discuss with a partner.

UNIT 6

CRIME AND SOCIETY CHILD ABUSE

The topic Child Abuse is an extremely sensitive and delicate issue. As a police officer, concerned with legal and social circumstances, you should know about the realities of this sad topic, both in your own country and elsewhere. Although, many of the texts and activities seem to focus on language, the serious nature of the subject underlies everything. Please keep this in mind and remember the human misery and suffering which is involved. Discussion points What is the status of children in Romania? How serious is the issue of street children? How do you view the issue of institutionalised children? Is it a European issue or a national issue? Read the text and comment on the issues raised. Refugee Children in Britain According to Amnesty International, around 100,000 children who have escaped from war, torture and intolerance are living in Europe, separated from their parents. For example, around three thousand arrived in Britain in 2000. Responsibility for the care of refugee children living alone lies with social services departments. The children are covered by the Children Act (as are UK-born children) in which according to Section 20, the local authority has a duty to safeguard and promote the safety of the child. The child is fostered or accommodated in a childrens home and checks are kept on the child even after the 18th birthday. But for separated refugee children, Section 20 of the Act is not applied (although it could be and is applied by some local authorities). Instead, Section 17 covers the status of separated children and only obliges the authority to house the children in bed-and-breakfast hotels, with little support from social services. It is very difficult for these children to provide any evidence of age, risk of persecution or personal danger and the Home Office still considers it necessary to eliminate the incentives which attract unaccompanied children. The Home Office policy is to prevent them from settling in UK but suggests that where there is no prospect of safe return, exceptional leave to stay may be granted to unaccompanied children for 4 years or until their 18th birthday. The Home Office seeks to enforce the removal of unaccompanied asylum-seeking children who have been refused asylum and who have no other basis to stay in the UK when they reach 18. As Amnesty International comments: It becomes clear why these children are almost never granted refugee status at 18 anyone can be deported, under 18 there are impossible protective measures which have to be met before a child can be returned. 1. What are the main concerns of the British government? 2. Are these children any less entitled to protection because they are refugees? 3. Should Britain be seeking European assistance in trying to solve these problems or is it an exclusively British one?
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English for Modern Policing LANGUAGE INFORMATION BOX COLLOCATIONS A collocation is a co-occurrence of two or sometimes three words. Collocations are very common in both general and specialist domains of language. Sometimes collocations become like idioms or even cliches, as in public conveniences (old-fashioned euphemism for toilets!), bed and breakfast (a form of accommodation for guests offered in Britain), or high and dry (a fairly common way of expressing the idea of being stranded or isolated). In police and justice domains for example, ethnic collocates frequently with minorities. The sad collocation ethnic cleansing is of fairly recent origin. The word foster collocates with child, home, parents and has its own British point of reference to mean children being temporarily cared for by adults other than their parents but not adopted by them. Another form of collocation may occur where there is a relationship between two words joined by and or or - law and order; abuse or neglect, drink or drugs. The collocation may be very genre-specific. foster home, for example, will occur mainly in discussions on social welfare ( a collocation!), institutionalised children (another collocation!) or Children in Need (another collocation) although it might come into the discussion on, for example, values in modern society, social psychology and behaviour, parent:child relationships etc.

Activity 1

Decide on appropriate collocations

tragic sadistic careless vicious negligent wilful habitual acute severe serious | driving | event | conduct | cruelty | stress | disability | treatment | drunkenness | attack | injuries | assault | circumstances | need | behaviour
THERE MAY BE SEVERAL POSSIBLE COLLOCATIONS WITH SOME ITEMS

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UNIT 5 Crime and Society: Domestic Violence Activity 2

Read the text and complete the exercises.

Father Who Left Baby Faces Jail by Jeanette Oldham
It was hot and the baby had been fractious but, finally, he had dropped off for his afternoon nap. Steven MacDonald, glad of the peace and quiet, wanted to go for a walk along the East Anglian beach so he could feel the family really was on holiday at last. Elder son, Jamie, seven, was impatient to get going, but what to do with baby Robert? He looked so peaceful in his cot in the car. After all, he was fast asleep and five minutes would not do any harm, despite the rising temperatures. That five minutes, however, became hours and still the mercury rose. Now 30-year-old MacDonald is facing jail. It had started as a holiday to help a family to forget its mounting troubles, but ended in a magistrates court with the Paisley father accused of child cruelty. MacDonald told magistrates at Great Yarmouth yesterday he had intended to be away for only a few minutes, but the time grew into hours. With the car window left just a couple of inches open, Robert soon woke and began crying. The alarm was raised more than an hour later by Louise Watkinson, an off-duty special constable, who was parked in the clifftop car park in Marine Parade, Gorleston, near Great Yarmouth, and heard the babys cries. Ray Osborne, prosecuting, told magistrates: She went and looked and it appeared the baby was in distress, so she called for police officers to attend. MacDonald, of Ferguslie Park Avenue Paisly, pleaded guilty to an act of cruelty to his son by allowing him to be wilfully assaulted, illtreated, neglected, abandoned or exposed to danger. Sentence was adjourned until August 17 for reports.

Rephrasing Rephrase the underlined sections using a word or phrase from the text A. He is likely to be punished by imprisonment. He _______________ jail He _______________ a jail term. B. A member of the public contacted the police because she thought there was danger. She _____________________ the alarm. C. The father wrongly believed everything would be all right, leaving his son in the car. He didnt think this ______________________________ D. Except for this incident, there is no indication that the family neglected or abused the child There does not appear to be any evidence that the child ______________________ ___________________________________________________________________. E. The counsel for the prosecution, Mr Ray Osborne, summed up his case by praising the action of Ms.Watkinson. Mr Ray Osborne, __________________, praised Ms.Watkinsons action.
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# Exercise 1

English for Modern Policing # Exercise 2 Prepositional Use Put in the correct preposition A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. He was very impatient _______ start the meeting. The child was left in the hot car ________________ the high temperature. The father has been accused _______________ wilful cruelty. He had intended to be absent ______________only a few minutes. The time passed and minutes grew _____________ hours. The off-duty special constable called ____________police officers to attend. The sentence was adjourned ___________ social services reports. No child should be exposed ____________ acts of parental cruelty. He pleaded guilty _____________ an act of cruelty.

# Exercise 3 More Phrases and Collocations From the text, find expressions meaning
A. B. C. D. E. F. to be in a deep sleep to fall asleep (suddenly) a short sleep (not at night) increasing problems in a very unhappy condition put/place someone in a dangerous situation How Important? -

# Exercise 4

Decide if the word are CORE 1 / CORE 2 / or CORE 3 vocabulary items 1. peace and quiet 2. nap 3. drop off 4. get going 5. in distress 6. magistrates 7. court 8. prosecuting 9. accused of 10. plead guilty 11. adjourn 12. face 13. jail 14. sentence 15. mounting 16. a couple of 17. mercury rising 18. (time) grows into (time) 19. wilfully 20. neglected 21. assaulted 22. ill-treated 23. fractious 24. raise the alarm 25. after all 26. cot

# Exercise 5
A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I.
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Text Comprehension

Decide if the sentences are TRUE, FALSE or NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION The mother was also responsible The father and the other boy were away for several hours. The alarm was raised by a special police officer. The father expressed his regret in court. The father was unemployed. The punishment for this crime is a fine not less than 1000 pounds. He said that he had not intended to abandon the child for a long time. The judge was very severe in administering the punishment. The temperature was over 30 degrees that day.

UNIT 5 Crime and Society: Domestic Violence

# Exercise 6
A. B. C. D. E. F.

Text analysis

Find examples of how the text is journalistic in structure or composition. Does the reporter tell the case only on the basis of the facts? Find examples of information which is unspecified or vague How does she describe the hot day? How does she describe the difficulties the family was facing? When she writes by allowing him to be willfully assaulted, ill-treated, neglected, abandoned or exposed to danger is she creating these terms herself?

In Text 1 is the language general English or specific English? What examples of specialist terminology can you find?

Activity 3 Read the text about a recent extremely shocking case in Britain. Father and Evil Stepmother Guilty of Killing Lauren, 6 The evil and sadistic stepmother of six-year-old Lauren Wright was convicted of her killing yesterday, as was the father who turned a blind eye to the abuse against her. A jury at Norwich Crown Court found Tracey Wright, 31, and Craig Wright, 38, guilty of manslaughter and cruelty after a four-week trial. The pair will be sentenced at a later date. Laurens emaciated body was covered in 60 bruises and she weighed just over two stones (about 14 kilograms) when she died on May 6 last year. The girl, whose digestive system collapsed after a severe blow to the stomach, died in agony, with terrible and disgusting injuries reminiscent of a car crash victim, the court had been told. Acting Chief Superintendent Martin Wright, who led the police investigation, said: There will be a significant amount of satisfaction in many quarters that she has been convicted. Her behaviour can only be described as evil and sadistic and our thoughts, of course, will be with Lauren today. The Department of Health ruled out a public enquiry after the Norfolk social services chief, David Rogers, said he was writing to Lord Laming, the chairman of the hearings into the death of Victoria Climbie, another child abuse victim, to ask him to consider the case. I am sure you agree that this a very sad and shocking case These 3 link headlines were next to the article. What do they suggest? Discuss the issues involved in such cases.
Tragic tale of a child unwanted from day of her birth People in a small village dont want to get involved. Growing workload blamed for failing children at risk

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English for Modern Policing What do you think about corporal punishment for children by parents? Should it be prohibited by law as in some countries? What is the nature of corporal punishment in families in Romania? Has the situation improved in recent years? What are the responsibilities of neighbours, relatives, towards the authorities? When do the authorities intervene in Romania?

Activity 4

In trying to improve your language skills, you should think of vocabulary priorities. These will not be identical for all learners but it is clear that for a police officer, certain terms have more frequent use and occurrence than for non-specialists. Discuss the location of the vocabulary items from the text and headlines. the text? What would you change?

CORE 1 public inquiry hearing chairman child abuse manslaughter victim lead the investigation cruelty trial jury find guilty sentence workload to fail (someone) to get involved convicted children at risk severe Crown Court

CORE 2 stepmother a blow ( .. to the head etc.) bruise emaciated digestive system sadistic injuries

CORE 3 reminiscent of turn a blind eye to .. in many quarters our thoughts are with rule out

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UNIT 5 Crime and Society: Domestic Violence

# Exercise 7

Grammar: Third Form Conditional

Complete using the correct form of the verbs given to express the circumstances of the two cases. You may select an appropriate MODAL form, add negatives as necessary or use a PASSIVE version. 1. If the window of the car (be open) the baby (die) __________________________________________________________________ 2. If the special constable (call) the police the father (charge) with cruelty. ___________________________________________________________________ 3. If the family (have) problems perhaps the father (act) in this cruel manner. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. If the father (be) alone (i.e. not with his other son) he (come back) earlier. ____________________________________________________________________ 5. If the village people (intervene) the little girl Lauren (save). ____________________________________________________________________ 6. If the local social services (be) more observant they (notice) the signs of child abuse. ____________________________________________________________________ 7. If the father (care about) his own daughter he (prevent) the stepmother from being so cruel to Lauren. ____________________________________________________________________ 8. A public inquiry (hold) if there (be) another child abuse case hearing. ____________________________________________________________________ 9. If social workers (have) such a heavy workload they (be able) to help cases like Laurens. ____________________________________________________________________

# Exercise 8

Children in Need

Classifying needs. Look at the descriptions of the official need code categories for Children in Need. Locate the headings for each description.
SOCIALLY UNACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOUR DISABILITY FAMILY IN ACUTE STRESS LOW INCOME ABSENT PARENTING ABUSE OR NEGLECT PARENTAL ILLNESS/DISABILITY FAMILY DYSFUNCTION

1. _________________________ Children in need as a result of, or at risk of, abuse or neglect.

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English for Modern Policing 2. ___________________________ Children and their families whose main need for services arises* out of the childrens disabilities or intrinsic condition*. 3. __________________________ Children and their families whose main need for services arises because the capacity of their parents or carers* to care for them is impaired* by disability, illness or mental disorder. 4. ___________________________ Children whose needs arise from living in a family going through a crisis such that parenting* capacity is diminished* and some of the childrens needs are not being adequately met.* 5. ____________________________ Children whose needs arise mainly out of their living in families where the parenting capacity is chronically inadequate. 6. ______________________________ Children and families whose needs for services arise primarily out of their childrens behaviour which impacts* detrimentally* on the community. 7. _______________________________ Children living in families or independently, whose needs arise mainly from being dependant on an income below the standard state entitlements.* 8. ________________________________ Children, whose need for services arises* mainly from having no parents available to provide for them. Add the items marked with an asterisk * to the appropriate core vocabulary collection.

Activity 5

Children in Need

Listening This text is taken from an official report, published in England (i.e. not including Scotland, Wales and Ireland) in early 2000. Local authorities, responsible for dealing with the problem of children in need, had been asked to provide statistical data. As you listen, complete the statistical information and other details. MAIN RESULTS Numbers of children in need There were just under (1)__________________ Children in Need in England in February 2002 (2) ___________________ of them were children looked after and the remaining 317.000 were other Children in Need Social Services are providing services for nearly a (3) _______________ Children in Need in a typical week
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UNIT 5 Crime and Society: Domestic Violence 92% of Children Looked After and 54% of other Children in Need receive a service or have money spent on their behalf in a typical week (either in terms of (4) ________________________ or in terms of the Local Authority paying for facilities (e.g. accommodation/ residential costs) Characteristics of Children in Need The main need for social service intervention is cases of abuse and neglect which account for (5) ______________________ of all Children Looked After and 28% of other Children in Need About 12% of the Children in Need population are (6) __________ disabled, and they received (7) _____________ of the gross expenditure on Children in Need At least 16% of Children in Need are from (8) __________________ which is about one and a half times the figure for the under 18 population as a whole) Costs and resources Services for Children in Need cost Social Services on average about 41 million a week 26 million per week on Children Looked After and 15 million on other Children in Need. About half of these costs are accounted for by regular welfare benefit payments (on residential/ fostering/ adoption costs) for Children Looked After The average Child Looked After costs Social Services (9) ________________ and other Children in Need cost 85 per week to maintain. Activity The average Child Looked After receives 4.3 hours per week of service from Social Work staff, either in (10) ________________________ Other Children in Need receive on average about 2.9 hours per week of staff or centre time

# Exercise 9 Adverbs in Official Texts Notice the way adverbs are used in official communication and select from these adverbs to complete the sentences. In some sentences, there are several possibilities.
mainly/ primarily /inadequately/ fundamentally unacceptably/ chronically / detrimentally/ A. This need arises _________________ because of parental neglect although there are some other less significant factors. B. The child must be looked after as he has behaved __________________in the community and at school. C. The parents both have drinking problems which means they are _____________ prepared to look after the children.
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English for Modern Policing D. Over a long period of time, the parents have shown themselves to be _____________________ incapable of looking after their own children. E. Removing the child from the home environment would impact ______________ on its obvious improvement in behaviour and social responsibility. F. The social services Children in Need report deals ______________ with those children who are in the care of local authorities. There must be many more whose needs are ______________________ met by present social services arrangements. Statistics in Reports Notice the way various expressions are used to express quantity or statistical relationships. Find these expressions in Activity 5 . the remaining at least about one and a half times the figure as a whole the average child receives on average per week just under nearly quarter of a million accounts for just over just over half of about What do these figures refer to? A. 4.3 B. 56% E. 14% F. 435 C. 16% D. 64,000 G. 41 million pounds/week

# Exercise 10

# Exercise 11

Vocabulary Round-up Correct the mistake in each sentence (from the section underlined) with an appropriate word from the text.

1. Social services assess the action to be taken to help a child as the need raises. _________________________________________________________________ 2. If a parent is ill or has acute or chronic mental problems, the capacity of that parent is said to be imperfect. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. A childs anti-social behaviour has an impression on the family, school-life and social surroundings. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. The payments which the state (social services) might make to an individual or to a family are called wellbeing payments. ____________________________________________________________________ 5. Social services spend a lot of money to mention the needs of children at risk. ____________________________________________________________________
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UNIT 7

WOMEN FOR BETTER AND FOR WORSE

Women Are Far Less Criminally Inclined Than Men

Activity 1 Before reading the text, discuss with a partner the different types of offences which come under the category of sex crimes.

FIND THE CORRECT SEQUENCE OF THE TEXT BELOW LAW ON SEX CRIMES TO BE TIGHTENED A B C D E F G

A) Ministers also want to strengthen the law on rape to tackle the appallingly low 9% conviction rate, and define consent by setting the prosecution the lower test of proving that the victim had not given their voluntary and genuine agreement. B) It is expected that the new offence would apply to a man or woman over 18 who was involved in a sexual act with a child under 16. This would ensure that all children under 16 get the same level of protection. The law would cover those who incited, induced or compelled a child to carry out a sexual act, whether on the accused, another person or the child himself. C) Ministers want to call the new offence adult sexual activity with a child, rather than adult sexual abuse of a child so it might include offences involving no physical contact, such as a recent case where a man incited two young girls to undress.
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English for Modern Policing The offence would cover an adult who forced a child to witness a sexual act, whether it was live or recorded. It would ensure that much heavier penalties were available to courts for child sex offences. It is also expected that the offence would not carry any time limits. D) A new crime of adult sexual activity with a child, and a reform of the law on rape are to be included in an overhaul of Britains laws on sex offences, which are to be introduced into parliament this year. The catch-all criminal offence the first of this kind anywhere in the world recognizes that sexual activity between adults and children is unacceptable, and that some cases are so serious that they warrant a life sentence. E) It would still be for the prosecution to prove that the woman did not consent to sex if the defense said that she did. The law will still list examples where such consent is not present, such as where the person was asleep, or too affected by alcohol or drugs to give voluntary and genuine agreement. F) Ministers have begun to thrash out their detailed response to an internal Home Office review of the law on sex offences, published in July 2000. The new crime of adult sexual activity with a child will replace the seven different sex offences used to prosecute in child sex cases such as indecent assault, intercourse with a girl under 13, gross indecency and buggery G) The changes in law on rape will not see the introduction of a lesser offence of date rape. The legal concept of consent, however, is to be clarified and defined as voluntary and genuine agreement.
(Alan Travis: The Guardian)

HERE IS A QUOTATION ON A DOMESTIC VIOLENCE STUDY MADE BY AN AMERICAN UNIVERSITY. The battered woman is pictured by most people as a small, fragile, haggard person who might once have been pretty. She has several small children, no job skills, and is economically dependent on her husband. It is frequently assumed that she is poor and from a minority group. She is accustomed to living in violence, and her fearfulness and passivity are emphasized above all. Although some battered women do fit the description, research proves it to be a false stereotype.

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UNIT 7 Women: For Better and for Worse Activity 2

Debate

A. Do you agree with this point of view? Does the description above fit your perception of battered women? Present your personal point of view on the issue. B. In pairs discuss the subject according to the following key issues on the topic of domestic violence Low self-esteem; violent background; traditionalism; economic factors; cultural factors; family stress; changing pattern of family life

# Exercise 1 Fill in the gaps using the words in the table:

advertisements, across, able, and, clutches, condemn, contract, director, difficult, end entrepreneur, efforts, fate, involved, nation, of, Patriarch, personal, romantic, southern, streets, they, threatens, Ukraine, with, wound.

One shrewd 1).. formed a company called "Love You". This company is 2) .. in enlisting Ukrainian women and girls to marry Serbian men, who live in the mountainous regions of southern Serbia. 3) .. say that this program of marriage received the unofficial approval 4) .. the Yugoslavian government and the blessing of the Serbian 5) ... Paul, because it proposes to renew the gene pool of the 6) ... Obviously, this firm has enough profits to place TV 7) .. for enlistment of women from the Orthodox world especially from 8) ... Beginning in the spring of 1997, the city of Cherkass 9) .. the oblast (region) had the opportunity to view several 10) .. TV advertisements proposing marriage in the picturesque mountain region of 11) .. Serbia, with similar ads in the local newspapers. Some women were brave enough to make radical changes in their 12) .. lives. We cannot 13) .. them in this. We are all aware that life in Ukraine at this time is 14) .. and especially so for women. But if our women knew the 15) ... that awaited them they would make all 16) . to remain at home. One resident of Cherkass was 17) .., through a miracle, to escape the 18) .. of her new Serbian husband. But now she has a problem with the 19) .. of this marriage agency who threatens her 20) .. death if she doesn't compensate him monetarily for breaking the 21) ... This "businessman" 22) .. to find her in Ukraine if she manages to get 23) .. the border of Yugoslavia. This woman might easily 24) .. up without any documents or help on the 25) .. of Belgrade.
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English for Modern Policing Activity 3 Read the text SERBS CRACK DOWN ON SEX SLAVE TRADE Serbian police have begun to crack down on white slave trade in women tricked into prostitution in the Balkans. In the biggest operation conducted so far by the organized crime department, hundreds of officers raided more than 400 nightclubs, dance bars and cafes, freeing dozens of young women. They arrested 150 people on charges ranging from procuring prostitutes to possessing drugs and arms. This is good news, said Enrico Ponziani, head of the international office for migration in Belgrade, which is opening a safe shelter for liberated women and children. We are talking about thousands, not hundreds, of women and children who are trafficked through Serbia every year. We need more operations of that nature. He said that Serbia was often the starting point for the trade in women and children as young as 14. Most were from Romania and former Soviet republics of Moldova and Ukraine, fleeing economic misery at home. They arrived in Serbia believing they were going to jobs as nannies and waitresses in Western Europe. When they cross the border they are housed somewhere in Serbia and ordered to hand over their passports, Mr. Ponziani said. At that point they start to realize they have been tricked. They are slaves because theyre being forced to do things they had no idea they would be forced to do. He said the women were traded between Albania, Serbia and Bosnia many times. They were moved illegally into Macedonia, Kosovo and Bosnia to serve new clients. In Serbia one of the women freed said that she had been sold for $500. She escaped from Kazanova dance club in Panchevo, near Belgrade, which is run by Rade Spelovic. Serbian police describe Mr. Spelovic as one of the untouchable leaders of the slave trade. They said that he had threatened to unleash fierce dogs on any of the women who tried to escape. Western officials say that for every Serb running the trade, there are many more people in Romania, Ukraine and Moldova organizing their end of the business. The officials are mounting an awareness campaign in the Balkans and in the former Soviet Union to alert police and victims to the realities of work abroad.

# Exercise 2
Match these words or phrases with the underlined expressions in the text. a) to untie, to let loose c) to tighten up, to restrict severely e) to fool, to cheat b) to accommodate (often temporarily) d) to vary between, f) to start, to launch (a programme/campaign etc.)

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UNIT 7 Women: For Better and for Worse Activity 4 Translate the following text into English Dei nici concubina nu-i tie adevratul nume, CREIERUL UNEI REELE DE TRAFIC DE CARNE VIE A FOST CAPTURAT DE POLIITII DE LA CRIM ORGANIZAT Dup mai multe sptmni de cercetri, poliitii Centrului Zonal de Combatere a Crimei Organizate i Antidrog Timioara i colegii lor din cadrul Direciei Generale Bucureti, au reuit s dezlege misterul care blocase cercetrile ntr-unul dintre ultimele dosare referitoare la activitatea unei reele de trafic de carne vie. La nceputul lunii februarie, poliitii timioreni au descins ntr-un apartament de pe malul Begi i au gsit aici cinci tinere, ntre care dou minore, care urmau s fie trecute ilegal n Iugoslavia, pentru a ajunge n Italia i Spania, ca s se prostitueze. Atunci a fost reinut i unul dintre proxenei Buciu Raoul, de 24 de ani, din Timioara, care a fost arestat pe 30 de zile pentru proxenetism. Din cercetri s-a stabilit ca adevratul creier al afacerii era alt barbat, despre care nu se tia dect ca-l cheam Dan. S-a aflat doar c acesta are o concubin n Timioara. n urma descinderii la locuina acesteia s-a stabilit c nici femeia, care era gravid n luna a opta cu cel cutat, nu-i tia adevrata identitate. A fost gsit o fotografie, care a constituit punctul de plecare. n urma verificrilor, poliitii Direciei Generale de Combatere a Crimei Organizate i Antidrog l-au identificat pe cel din poz ca fiind Buciuleac Ioan, de 31 de ani, zis Dan, care avea domiciliul in Bucureti. Ofierii de la Crim Organizat din Bucureti au descins la locuina acestuia, dar o persoan aflat n interior a refuzat s le deschid ua. Dup obinerea autorizaiei de perchezi ie, poliitii au intrat n for, reinndu-l pe suspect. Acesta are la activ mai multe furturi, nelciuni i alte infraciuni. Demn de remarcat este faptul c, de multe dintre pedepse a scpat, ascunzndu-se pn la prescrierea faptelor. Smbt, Buciuleac a fost prezentat Parchetului de pe lng Tribunalul Timi, cu propunere de arestare preventiv pe 30 de zile, sub acuzaia de proxenetism n form agravat. n cazul n care va fi gsit vinovat, el risc o pedeaps ntre 2 i 7 ani de nchisoare.
(Drago Bota)

Activity 5

Read the text

WOMENS LIBERATION MOVEMENT From Suffragettes to Policewomen Born in Worthington in 1820, Elizabeth Greer was educated at the Female Seminary in Worthington where she later taught. In 1844, Elizabeth married Harvey Coit and moved to a house on 3rd street in Columbus where she eventually had eight children. An avid supporter of women's rights, Elizabeth Greer Coit became the first president of the
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English for Modern Policing Woman's Suffrage Association in Columbus. For many years, the Suffrage Association met in her home once a month to plan the advancement of women. A friend of such luminaries as Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, Frances Willard, and Mary Livermore, Elizabeth opened her home to suffragists. Her husband and children sympathized with her work. A delegate to a state convention for women's suffrage that met in Columbus in 1884, she was also treasurer of the state association, attended their meetings, and served as an effective speaker on the suffrage lecture circuit in Columbus and neighboring towns when this cause was singularly unpopular. As a reward for her hard work, Elizabeth received much public opprobrium, spiteful personal remarks, and hateful letters. She bore it all with great patience. Once her eight-year-old daughter Belle ran home from school sobbing, "Mother, are you strong-minded and do you wear pants?" In response, Elizabeth calmly replied, "My dear, I hope I am strong-minded. I should be very sorry to have had children if I were feeble-minded."

INFO BOX Suffragette A suffragette was a woman in Britain, Australia and the United States in the early 20th century who was a member of a group that demanded the right of women to vote and that increased awareness of the matter with a series of public protests. In one incident, the suffragette Emily Davidson threw herself under the King's horse at the Derby in 1913 in order to draw attention to the campaign. Suffragist A suffragist is someone who supports suffrage, esp. a supporter of the right of women to vote in the early 20th century. Suffrage The right to vote in an election, esp. for representatives in a parliament or similar organization. Examples There have only been Labour administrations for 20 out of the 72 years since universal male suffrage was introduced. Female suffrage was introduced in South Australia in 1894. Discuss the idea of emancipation, womens rights and womens liberation in the modern world. The text above contains a paradox: As a reward for her hard work, Elizabeth received much public opprobrium, spiteful personal remarks, and hateful letters.

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UNIT 7 Women: For Better and for Worse Activity 6

DEBATE: In groups of three (a suffragette, a politician and a moderator) discuss Elizabeths case and try to find a solution.

Activity 7 Read the text about the situation in Afghanistan Discuss with your partner what the status of refugees means and that of internally displaced persons (IDPs) This text was written before the intervention in Afghanistan in October 2001 SOME AFGHANS SURVIVE BY SELLING THEIR CHILDREN
By BRIAN MURPHY, Associated Press Writer

MAZAR-E-SHARIF, Afghanistan (AP) - The deal was arranged even before the baby's birth. The price for the infant: enough to feed the family for another month In an extraordinary act of desperation, some Afghan parents say they've sold their children for about the price of a restaurant meal in the West an amount that even in this impoverished country is not huge but can make the difference between life and death for the poorest of the poor. "Parting with my baby was hard. But watching my family die slowly of hunger is even worse," said Agha Mir, 25, who claimed he turned over his 4-day-old son in December to a relatively prosperous Afghan family for the equivalent of $60. The money, he said, paid for about a month's worth of food for his wife and six remaining children in the teeming Dashteh Arzana refugee camp outside the northern city of Mazar-e-Sharif. He said a middleman from the city's bazaar made the arrangements while his wife was pregnant. "And now the money is gone," moaned Mir's mother, Oyna Khal. "We're back to living on wild grass and carrots. Maybe we will have to sell another child." It is impossible to independently verify all the claims of baby selling or estimate the number of children sold. There is no record-keeping, and the transactions occur on the murky margins of society. But relief coordinators and others acknowledge the reports and note that setting a price for family members in Afghanistan is not taboo. Traditionally, dowries of several thousands of dollars huge sums for Afghans are paid for brides. Infants especially

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English for Modern Policing boys for families with only girls also apparently have commanded a good price in the past. "We get information about baby selling, but it's hard to say how widespread it is," said Mahboob Shareef, head of northern Afghanistan operations for UNICEF. "We knows this happens among the poorest of the poor." Mohammed Hashim can only walk a few paces before the pain becomes too much. Severe arthritis has left his joints swollen and misshapen. In mid-January, he set off by car from his villages in the Dar-e-Suf region south of Mazar-e-Sharif for a refugee camp along the main northern roadway. To pay for the journey, he said, he sold his 2-year-old son to a family in a neighboring village with only daughters. He received about $30. "I was alone. There was no other way," said Hashim, a 25-year-old widower whose wife died two years ago. "I miss my boy so much. I could only sell the little one. They didn't want the other." His remaining son, 9-year-old Sejawdin, is almost completely deaf. Faisal Mohammed, administrator of the central orphanage in Mazar-e-Sharif, said he came across a man in the city's bazaar begging someone to buy his 6-year-old daughter. "It struck me how bad our country has become when you can put your child for sale like a piece of fruit," Mohammed said. "We cannot deny that people are selling their children. After 23 years of war, people are left with nothing and, worst of all, no hope. They see no other options." In past generations, poor Afghan families would sometimes send children to live temporarily with better-off relatives. Now, it appears that system may be eroding because of the twin hardships of warfare and drought, Mohammed said. "We saw this happening during the Taliban time. Some people saw their children as a way to make quick money," he said. Eight months ago while the Taliban was still in power a pushcart porter and his wife said they sold their 4-day-old son to neighbors because they couldn't afford the medicine to treat the woman's postnatal bleeding and other medical complications. They received about $30, said the couple, who have six other children. "We used to go see the boy, but the family now has told us to stay away," said the mother, Dilaram, who like many Afghans goes by one name. "The money was soon gone. I am still sick and our child is gone forever." QUESTIONS: How can war affect the lives of ordinary people? Is selling children a solution for the Afghans future life? Has selling their own children anything to do with the social condition of the Afghan woman?

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UNIT 7 Women: For Better and for Worse

A young lady in Kosovo

Activity 8
THE PROBLEM OF WHITE SLAVERY AT THE END OF THE SECOND MILLENNIUM - Listen to the tape. You will hear three prostitutes talking about their distressing lives. Can you characterise the persons on the tape? How do you see prostitution as a job, a profession, a scandal for a civilised society?

Do you agree with any form of legalisation of prostitution in Romania? Give reasons for and against.

Activity 8 a Write your own account of the issue. Plan your work by brainstorming with a partner. Think about: Why the sex / slave trade exists. Victims or villans? Who are they? Surviving the root causes an impossibility? After 2007 predictions?

Activity 9 Below you have a fragment of a letter.Who do you think has written this letter? What could you do in answer to the plea in the letter? Choose two class mates and devise a plan of action meant to counter the situation described in the letter.
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English for Modern Policing

"...Help the girls from Ukraine. Their situation is hopeless. They need immediate help. They
were taken in a deceiving manner to local bars to work as dancers, where they are forced into prostitution. The girls do not receive any money and the bar owner makes a tremendous profit on them. The corrupt local police help to establish these places and to avoid planned police raids. The girls' documents are taken away. They threaten and harass them. They have no way of escaping from this hell and almost all want to return home. During the day they keep them prisoners in a room, and at night force them to sleep with clients. In one such night, with one girl, the owner makes 200300 German marks and for one hour 100 marks. If the girl begins to protest, they get harassed, beaten and not given anything to eat. They have no place to look to for help. They are later resold to the Muslim part of Bosnia, from where there is no return forever. These people are without heart, horrible mafiosi, who work in close contact with the police. Often the girls commit suicide. In their name I turn to you to help them return home to Ukraine. My name I cannot give because I will be killed by the mafia if they find out about this letter. In the name of God and Truth help! Each woman has a right to life, has a right to manage herself and her body. She is not a white slave who can be discounted or killed. I hope for your help very much." Discuss with a partner the trends in criminal activity which make it very important that young women become police officers. A seminar on career development for policewomen was held in September 2001 in Holland. The philosophy emphasised during the seminar is written below.

Good human resource management guarantees the optimum use of human potential within the police. "Human Capital" (i.e. the qualities of men and women) should be developed to their fullest potential. The combination of both "male "and "female" characteristics improve the standards of policework overall. The public is better able to identify with a police service in which women work side by side with men at every level and in every type of job; in effect, as a reflection of the society at large. The police, as enforcers of the law, should set an example as far as equal treatment of women and men is concerned.

Activity 10 Using the words in the box, enlarge on the ideas emphasized by the seminar by writing a few sentences about each point. Human capital Human resources management Police service Equal treatment of women and men in the police

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UNIT 7 Women: For Better and for Worse Compare your ideas with your partner's. Look at the objectives below. What organisation do they belong to? Can you think of standards and processes you could employ to achieve the objectives? Exchange of knowledge, information and experiences within the European Police organisations; Stimulating international research and training in order to maximise the experiential learning for women police officers within Europe; Organising a Bi-annual European Conference; Organising specific seminars for both policewomen and -men to promote the exchange of good practice, information and learning; Stimulating and supporting the establishment of national networks of policewomen. A database to achieve centralisation of comprehensive information and enable efficient dissemination of the same. Jokes? A police graduate fresh from the Academy is on the beat. He sees a priest in the street. Without any warning he begins beating him. After a while, having beaten him severely, he says panting: A Ninja, ha? So you think youre a Ninja from the American movies, do you? Thats what I think of you, Ninja!!! What did the policeman say after coming out of a sewage canal he had fallen into? Its a good thing the lid wasnt on! Two policemen meet: Hi, Ghitza! Hi, Costica! Can you tell me what vacuum means? Well, I have it in my brain, but I cant explain it to you now.

GRAMMAR Verb + full infinitive (with to) Verb + -ing Verb + short infinitive (i.e. without to) Some verbs are followed by a to infinitive, but they cannot take an ing verb. Some examples are given in the box. agree, aim, ask, decline, demand, fail, hesitate, hope, hurry, manage, offer, plan, prepare, refuse, want, wish. Examples 1. The suspect agreed to accompany te police ofiicer to the station. 2. The prisoner demanded to see a lawyer immediately. 3. The police have managed to identify the suspects.
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English for Modern Policing Some verbs take the ing form of the verb, but do not accept a to infinitive after them. admit, avoid, consider, delay, deny, detest, dread, envisage, feel like, finish, imagine, recall, regret, resent, risk, suggest Examples 4. The British police have sometimes considered carrying guns but many officers can't imagine having them as a matter of routine. 5. The defence counsel regretted calling the accused's brother as a character witness. Some verbs are followed by a short infinitive after an object; there are also a few verbs, with idiomatic meaning, that require a short infinitive after them: feel, hear, overhear, see, watch, have, let, make, hear, tell, make believe, let go
6. The surveillance officers overheard the suspects admit to have been in the

building at the time. 7. The officers could only watch the kidnapper leave with his hostages. # Exercise 3 REPHRASE using the correct form of the verb in capital letters and one of the patterns. 1. Maybe this is the hotel we are looking for. 2. They said they would like me to come with them on the trip. 3. Im sorry I havent seen the movie. 4. The police believed he was the criminal because of the evidence. 5. Does using the hotel sauna cost a lot? 6. Coming first in the race meant we could buy a new car. 7. It is compulsory for all students to be present at lectures. 8. She might fail her driving test again. 9. Susy succeeded in finishing the assignment in time. 10. Calling Bob is pointless, because his phone is out of order # Exercise 4 Choose the most appropriate answer(s) 1. We needed a) the car to be mended b) c) the car to be mending b) the car mending d) the car mended (APPEAR) (INVITE) (REGRET) (LEAD) (PAY) (ENABLE) (REQUIRE) (RISK) (MANAGE) (BE NO USE)

2. The teacher reminded the papers. a) us where to leave b) us where we had to leave c) where we had to leave d) where to leave 3. Id advise more. a) to study b) c) you studying
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b) you to study d) your studying

UNIT 7 Women: For Better and for Worse 4. I remember the contest. a) he winning b) he to win 5. The burglar confessed. a) commit the crime c) to have committed the crime 6. We persuaded a new car. a) him to buy b) him buy

c) him winning

d) him to win

b) to commit the crime d) committing c) him buying d) his buying

7. He that he had caught the huge fish himself. a) made us to believe b) makes us believe b) c) made us believe d) made us believing 8. We waited for the taxi before saying goodbye. a) coming b) to come c) come d) came 9. They noticed away from school. a) him to run b) him run c) him running d) him ran

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UNIT 8

POLICING THE MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY

1. What do you understand by the notion multicultural society? 2. Do you regard your society as being multicultural and can you explain why? 3. Can you describe how at least one ethnic group in your society is culturally different? Letting the Side Down Read the text and comment on the implications.
Gary Younge, The Guardian, Monday December 17, 2001

At the Majestyk nightclub in Leeds city centre, neon lights cut through dry ice to reveal huge quantities of bare flesh. In two separate cages, suspended from the ceiling, women in white bikinis and huge snow boots writhe to the pulsating music then step aside for young men with torsos shimmering with baby oil to replace them. Down below, with the help of sweet, fizzy alcohol, the dating game is slowly evolving into the mating game. Young people with lust in their eyes and a drink in their hand are coming down with a ritual attack of Friday night fever. (1) Outside, the bouncers stand with their backs to the main entrance looking over the city square. It is the ideal vantage point from which to retrace the flight of Sarfraz Najeib as he ran from his attackers. But these were no ordinary assailants. Among the accused were footballers Jonathan Woodgate, who has been found guilty of affray, and Lee Bowyer, who has been cleared of all charges. Though race was ruled out as a motive (2) in the retrial of Woodgate, Bowyer and two other men, the case came as a blow (3) to the football club, Leeds United, which has spent more than a decade struggling to shake off a reputation as one of the most racist in Britain. The Asian student had been beaten to within an inch of his life (4) and the two were originally charged with racially aggravated assault. The players' fame would ensure national headlines; the race of their victim initially ensured national debate. The combination of the two would send both the city and the criminal justice system into denial.(5) The first trial collapsed in April, when the media also found itself in the dock. (6) While the jury was still deliberating, the Sunday Mirror published an interview with Najeib's father insisting that the attack was racist. The judge ruled it the "most serious form of contempt". (7) When the trial restarted last month, the jury sat in a quite different world. Nearby Bradford had been scarred by some of the worst racial unrest since Brixton 20 years earlier. The events of September 11 added fuel to the fire and once again racial tensions were running high. So while media attention this time has not been anywhere near as intense, the ramifications are still considerable. For in a one-team city which has spent much money and
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UNIT 8 Policing the Multicultural Society energy reshaping its image, the repercussions will begin now the trial has ended. In the past, when club supporters have been involved in violence, the city council has been quick to distance itself. (8) This time it will not be possible. Leeds United, despite having, in the 1960s, one of the first black players to play in the Football League, has always considered itself to be a whites-only club. But the reality of life in the city ran counter to that. More non-white immigrants settled, particularly in the Chapeltown area, and the wave of organised racism that spread through the country in the 1960s and 70s settled on the terraces of Elland Road, where the National Front recruited openly. Nick Varley, a Leeds supporter and author of the authoritative Park Life, a Search for the Heart of Football, recalls hearing at his first match a call-and-response chant involving "hundreds, possibly thousands of fans", aimed at the one black player on the pitch. "Trigger, trigger, trigger," called one side of the stand. "Shoot that f****** nigger," came the reply. "Which f****** nigger?" "That f****** nigger," was the answer, as the crowd pointed at the target of their venom. "All around me were fans who joined in," writes Varley. "Not everyone, by any means, but a lot." By the late 70s, a white Leeds fan, Paul Thomas, had had enough of standing among what he felt was the silent majority. Along with friends and activists from the local trades council, he set up Leeds United Against Racism, in order to challenge the presence of fascists at the ground. "I thought either you tolerated the racism or you did something about it," he says. When they told police they intended to leaflet (9) the ground with an anti-racist message, the initial reaction was hostile. The police made it known through the press that they feared political violence would break out. The club considered suing the campaigners for unauthorised use of the club badge on the leaflets. But, says Thomas, the response from fans was encouraging. "Quite a few came up and congratulated us, saying stuff like: 'It's about time somebody did something about that lot. Under pressure from the council, which then owned the ground, club officials were persuaded to meet the demonstrators. Despite the choruses of hate ringing from its stands, the managing director refused to believe there was a problem and demanded proof. The anti-racists produced Terror on the Terraces, recording the abuse. "It's not as though we did any great undercover work," says Thomas. "We were just reporting what had already been reported." Gradually, thanks to persistent activism, a change of management at the club and more pressure from the council, the atmosphere started to improve. There were statements condemning racist chanting from senior management and regular adverts in the programme against racism. The club developed its links with local black and Asian communities (it is presently working with Kosovan refugees). It also distributes anti-racist certificates to schools. Racism has not been eliminated there, any more than it has anywhere else in the country, but it is no longer the dominant culture. Recently Thomas sat near a racist heckler and was backed by other fans when he asked him to stop. When the man threatened Thomas, he called the club's anti-racist hotline to complain. The club called him back quickly, asked detailed questions about the incident, and then called again to say the man's season ticket had been withdrawn. Now, once again, Leeds United finds itself associated with allegations of racism, although this time very much against the run of play. Many Leeds fans - including committed anti-racists such as Thomas - believe racism was not a factor: "I think it tells you more about young men and alcohol than it does about race," he says.
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English for Modern Policing Activity 1 Explain the meaning of the underlined words and phrases Discuss with a partner the issue of racial abuse, football culture and the roles of the police and the authorities. Is this poster effective? Why?

The above poster is part of the Metropolitan Police (London) campaign to stop so-called hate crime. There are other posters in the series which can be seen at their web-site www.met.police.uk Read this text about the approach to multi-ethnic society policing in the Netherlands.
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UNIT 8 Policing the Multicultural Society Activity 2

"Keeping the Shop Open!"

Some years ago, it might still have been possible to wonder whether the multiethnic society was a reality. Nowadays, we would do better not to fool ourselves with such basic questions any longer, and to face the facts instead. Allow me to use a metaphor to illustrate our vision. In major European cities, there are probably still a number of small local shops, such as the greengrocer on the corner of the street in an old quarter of the city. There are shops like that in Rotterdam, too. The greengrocer has always sold traditional Dutch vegetables such as sprouts and cauliflower, which are displayed, fresh from the auction, in wooden boxes in front of the shop in the morning. But the population in these districts has changed and many residents of exotic origins prefer eggplants, olives and rice to traditional goods like cauliflowers and potatoes. The greengrocer now has two options: * he may either adjust the range of products he sells to the altered population of the neighborhood and stay in business; * or he can keep on selling what he has always sold, and as a result he will have to close down his shop after a while. The police are, in fact, in the exact same situation as this greengrocer. But there is one major difference: the police can never close down their shop: they will always be in business.
(Eric van der Horst Rotterdam Rijnmond Police Department)

Discussion What do you regard as your police service mission in Policing a multicultural society? With a partner, speak about the necessary changes, aims and objectives with reference to this dimension of policing. # Exercise 1 Complete the text using the words in the box below: enforced, public, image, force, probation, to observe, embodies warden,

enforcement, out, uniform,

Law must be ...... (1) if civilized man is to survive. Society cannot depend completely on simple persuasion to induce law observance, and therefore it must require enforcement of law. The term ....... (2) implies, as does the very nature of man, the potential use of ........(3) and this potential, then, is necessarily a part of the police role. But the manner in which this potential is viewed by the public ...... (4) often determines whether the police ..... (5) is good or bad. Because good police image tends, to affect favorably an individuals willingness ........ (6) the law voluntarily, police retain a rightful interest in a good image. The law enforcement officer ..... (7) the law so visibly and directly that neither the policeman nor the public find it easy to differentiate between the law and its enforcement. Relatively few citizens recall ever having seen a judge, fewer still, a prosecutor, coroner, sheriff ........ (8) officer or prison .......(9). The patrolman is
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English for Modern Policing thoroughly familiar to all this ...... (10) picks him ....(11) from the crowd so distinctly that he becomes a living symbol of the law. Whether the police like it or not, they are forever marked men. Read the text about a strategy developed by the Dutch police in order to meet the needs of a multicultural society. A few years ago we came to the conclusion that was necessary to develop a police policy in our service that would address the issues of multi ethnicity and the consequences for our organization. We especially aimed at Turkish and Moroccan youngsters for several reasons. One of the reasons was that we already had police officers with another ethnic background coming from our former colonies. We have chosen an integrated approach. Therefore this project was divided into four sub-projects: 1. recruitment and selection 2. inflow and career development 3. police training 4. prevention, conflict handling and combating discrimination It was necessary to develop new methods and policies in these four fields. In our regular recruitment campaigns we used national newspapers, radio and television guides for our advertisements. We also broadcast commercials. It became clear that we couldnt reach certain ethnic communities through media. Therefore we had to look for other ways to get in contact with our target group. We contacted ethnic minority organisations and asked them for advice. Another important part of the project concerned selection. We discovered that to a certain extend our selection process was culturally biased. As an answer to that problem we tried to develop so-called culturally sensitive tests: BACON BEARD BEER ADULTERY Question: What does not belong in this series? In this example, it is important to realise that you have to approach it from an Islamic reference in order to be able to answer the question. We also learned that it is very important to involve colleagues from the grass-roots level in recruitment and selection. Colleagues were trained to do selection interviews. This way they have the idea that they are able to recruit their own future colleagues, and, by doing this, feel committed to the newcomers from a very early stage. More changes were needed to offer a friendly environment to these newcomers. A very simple example is the menu in the police restaurant. This also became more and more multicultural over the past few years. Discussion Do you think that it is necessary to recruit members of minority groups into all aspects of the justice system? Does this happen in Romania and in our police organization?
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UNIT 8 Policing the Multicultural Society # Exercise 2 Select the correct answer (True or False)

1. The police policy to be developed aims at Moroccan and Arabic youngsters. 2. They didnt have, until now, police officers with another ethnic background. 3. One of the sub-projects is inflow and career development. 4. In the recruitment campaigns they used leaflets. 5. The selection process was culturally biased. 6. The selection interviews were done only by the police managers. Activity 3

Role Play

Imagine that you have been assigned to do a selection interview with a 30-year-old man from an ethnic minority background. In pairs, prepare a set of questions and answers. Do not forget such aspects as family background, training, motivation, etc.

# Exercise 3

Choose a correct form of the passive to complete the sentences 1. The government recently stated that measures ......... (take) at both the administrative and legislative levels to guarantee the freedom of religion. 2. The authorities announced that the process of restitution of properties confiscated under the former regime...... (accelerate). 3. The new legislation....... (pass) in June 1997. 4. Allegations ....... (transmit) to the government in a number of cases related to issues of wrongful arrest, harrassment and ill treatment. 5. It..... (decide) by the authorities that, there is a need to create a multicultural perspective in the juvenile system. 6. The portrait of the wanted man .......... (issue) by the police. 7. The new strategy ........ (discuss) nowadays by the Ministry of Interior. 8. The anti-discrimination legislation....... (implement) by next year. 9. The fact that many Western European countries become multi-ethnic communities ........ (cause) by postwar migration.

# Exercise 4 Choose the most appropriate word underlined. 1. This neighbourhood is inhabited by / from Muslims. 2. The conflict area was immediately surrounded from / with police troops. 3. The shop windows have been smashed from / with rocks. 4. After the meeting the street was covered by / from leaflets. 5. A new training programme is included in / with the new legislation. # Exercise 5 Put a suitable preposition in each space. 1. The police officer was accused........ serious misconduct. 2. The murderer was sentenced ........20 years in prison by the Court. 3. The investigation showed that the accused has been involved ......breaking into the house. 4. Troops were called ...........when racist groups began gathering outside the downtown library. 5. The community was promised that the problem would be looked ..... 6. The whole story told by the suspect in court was completely made .......... 7. Access to the basement level was blocked ..........by police and security guards.
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English for Modern Policing # Exercise 6 Match the description with the headings POLICE AS A MIRROR OF SOCIETY. CULTURAL ADDED VALUE PROFESSIONALISING THE ORGANISATION TRANSPARENT PROCEDURES 1. It is not only nice to know but there also is a need to know what is going on in society and anticipate those changes. No one is born with the necessary skills to provide full police services. 2. To establish their importance as a legitimate force in society, the police have a professional interest in reflecting the same ethnic diversity in their organisation. 3. Racial incidents reported to the police must be treated carefully. Victims must be heard and helped. Procedures should be transparent, especially for victims. 4. Learning from and respecting each other. It is obvious that you will only learn to overcome cultural differences if you meet and interact with other cultures. # Exercise 7 Decide on appropriate collocations. (A + B) and (B +A)
A behaviour, undercover, to take, statutory, to enforce, racial, liaison, community, code, ethnic, protection B legislation, authority, minority, law, racist, action, operation, officer, of practice, sexist, ombudsman, incident

Reading text 3 Briefing Paper for discussion on Muslim Delegations meeting with Home Office Minister, Ms. Angela Eagle. Fault lines in Community Relations. A delegation of Muslim community leaders met the Home Office Minister Ms. Angela Eagle this afternoon. The meeting was planned in order to raise with her their serious concerns over the dangerous fault lines that have shown up in recent weeks in community relations in Britain as manifested by the outbreak of disturbances in Northern England. The most blatant example of rash and mindless police behaviour, if not, let us assume, an act of deliberate racism, was the senseless and brutal beating up of none other than the Labour Party National Executive Member Shahid Malik and in front of the rolling TV cameras. Everyone watched Shahid Malik telling the police to hold back, Its OK, he was saying to them after having restrained a group of angry youths behind him. He was instead pounced upon by the police and hit ferociously, thrown on the ground and handcuffed. This one incident did raise a few important questions the delegation told the minister.
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UNIT 8 Policing the Multicultural Society Didnt the police in Burnley know who Shahid Malik was, instead of mistaking him for one of the thugs? If they did not know Shahid Malik nor even his father, the deputy mayor of the town, then it says a great deal about the police relationship with the local community. However, even if they happened not to know who the gentleman was, couldnt they see that here was a citizen trying to prevent a clash between the police and the youths? The case is highly significant, said the delegation, in that it served as a powerful and poignant reminder to the eyes and minds of the community on what it meant to be a Pakistani or Bangladeshi in Britain. The disturbances have shown a great deficit in police-community relations. However, the problem being large and multidimensional, besides local internal inquiries, the Muslim community leaders demanded the setting up of a high powered Commission of Inquiry, something like Scarman. The inquiry should examine the failures and shortcomings of policies and look into the causes that have been breeding social tension and conflict; it should recommend measures and policies in order to stop the slide towards social exclusion and create a genuinely equal and inclusive multicultural society.

# Exercise 8
Find a word in the text that has the same or similar meaning to the following: worries outburst unashamed sudden attack (v) conflict reproduce ask for DISCUSSION 1. Do you think the police have failed in their relations with the community? Why? 2. In what way do you think this article and the way the events are emphasized influence public opinion? 3. Discuss the role of the media in conflicts like this.

Activity 4

Role Play

Imagine you are at a press conference. The class is divided into two groups the reporters and representatives of the police authorities. Prepare a set of questions and answers in order to find out the truth about what really happened to the Labour Party National Executive member, Shahid Malik and how the police think they will try to improve community relations in future.
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English for Modern Policing Activity 5

Translate into English

This is a summary of the other recommendations made to the Minister. - Importana stabilirii unor relaii mai bune ntre comunitile etnice i liderii lor pe de o parte i autoritile locale pe de alt parte. - Nevoia de cooperare mai strns ntre moschei i centrele islamice n vederea folosirii mai bune a facilitilor de care dispun, prin nfiinarea unor Comitete consultative. - Moscheile i Centrele islamice pot aduce o contribuie considerabil la combaterea consumului de droguri i a comportamentului infracional prin alocarea unor resurse proprii. - Nevoia de cooperare ntre autoriti (guvern, autoritile locale, poliie, liderii comunitilor religioase) n vederea prevenirii actelor de violen.

Activity 6

Drug Mules - the Jamaican Connection

Listen to the text and complete the information

Operation Trident A Joint Customs and PoliceOoperation to Tackle Jamaican Yardie Gangs. 1) On December 14 2001, British police charged ____________________________ with ________________________ into Londons Gatwick Airport, just over a week after _____________________________________________ into Heathrow Airport. 2) The Jamaicans charged included _____________________ and all were believed to have ____________________________. They could all face ________________. 3) Another seven people of unknown nationality were arrested after police allowed a mule on the same flight to ____________________________________________ and ____________________________________ where he was delivering the drugs. 4) It is not clear if the smugglers were ________________________________ or acting separately. A British Customs and Excise spokeswoman said the arrests underlined the fact that the British authorities would not tolerate drug smuggling and those who swallowed drugs were likely to get caught. 5) According to the spokeswoman, airlines _________________________________ ____________________ when passengers behaviour was suspicious. For example, if passengers __________________________________, typical behaviour of those who have swallowed drugs. 6) Customs officers have stressed that _____________________________________ _____________________________________________ In October, a woman coming from Kingston _______________________________. 7) A post-mortem found that she _______________________________________ 8) More than 30 other people __________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 9) The latest arrests and ______________________________ recently passed on several Jamaicans should deter people from drugs smuggling. 10) Officials admitted that there was also a problem ________________________ ____________________________ and there is certainly no assumption that anyone and everyone coming from _____________________________________________
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UNIT 8 Policing the Multicultural Society 11. The spokeswoman added that people in the UK do not automatically ____________ ____________________________. They think of _____________________________. Jamaica has its problems but so does everywhere else. 12. Senior Superintendent Carl Williams of the Jamaican Police Force Narcotics Division stated that, since the beginning of 2001, ___________________________ and at least __________________________________ . Activity 7

Dismantling Barriers

This is the slogan of the police campaign in England and Wales to improve ethnic representation in the police service and among civilian staff working with the police. The various forces have targets which should be achieved by 2005. Discuss this selection from the table with a colleague, focusing on the representation and targets (correct - November 2002). (E.M.O. = Ethnic Minority Officers)
Force
Avon and Somerset Bedfordshire Derbyshire Dyfed (Wales) G. Manchester Lancashire Merseyside (incl.Liverpool) Met. Police Northampton-shire Nottinghamshire Staffordshire West Midlands West Yorkshire

Size
2965 1050 1768 1013 6890 3245 4270 26106 1162 2269 2271 7215 5065

Number of EMO
35 36 35 1 166 39 73 865 33 60 33 300 134

% of EMO
1.1 3.4 1.97 0.09 2.4 1.2 1.7 3.3 2.84 2.64 1.45 4.16 2.64

% of EM population in region
2 10 3.28 1 7.58 5 2.04 25 2.32 3.52 1.82 16.11 9.45

Increase of EMO to achieve target

24 69 23 9 356 123 14 5661 On target 11 8 862 345

1. Which force (apart from Northamptonshire) has been the most succesful in recruitment of ethnic minority officers? 2. If you were Chief Recruitment Officer in Merseyside how would you feel about achieving the target? Very worried? Worried? Confident? Very confident? 3. And for Staffordshire? 4. Lancashire? 5. How successful has West Yorkshire police force been in recruiting ethnic minority officers? Very successful? Quite? Not very? Not at all ? 6. What do you think of the Mets situation? With your partner, practice talking about the statistics in the table in a fluent, cohesive way. For example: The West Midlands police force has around 300 ethnic minority officers from over 7000 in the force. This represents just over 4% of all officers and compares with about 16% of ethnic minorities in the West Midlands region. To achieve the 2005 target, the West Midlands police will need to recruit 862 new officers- almost three times the present number.

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English for Modern Policing Activity 8

Stop and Search

Read the text and answer the questions below.

More black people stopped and searched Alan Travis, Guardian Weekly, March 14 2002 The number of black people who have been stopped and searched by police has increased, according to official figures released by the Home Secretary, David Blunkett. The latest figures show that the police use of their stop-and-search powers fell by a further 17% in the year to April 2001 but the number of black people stopped went up by 4%. Black people are still seven times more likely to be stopped by police. The new figures dispel the claim that the police have retreated from using powers to stop and search black people because of fear of being branded as racist. In an attempt to restore both the confidence of both the police and the ethnic minority communities in the use of stopand-search, Mr Blunkett says in an interview published in the black newspaper The Voice, that he will publish new guidelines. All those stopped by the police in future will be given a written ticket recording the event. It is expected that the extra bureaucratic burden on the police will be minimised by the uuse of hand-held computers by officers at the scene. Answer the questions - TRUE or FALSE or IMPOSSIBLE TO SAY 1. The police have implemented a clearly-defined non-racist policy of stop-and-search. 2. The evidence for racial bias in stop-and-search comes from ethnic community reports. 3. Stop-and-search powers have generally been used more selectively over the previous year. 4. The police are critical of the Home Secretarys new guidelines. 5. There will be even more stop and search with the new guidelines. 6. Modern technology will reduce some bureaucratic problems for officers. 7. It was widely assumed that the police had reduced their stop-and-search activities for ethnic minority groups.

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UNIT 9

TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS

INTRODUCTION Discussion What is trafficking? Is there a difference between smuggling and trafficking? Who are trafficked? What are human beings trafficked for? What do you know about the world-wide nature of trafficking? How can illegal migration be an opportunity for organized crime? How are criminal organizations engaged in large-scale smuggling of illegal migrants into the European Union?

Comment on the text: Throughout the 1990s, Central and Eastern Europe witnessed a massive increase in migration from the Commonwealth of Independent states, in comparison with the previous levels under communist rule. The reasons that prompt people to move across international borders, are deeply embedded in the basic features characterizing many former socialist and third world countries (e.g. economic hardship, poor living conditions, ethnic tensions, armed conflicts, political instability etc). At present, another main point of entry into Europe from Asia and the Pacific is from the tip of North Africa to the southern regions of France and Spain. The smuggling of illegals from South-East Asia is one of the biggest problems facing the European Union at the moment. A variety of immigrants enter Europe from all areas of the globe because of the array of possibilities that are available to the average citizen. It is believed that the Baltic States, Finland and Sweden are the main points of entry into Europe from the North. Two main migration routes lead through Poland. The Eastern route, controlled by Russian organized crime, is used to transport Asians, mainly Armenians, Indians, Afghans and Africans, mostly Somalis, Algerians and Nigerians. The southern route is most used by Balkan residents, with groups of Romanians, Albanians, Kosovars and Turks all heavily involved.
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English for Modern Policing Activity 1 Having read the text, discuss how trafficking is a gross violation of human rights. Make a list of the violations that are involved. Here is a surprising and shocking piece of information West Sussex Social Services Department is among the best in the country (UK) in relation to treatment of separated children. Yet a total of 71 child asylum seekers most of them girls from poor Nigerian families- disappeared from its care between October 1995 and December 2000. So far, only two of the missing children have been found and nobody knows the fate of the others. Police conclude that most have been taken by traffickers for prostitution, forced domestic labour or crime. Consider TRAFFICKING IS - increasing rapidly all over the world - a cross- border issue with regional and global dimensions - closely linked to, but distinct from, illegal labour migration - a web of hidden, profitable, and expanding trade networks and movements of people, between countries of origin, transit and destination countries IT IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE USE OF - violence and force or threat of, deprivation of freedom of movement, - confiscation of identity papers and travel documents, deceit, and debt bondage - women and children for prostitution, but also for other forms of exploitation in the context of organized crime - exploitation of anyone regardless of age, sex, or origin. # Exercise 1 The following definition of trafficking of human beings is widely used. Complete the definition by filling in the blanks with appropriate words: The illicit and (1).movements of persons across national borders, largely from developing countries and some countries with economies in (2), with the end goal of (3)human beings into sexually or economically oppressive and (4).situations for profit of recruiters, traffickers and crime syndicates, as well as other (5)..activities related to (6)., such as forced domestic labour, false marriages, clandestine employment and false adoption. Choose the right word for each space: 1.a) clandestine 2.a) bloom 3.a) asking 4.a) odd 5.a) illegal 6.a) humanity
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b) human b) transition b) involving b) general b) interesting b) trafficking

c) large c) search c) forcing c) supportive c) legal c) migration

d) huge d) future d) engaging d) exploitative d) dangerous d) exploitation

UNIT 9 Trafficking in Human Beings # Exercise 2 Women and Children Trafficked for What Reasons? Tick the illicit purposes in the tables. Discuss your answers with a colleague.
Prostitution Car sales development The entertainment industry Bookshops Babysitter industry Illegal adoption of children Medicine industry Organ transplants Industrial work Forced marriages Sports domain Mail-order brides Improve economic situation Domestic work Begging Forced labour Drug trafficking Pornographic activities

# Exercise 3

Vocabulary Exercise

Use a good monolingual dictionary. Select at least two words from the list and illustrate different meanings and use for them in sentences. Some words operate as verbs, nouns or both. Example: SECURE John is working in the media so his job seems secure. (safe) That building looks very secure. (firmly built) We must have a country with secure borders. (protected) The equipment was secured to the lorry by strong ropes. (Fixed firmly) CAUTION / BOOM / DELIVER/ DEAL / HARBOUR/ INTERFERENCE/ SHOW/ BOND # Exercise 4 Trafficking in Children and Adults Use the words from the box to complete the definition. recruitment/ phenomenon/ facilitated/purpose/ lived/ areas/measures/use/ slavery/ patterns
All acts and attempted acts involved in the (1).., transportation within or across borders, purchase, sale, transfer, receipt or harbouring of a person involving the (2)..of deception, coercion (including the use or threat of force of the abuse of authority) or debt bondage for the (3).of placing or holding such person, whether for pay or not, in involuntary servitude (domestic, sexual or reproductive) in forced or bonded labour, or in (4).-like conditions, in a community other than the one in which such person (5) at the time of the original deception, coercion, or debt bondage. Despite the diversity and complexity of the (6) of trafficking in human beings, it is in all cases exploitative and extremely dangerous. Only by ascertaining the true character of trafficking can we hope to adapt appropriate (7). against it. Interestingly, routes and patterns of trafficking are not static phenomena. They are dynamic, changing networks that are affected as much by culture as by technology and history. Moreover, in addition to following to some extent the historical trafficking (8). within the family, many trafficking routes tend to resemble legal migration flows. As autonomous labour migrants must live in thriving economic (9). in order to find lucrative work, so must traffickers exploit locations with a high population density, a demand for informal labour, and a base of fluid capital. Further, some types of trafficking, particularly trafficking for purposes of illegal adoption or sex tourism, are facilitated by advances in telecommunications technology, like the Internet. Not only is the sale of children itself made more accessible and inexpensive through telecommunications advances, but the expansion of existing criminal networks is (10). by rapid and enhanced contact-gathering and information exchange capacities.

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English for Modern Policing # Exercise 5 Some Trafficking Techniques Match the first part with the second to identify the techniques.
A. Local contacts B. Direct sale 1) commonly paid to various officials or police to procure false documents or at border crossing 2) women and children are transported on foot, by motorcycle, minibus, pick-up, in trucks, vans and boats 3) economic incentives to parents and arrangements which bond children and young women into sexslavery or other exploitative forms of labour, though details of these debt terms are ill defined 4) traffickers enlist the help of local persons to identify vulnerable families 5) women and children are sold to traffickers by parents or other family members 6) unscrupulous agents deceive parents, lure women and girls with false promises of well- paid work in cities or marriage to rich partners 7) criminal gangs or middlemen kidnap women and children, forcing them to work against their will, and often selling them to brothels 8) false documents and passports make it difficult to identify and trace trafficked persons

C. Deceit

D. Debt bondage E. Kidnap F. Falsification of documents

G. Bribes

H. Transportation

Put your answers here A B

Now look back at the underlined vocabulary items. Add them to your core vocabulary lists. A trafficking in human beings incident a few years ago ended in the death of over 50 Chinese illegals who were being transported in a refrigerated truck from Holland. The Dutch driver was later convicted of manslaughter.

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UNIT 9 Trafficking in Human Beings Activity 2 Implementation of Human Rights The Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (the Helsinki Commission) was established by U.S. Congress in 1976 to monitor and report on the implementation of the decisions of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (C.S.C.E). Read the text, discuss with a partner and argue from different points of view about the issues involved. Erich Honecker vs. Berlin Border Guards (Trials of Communism) Important attempts to deliver justice have been obstructed or suspended more than once. In March 1991, to the surprise and fury of many human rights activists and ordinary people, the former President of East Germany, Erich Honecker escaped to the then- Soviet Union ignoring a warrant for his arrest on charges of ordering border guards to shoot East Germans trying to escape to the West. After a long and complicated set of negotiations between the Germans, the Russians, and the Chileans (in whose Moscow Embassy Honecker had eventually sought refuge), Honecker was brought back to Germany for trial in July 1992. Meanwhile, a related set of prosecutions had been undertaken at the other end of the chain of command. In July 1991, four former East German border guards were arrested in connection with the shooting of the last East Germans who tried to flee before the Berlin Wall collapsed in 1989. The trial awakened painful memories of the period after World War II, when the issue of responsibility for following the orders of an immoral regime was equally pertinent. It also aroused passionate arguments on both sides, from those who believed that the state had an obligation to hold East German criminals responsible, no matter where they fell in the hierarchy, to those who suspected that the government was trying to make scapegoats out of the little people because it is incapable of punishing the big guys.

Activity 3

Violence Erupts in Refugee Hell

The text is adapted from an article from The Observer (U.K.) 29 July 2001 Gang warfare has broken out in an asylum seekers camp in France after Eurotunnel barred their way to Britain, writes Stuart Jeffries. They wait for their chance to make it through the Channel Tunnel, but, since security was tightened, they do so with increasing desperation. And now they are fighting among themselves. Last weeks fight started when a Kurd stabbed an Afghan man during a night-time attempt to board a British-bound freight train, reportedly in a dispute over identification documents. Its not a matter of us fighting against clandestine immigration, said Francois Barel, Eurotunnel spokesman at Coquilles. Rather, were defending our business and protecting the jobs weve created. Eurotunnel employees have told French newspapers that they fear for their jobs because of a decline in traffic on their trains.

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English for Modern Policing One employee told Liberation Trains which should be full are half empty. You feel powerless, but were worried about being made redundant before the end of year. The firm does what it can, but theyre overwhelmed. You cant have a guard every 10 meters. Already four people have died so far this year trying to get on to the trains. Ive got a friend who heard a refugee screaming who had got his feet crushed. We werent hired for that. Were not paid to roll these trains over people or see them injure themselves. We feel abandoned by the public authorities. Everybodys just washing their hands of the problem. One night last week 192 immigrants including women with babies were intercepted by guards. But a handful still regularly make it to England. Last week four men managed to reach Kent before being apprehended by police. Here are some words for you to study: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. To bar someones way = to obstruct; to hinder the progress of someone To tighten = not allowing somebody to get in or out; to restrict To stab somebody = to push a knife or other pointed object into somebody, causing injury Redundant = no longer need for a job and therefore out of work Overwhelmed = to be overloaded by something so you cannot respond satisfactorily To roll = a movement from side to side

Activity 4

Sex, Drugs and Illegal Migrants: Sarajevos Export Trade to Britain

Adapted from an article by Ian Burrell in Sarajevo, from The Independent (UK), 21 January 2002 Read the text There are wolves, bears and unexploded mines in the snow-covered elm and pine forests that divide Bosnia-Herzegovina from the outside world. Yet the borders of the young state that has become a springboard for illegal immigration to Britain are so porous that thousands of people are smuggled through its 432 mostly unmanned crossing points every month. The situation is so serious that Tony Blair has persuaded the Bosnian government to allow a team of British immigration officials to try to plug the gaps being exploited by international organized crime. Last week, in a mountain gorge that separates Bosnia from Montenegro, Steve Parke, a British immigration officer, and Ian Johnston, a Merseyside police officer, were checking lorries, cars and buses for signs of people headed illegally for the European Union and Britain. Mr. Johnston, who works for the United Nations as deputy chief of the Bosnian border service, said: "The border is crossable anywhere. All 1,600 kms [1,000 miles] are passable, depending on how desperate you are to cross into the next country." Mafia gangs in Istanbul and Kosovo are exploiting the post-war destabilization in the former Yugoslavia, with its weak laws, liberal visa regimes and widespread corruption, to ferry Turkish, Iranian, Iraqi, Albanian and Afghan migrants into Europe for 5,000 a head.

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UNIT 9 Trafficking in Human Beings A report from the International Organization for Migration says 120,000 women and children are trafficked into the European Union each year for the sex trade. In Bosnia, 34,000 foreign visitors have disappeared after flying into Sarajevo airport during the past two years. Most have remained for just a few hours before being taken to the border by people smugglers. In his third-floor office in the blue and white United Nations building overlooking Sarajevo airport, Graham Leese, the project head of the British-led immigration team, is under no illusions about the scale of the problem. "For the EU as a whole - and the UK in particular the Balkan route has long been identified as the most productive route in terms of illegal migration flows. It's quite easy to bribe border guards to turn a blind eye when you are smuggling across a lorry load of illegal immigrants." Bosnian organized crime is turning over an estimated 170m a year and, according to one member of the British team, government corruption is a major problem. "There are big fish here. They have massive influence and a lot of them are holding senior positions," he said. The view is shared by Ian Cliff, the British ambassador in Sarajevo, who said there was "massive" corruption among government officials administering the districts and cantons established in Bosnia after the Dayton Accord in 1995. # Exercise 6 Decide if the sentences are TRUE or FALSE 1. Tony Blair has persuaded the Bosnian government to allow a team of British immigration officials to help. 2. Mr. Johnstone works for the United Nations as deputy chief on the Bosnian border. 3. Mafia gangs in Ukraine and Kosovo are exploiting the post-war destabilization in the former Yugoslavia. 4. For the E.U., the Balkan route isnt the most problematic route in terms of illegal migration flows. 5. Bosnian organized crime is turning over an estimated 170 million a year. 6. The British ambassador in Sarajevo is John Clifford. 7. The present districts and cantons in Bosnia were established after the Dayton Accord . 8. A report from the International Organization for Migration says 1,200 women and children are trafficked into European Union each year for sexual exploitation. 9. It is not easy to bribe border guards to turn a blind eye when smuggling a lorry load of illegal immigrants. 10. In Bosnia, 34,000 foreign visitors have disappeared after flying into Sarajevo airport during the past two years.

Activity 5

Writing

When I realized that I had been sold from one place to another like goods I felt ashamed and disappointed. Im a human being. I have the right to live like other people. A Cambodian woman What is your point of view? Write a short composition of about 200 words on this subject.

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English for Modern Policing # Exercise 7 Grammar Put the words into the correct sequence to complete the sentences 1. United Nations / based on/ documents /sources /other/of/information/are/reports/ articles/ and 2. Acknowledged/are /these/duly/gratitude/with. 3. Hoped/it /will/is/that/material/serve/this/action/as/for/a/catalyst/further. 4. Thousands/children/trafficked/are/women/and/countries/ from/ of/ their/ own 5. If/ unchecked/ will/ left/ continue/ trafficking/ momentum/ gain / economic/ in / the current/climatet/ in Asia.

Activity 6

Canada and U.S. Sign Smart Border Declaration

Listen to the declaration of the two statesmen and report Who said that they have agreed to an aggressive action plan? How will the passage of people and goods be between the two countries? Who speaks on behalf of President Bush? What is the Action Plan good for? What did they discuss about timing this activity? Who is John Manley? And Tom Ridge? How many points has the Action Plan? How many new objectives does the Declaration include?

# Exercise 8 Form nouns from the verbs given and make sentences with them. To achieve To improve To sign To agree To collaborate To meet Activity 7

Comments?

Implications?

In December 2002, 14-year-old Rachel Lloyd from North Wales returned to British soil after having earlier run away to Turkey with her fianc, 24-year-old Mehmet Ocack. Her family claims that she married the barman, whom she had met on a Summer holiday. The teenagers return prompted chaotic scenes at Manchester Airport as the media struggled to speak to the girl who left Britain on a forged passport. In November, police had conducted a manhunt before ascertaining she had flown to Turkey. Interpol and Turkish police were brought in after Rachel phoned her family to say she had married her lover. She was traced to her fiancs home town and taken into the care of Turkish social services. Mr Ocack was detained and then released without charge.
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UNIT 9 Trafficking in Human Beings Activity 8

Sea of Promise

Read through the report from a European Assembly debate. Make notes on the given topics and match the underlined words with words or phrases with similar meanings from the box. Europe's governments want to crack down on human trafficking and stiffen asylum laws. But their economies can't afford to turn back the tide Immigration is the subject Europe's politicians would rather not talk about. Vowing to act tough on illegal immigrants and false asylum seekers plays well in the heartland; but crackdowns merely send refugees underground, forcing them to take ever-deadlier risks to get in. Easing entry requirements makes good economic sense, since Europe needs 75 million new workers over the next 50 years to replenish its aging population; but try telling that to downsized factory workers in Stuttgart or Glasgow. And diversity doesn't sell in the E.U.: just 5 million of its 350 million citizens live outside their native country. But they're still coming. Flung out of their native lands by war or persecution or povertyor simply the promise of a better lifeimmigrants are crossing Europe's borders in unprecedented numbers. Last year 390,000 people applied for asylum in the E.U. Britain alone received 76,000 asylum applications, up from 4,000 in 1988. An estimated 500,000 foreigners entered the E.U. illegally last year, five times the number in 1994. And as the demand to enter Europe has widened, so have the opportunities for traffickers who would profit from these masses on the move. A common E.U. asylum policy isn't expected before 2004. Until then European countries will set their own standards, which isn't great news for immigrants. A new Spanish law that aims to crack down on smuggling also provides for the expulsion of immigrants residing in the country without legal permission. In the absence of a common E.U. immigration policy, governments are racing to the bottom in the level of benefits they offer immigrants hoping to stay. While refugee-rights groups have criticized Britain's Labour government for issuing a meagre $50 weekly to asylum seekers, two-thirds of it in vouchers, other countries' policies are even worse. Germany, for instance, has slashed monthly pocket money to $40 and requires would-be refugees to stay in detention centers for their first three months. At a time of upheaval throughout the developing world, Europe's parsimony has done nothing for its reputation. If international opprobrium doesn't prod Europe to throw open its doors, there are signs that economic self-interest will. Last November the European Commission declared that "there is a growing recognition that the 'zero' immigration policies of the last 30 years are no longer appropriate." Germany announced plans last March to admit 20,000 foreign computer experts over the next three years, and Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder is pushing to expand this green-card initiative to workers in other sectors. Ireland has loosened immigration requirements for non-E.U. workers in technology, nursing and construction. Even Italy's government has introduced measures to admit 63,000 industrial laborers a year. Says British European Parliament Member Graham Watson: "Many states are seeing that in order to close the back door, we need to open the front door a bit more." Europe may still resist the idea that it is a Continent of immigrants. But in order to thrive, it has no choice but to become one.

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English for Modern Policing TOPIC

Common European Policy on immigration Benefits paid to refugees Economic realities Opening the front door From the text Words/phrases with a similar meaning A. to cut drastically B. to grow in a healthy way; to flourish C. to push; to encourage D. to simplify E. to change the flow; to reduce the flow F. to tighten up; to limit; to restrict in a firm way G. meanness; tightness with money H. mean; tiny I. to renew; to re-fill J. with reduced numbers (of employees) K. to compete in a negative way L. to be thrown out aggressively or violently M. promising solemnly

COMMENT/INFORMATION

Activity

Listening

This activity is adapted from material on the web-site for OSCE www.osce.org Listen and complete the text The options for trafficked women are limited. If they get out of the environment in which they are (1)_________________ - either because the premises have been (2) ____________ by the police or because they have escaped- they are in unknown and often (3) _______________ territory. If they have escaped, there is often the question of where to go; whether they have the courage to go to the police and ask for help, or whether, (4) ______________, they have heard about the IOM (5) ______________ and that there is an OSCE-sponsored safe house. The OSCE Mission in Kosovo has been supporting this safe house (6) ___________________ an international NGO, for some of the women who do succeed in (7) __________________ of the trafficking ring. But is only for those who have chosen to be repatriated. It provides temporary (8) ________________ for 15 people. At present, more than 20 are there, with some women (9) _________________. The only alternative place to house them is the (10) _________________________ in Lipljane near Pristina and this is a very limited option.
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UNIT 9 Trafficking in Human Beings If the place they have been working has been raided, the women are still (11) ____________, possibly (12) ______________ charges of prostitution and having entered Kosovo illegally. Their papers have been taken by those who trafficked them and in cases involving trafficking the women have to have the courage to face their (13) __________________ in the courtroom and accuse them of kidnapping, or trafficking and of human exploitation. One of the priorities of the OSCE mission in Kosovo is to develop a (14) ___________ for trafficked women. Under the present system, there is almost no protection for women who do go to court or for those who return home. The main problem is the huge role played by organised crime in trafficking of women. Women who testify in open court are (15) ______________________ those criminals. If they return home, they could face the very same men who organised their move in the first place. But such programmes are expensive and complicated and, at the moment, those who qualify are usually under protection for political reasons, not in cases where people have been trafficked.
Activity

10

Read the text and discuss the implications. Based on a report from December 2002 The Sangatte Red Cross Centre in France closed on December 30 but a few weeks earlier, the British government had granted 1200 Iraqi and Afghan migrants four-year work permits. The deal was worked out as a compromise between the French and British governments and meant that Sangatte would close three months earlier than originally planned. The French authorities agreed to take responsibility for the remaining 4800 migrants in the camp who had registered before it closed its doors to new arrivals in November 2002. The French will also deploy an extra 750 border police to seal the Channel ports from illegal migrants. Britain's immigration control will, in effect, be moved to Calais in France when British Home Office immigration officers will begin to operate a full border control, including vehicle searches while still in France. The British Home Secretary, David Blunkett, defended the decision in the House of Commons and demanded that the opposition Conservative party should join him in condemning those anti-immigration pressure groups which were "bordering on fascism". The British Refugee Council welcomed the decision but said that the proposal to extend immigration controls outside its own borders was a worrying precedent. This could jeopardise the rights of refugees to obtain sanctuary in Britain.

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UNIT 10

DEALING WITH VEHICLE CRIME

INTRODUCTION 1. 2. 3. 4. What is the link between cross border crime and organized crime? What is cross border crime? What aspects of car theft are you aware of? Do you think that people must be imprisoned for smuggling stolen cars? Is this such a serious criminal offence? Isnt it enough to pay a fine, or to do some social work? 5. In the Border Police, is there a need for specialists in stolen cars or is the assistance provided by the police forces enough?

Activity

In pairs, read one text and relate the facts in your own words to your partner. Comment from the professional point of view and consider the social implications of these circumstances. STUDENT A In Estonia, smuggling stolen cars is almost risk free. Very few people in Estonia have been convicted for smuggling stolen cars. The laws are incomplete in the courts have yet to rule on matters of legal interpretation. In contrast to the Interpol section of other countries, Estonian officers work a lot in the streets. Thousands of stolen cars come to Estonia every year. They arrive from all over Western Europe on ferries and overland from the south. Most cars pass on to Russia. Estonias involvement is usually limited as couriers deliver cars to buyers in the St.Petersburg area. Last year the Estonian police managed to return about 100 vehicles of which approximately 20 had belonged to Swedish and 30 to German owners. STUDENT B Its an open secret that Montenegro is the best hot car market in Europe: new models, priced to go. Most of the inventory however, appears on Interpols list of stolen vehicles. The International Police Agency has no authority here, for Yugoslavia- a pariah state- has no relationship with Interpol. A long time member of a car theft gang explained how the cars arrived in Montenegro: The best method is to find someone in, say, Germany, who needs extra
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UNIT 10 Dealing with Vehicle Crime money and who is willing to have his car stolen. We drive the car over, and the owner declares it stolen once its already here. The owner collects the insurance policy plus a bonus from us, depending on what kind of car it is. Few cars stay in Montenegro or Serbia, and most often continue on to the Middle East. When talking about cars, smuggling means: a) using a car in a robbery b) using a car to transport illegal immigrants c) illegal import and/or export of a vehicle (usually stolen) d) using cars to transport illicit goods (contraband)
SMUGGLING. The offence of importing or exporting specified goods that are subject to customs or excise duties without having paid the requisite duties. Smuggled goods are liable to confiscation and the smuggler is liable to pay treble their value or a sum laid down by the law (whichever is the greater); offenders may alternatively, or additionally, receive a term of imprisonment.

Activity

Organised Crime

The following definition of organised crime can be given, based on the practice of fighting against such crime: Criminal union organised for profit-seeking to commit diverse criminal offences, with the assumption of meeting objectives through corruption, blackmail, terror as well as the use of force and arms. # Exercise 1 Make sentences using some of the underlined words. 1. Almost all criminal activity has as primary motive the idea of ___________. 2. It is remarkable how varied and _______________ the criminal imagination can be. 3. There is evidence to indicate that more criminals are prepared to use _____________ nowadays, particularly as guns are relatively easy to obtain. 4. Getting officials on your side, or to turn a blind eye is indicative of the pattern of _____________ vital to any successful organised crime activity. 5. The secret criminal organisation or ___________ is not a new phenomenon. Even medieval society had secret societies, some committing criminal _______ # Exercise 2 Match the two parts to form sentences
1) Criminal groups dealing with 2) They are headed by the boss or organiser, who a) in good faith or to persons receiving stolen property. b) a stolen car abroad to a final buyer, as urgently as possible. 141

English for Modern Policing

3) These people, functioning in European urban centres, pay 4) Another quite wide group of criminals 5) Couriers are entrusted with the task of transfer of 6) Another group of offenders engaged in this activity are people entrusted with 7) Finally, stolen cars are supplied to a buyer acting c) the task of moving stolen cars to new, safe places. d) car theft and smuggling are almost always hierarchically organized. e) for thefts, supply false documents and contract countries which smuggle cars abroad. f) deals with the financial side of the activity and contract thefts. g) are the car thieves themselves.

# Exercise 3 Re-arrange the words to make sentences. 1. The theft/ is/ of/ serious/ a / automobiles/ problem/ world-wide 2. Vehicle/ can/ support/ profits/ terrorist/ organisations/ crime/ from 3. Trafficking/ mainly/ of/ criminal/ groups/ in vehicles/ is/ the work/structured and sophisticated. 4. South Africa/ stolen/ criminal/ is / by/ groups/ as/ to export/ a transit area / luxury/ vehicles/ used. 5. Germany / an increase/ is/ in/ facing/ cars/ rental/ of/ thefts/ nationals/African/ by 6. Italy/ concerned/ are/ Greece/ and/ criminal/ at / groups/ Albanian/ smuggling/ are/ who/ engaged/ actively/ car/ in 7. Violence/ increasingly / as/ to obtain / is/ an / modus operandi/ cars/ luxury/ common

# Exercise 4

In Montenegro, Stolen Cars Are Worth Their Weight in Meat!

Put in one correct word from the box. There are 18 words in total. TENUOUS LUXURY UP ALLIED DIPLOMATIC ANXIOUS NOTORIOUS MAIN DIRTY HOT LIFE SIMILAR SHUT WEALTHY SALARY BUNCH STOLEN ISOLATE

At a time when Montenegros political situation is (1) .., Western countries are inclined to look the other way at Montenegros (2) . little secret. Montenegro is a key part of the Wests effort to (3) . Yugoslav President Slobodan Molosevic, indicted for war crimes last year by the Hague Tribunal. Montenegros President Milo Djukanovic has (4) .himself with the West and has consequently received financial and (5) blessings from the European Union.
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UNIT 10 Dealing with Vehicle Crime Though Montenegro is (6) .. as a place teeming with stolen goods, Western countries are (7) to protect the republics image. While the Milosevic regime often categorized the Djukanovic administration as a (8) . of criminals and smugglers, the West points to the Djukanovic government as an example of ethnic tolerance that is a model for the Balkans. Meanwhile, Montenegrins are reaping the fruits of a shady trade.The deals dont stop at cars. Podgoricas (9) . street, Sloboda Ulica (Freedom Street), is filled with people dressed in Italys latest fashions, their (10) .. cars parked in front of busy cafes, where mobile phones lie next to cups of expresso and ashtrays. A visitor would never guess that Montenegros average monthly (11) .. is less than $ 100 per month. Montenegrins have a reputation in the Balkans for valuing a good (12) .. Visitors often say that it seems nobody does anything in Podgorica, That the cafes are filled with well-dressed people sipping coffee all day, says a cosmetics importer named Milos. Yet there is hardly any industry to provide jobs for Montenegros 600,000 citizens, aside from a smattering of fishing, textile and tourism. Factories are (13) .. down. The republic imports much of its food. The (14) . car trade could be seen as a legacy of Montenegros geographical location and history. With (15) . Italy to the West, and Balkan conflicts in other directions, Montenegro is a natural transit point for goods across the Balkans In their defence, Montenegrins say theyre only doing what theyve done for hundreds of years. This independent people eked out a living for centuries on one of the most inhospitable pieces of European territory while surrounded by Ottoman Turks. The land is so undesirable that the Turks simply gave (16) trying to conquer what was then a much smaller Montenegro. Just as they receive Western patronage today for their role as a buffer state, in the 19thcentury Russia supported Montenegro for (17) .. political reasons. In this context, Montenegrins spent centuries raiding and smuggling to survive. (18) . cars can be seen as part of that tradition

# Exercise 5

Cars, Customs Officers and Crime!

Match PART A with the correct PART B 1. Are you the owner of the vehicle? 2. Get out of the car and open the boot, please. 3. The customs seal applied to the door of your vehicle shows indications of having been tampered with. A. Certainly, officer. Here it is. Is there any problem? B. I didnt notice it at all. My papers are in order. C. Right away, officer.

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English for Modern Policing 4. You cant continue your trip because you had a serious accident on Romanian territory 5. When and under what circumstances did you make the hiding place for the illegal exit of a foreign citizen? 6. I must inform you that this is a signed and authorised statement of the offence in question. 7. We intend to prosecute you and youll go on trial. 8. What is your relationship with the person found hiding in your car. 9. Show me the bill of sale for the vehicle, please. 10. Did you buy this car abroad? D. Yes, here are the documents. E. It wasnt my fault, but I do want to clarify everything regarding the accident. F. I dont want to speak about this, I need a lawyer G. Give me the statement, please H. Yes, I did. I. I met him near the border, on the main road. He begged me to take him. J. I have the right to have an official lawyer

# Exercise 6 Circle the synonym (s) of the following words. SHOW: SERIOUS: FOREIGN: HIDE: ABROAD a) express a) grave a) strange a) mask a) near b) display b) solemn b) domestic b) expose b) overseas c) protect c) trivial c) alien c) cover c) close d) polish d) light d) native d) reveal d) far away e) exhibit e) petty e) rural e) conceal e) distant

Activity

Comment on the statement below and write a short composition (200 words): Violence is an increasingly common modus operandi to obtain luxury cars for trafficking.
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UNIT 10 Dealing with Vehicle Crime

Activity

Read the text carefully and make an imaginary dialogue between the Swedish officer and the car smuggler. Choose the moment when the officer is checking the passport and the visa. Estonian Car Smugglers On the Swedish visa officer's desk the visa applications pile up. Earlier the same morning he had found a false passport of a known car smuggler. Frowning, he compares the photograph in the passport with the ones in two visa applications, one old and one new. "This passport is false," he concludes and puts it away to give it to the Estonian police. The Swedish Embassy has information on about 60 people who have been known to be involved in car smuggling in Europe and therefore are not granted visas. Some of these are known by the staff after trying too often to get a visa. Currently several north European governments are discussing abolishing the visa requirement for Estonians. "The consequence is that you completely lose control over who will come to your country," says the Swedish Embassy. Of course, there are competing interests. Business would benefit from an abolishment. Several people the reporter has spoken to at the Swedish Embassy stress that Estonia is on the right track compared to Lithuania, Latvia and Russia. They believe that Estonia is readier and more suitable for European Union membership than the other two Baltic states. Corruption is on the decrease and the Soviet system is losing ground. Interpol and several other institutions get good marks. The institutions are new and the staff is young. Lack of experience is balanced by a strong will to rectify the problems. Also, the Embassy officials stress that car smuggling is mainly a problem for the countries from where the cars disappear. "You just cant complain about the Estonians and say that it is their fault." At the car market. Under a pine tree in Kadaka car market in the outskirts of Tallinn a BMW 730 is parked. As we come closer a man appears from the van parked next to it. He wears a blue winter jacket which is tight around his fat belly and the man definitely needs a shave. "It is a nice car," he explains to us in Russian. "It was bought in Kiev only two weeks ago, and all the documents are in perfect order." His golden teeth glitter as he assures us that there are no problems whatsoever with the car. And it is a very nice car, and even better, the price is only $ 10,800. In Sweden, a similar car is twice as expensive.

# Exercise 7 Decide if the following sentences are true or false (T/F) or not stated (NOT STATED) 1. A Swedish officer has discovered a false passport carried by a known car smuggler. _______ 2. The car smugglers photograph was new on the passport and old on the driving licence. _______
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English for Modern Policing 3. The Swedish Embassy has information about sixty Estonian car smugglers. ____ 4. There is a discussion about abolishing the visa requirement for Estonians. 5. Estonia is likely to be invited to apply for European Union membership. ______ 6. The car smuggler from the market has no teeth. _________ 7. The car was nice but has no documents and was very expensive. _______ 8. In Sweden the cars are twice expensive than in Estonia. _________

Activity

Theft of a Motor Vehicle

Comment on the definition of motor vehicle theft. According to the standard definition, theft means depriving a person/organisation of property without force with the intent to keep it. Most countries include offences relating to motorboats and receiving/handling stolen vehicles but some countries have loopholes in their law relating to these aspects. How is this a disadvantage to European police activities? According to Romanian law, decide on the legal liability of all parties concerned in this case study. Consider the implications. A Romanian citizen is offered a 2001 BMW for 8000 US$ which is far below its real value. The seller states that the car was bought in Germany from a reliable dealer and that the papers are in order. The prospective buyer looks at the documents, sees that there seems to be no proof of purchase but is satisfied that the seller is the legal owner of the car as his name is on the (German) registration book. He pays the money and receives the car and its documents. When the Romanian takes the car for registration, he is informed that the car is on a list of stolen vehicles that has been circulated by Europol. He is informed that he will be charged with a criminal offence.

Activity

6
Make a dialogue (in English!) between the buyer and a police officer.

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UNIT 10 Dealing with Vehicle Crime

Activity

7 Homework Task or Just for Fun?

International vehicle registration Read the names of some European countries and their capitals and then match the international identification letters with the right country. e.g. CROATIA/ ZAGREB/ HR SWITZERLAND/ BERN/ CH International Identification Letters
AL FL BIH F PL A BY LT MC L N I RUS DK H SK BG RO UA AND M V IRL IS TR LV MD GB MK P HR

GR EST D FIN CZ CH NL SLO B RSM E S ANDORRA LA VELLA / VIENNA/ SOFIA/ COPENHAGEN/ REYKJAVIK/ HELSINKI/ SARAJEVO/ DUBLIN TALLIN/ ATHENS/ MINSK/ PARIS/ BERLIN/ RIGA/ / VADUZ/ CHISINAU / VALLETA/ PODGORICA / OSLO BRUSSELS/ PRAGUE/ BUDAPEST/ ROME/ LUXEMBURG/ SKOPJE/ VILNIUS/ MONTE CARLO/ / KIEV SAN MARINO/ BRATISLAVA/ / BELGRADE/ / LJUBLJANA/ AMSTERDAM/ / LISBON/ WARSAW/ BUCHAREST/ MADRID/ / MOSCOW/ / STOCKHOLM/ / ANKARA/ LONDON / 1. ALBANIA TIRANA 2. ANDORRA 3. AUSTRIA 4. BELGIUM 5. BULGARIA 6. BOSNIA HERZEGOVINA 7. BELARUS 8. CZECH REPUBLIC 9. CROATIA ZAGREB HR 10. DENMARK 11. ESTONIA 12. FRANCE 13. FINLAND 14. GERMANY 15. GREECE 16. HUNGARY 17. ICELAND 18. IRELAND 19. ITALY 20. LATVIA 21. LIECHTENSTEIN 22. LUXEMBOURG 23. LITHUANIA 24. MACEDONIA 25. MALTA 26. MOLDOVA 27. MONACO 28. MONTENEGRO 29. NORWAY 30. NETHERLANDS 31. PORTUGAL 32. POLAND 33. ROMANIA 34. RUSSIA 35. SAN MARINO 36. SERBIA 37. SLOVAKIA 38. SLOVENIA 39. SPAIN 40. SWEDEN 41. SWITZERLAND BERN CH 42. TURKEY 43. UKRAINE 44. UNITED KINGDOM

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Activity

Motorcycle Theft in the UK

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (What does this mean?) 7. (Honda, Kawasaki, S. and Y .. ) in UK. 8. 9. 10. 11. a) .. b). c) .. or d) split 12. 13. (What are these?) 14. 15.

Listen to the text and complete the table.

1. What is the estimated value of motorbikes stolen every month in UK? 2. The NCIS report is a prelude to What? 3. More thefts occur Where? 4. In the Metropolitan Police area of London, what percentage of thefts occur? 5. Is this unexpectedly high for the country? 6. Thefts show a correlation with patterns of ? 7. The top 4 makes of bikes account for . of all thefts. 8. What do you know about recovery rates? 9. One simple modus operandi. 10. How many bikes are stolen per month? 11. These stolen bikes are 12. Some people knowingly 13. Some councils have invested in 14. Who should be vigilant? 15. What is the public programme of passing information to the police called?

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UNIT 11

COUNTERING TERRORISM
INTRODUCTION Discussion Which terrorist groups are you familiar with? What do you understand by the word terrorism? Who decides if an act is terrorism? If an act comes from the state, e.g. a planned assassination of an opponent who the state considers a threat, is the act not terrorism? If something is defined as terrorism at one time, for example, the acts of extremist groups in Northern Ireland, should these people ever be allowed to participate in political discussions subsequently? If the terrorists have political motives, e.g. independence for their group or minority, does this mean they are not criminals but political prisoners if caught? Can terrorist groups that act for nationalistic principles, e.g. the Basque movement, ETA, continue without the support of the people they claim to represent?

Who do you think the person depicted above is? A terrorist? Where do you think he comes from? Do WANTED posters have any effect? If you think he is a terrorist, with what event may he have been connected? Your teacher has information about this man.
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English for Modern Policing Before considering this topic it might be useful to start at the theoretical end. These texts are derived from the U.S. Army, Field manual Stability and Support Operations, Combatting Terrorism, Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas What do you think? Do these constitute terrorism?

1. Weapons and financial support for freedom fighters in their struggle for independence. 2. People sabotaging important electric and communications installations during an invasion of their country by a stronger power. 3. Nationalist separatists blowing up the ruling groups administration buildings to reinforce their demands for independence. 4. Supplying weapons to groups opposed to a democratically and legally-elected government because it conflicts with the suppliers ideological position. 5. Supplying equipment and installations to a dangerous state knowing that it may use these offensively or threateningly. Read the text carefully. Is there a difference between terrorism and other criminal offences? Terrorism is a special type of violence. It is a tactic used in peace, conflict and war. The threat from terrorism is ever present and an attack is likely to occur when least expected. A terrorist initiates the event that marks the transition from peace to conflict or war. Combatting terrorism is a factor to consider in all military plans and operations. Combatting terrorism requires a continuous state of awareness; it is a necessary practice rather than a type of military operation. Detailed guidelines, establishing an organisational programme to combat terrorism, including preventive and protection measures and incident response planning can be found in the Joint Publication 3-07-2 (1993). terrorism is a criminal offense under nearly every national or international legal code. With few exceptions, acts of terrorism are forbidden in war as they are in times of peace. The Hague Convention (1907) and the Geneva Convention of 1949 reinforce this idea.

# Exercise 1 Terrorism Defined Complete the various parts of the definition. Terrorism is the (1) use of violence or the threat of violence to (2)fear; it is intended to (3). or intimidate governments or societies in the (4).of goals which are generally political, (5) ... or (6)... This definition is carefully formulated to (7) . between terrorism and other forms of violence.
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UNIT 11 Countering Terrorism CHOOSE THE BEST WORD FOR EACH SPACE 1. a) special b) calculated c) considered 2. a) cause b) start c) induce 3. a) force b) compel c) coerce 4. a) objective b) search c) accomplishment 5. a) religion b) philosophical c) polemic 6. a) idealistic b) illogical c) ideological 7. a) differ b) distinguish c) diverge # Exercise2 Join the parts of the sentences together to complete the text A. People employ terrorism . 1. as terrorists generally know what they want to achieve B. The tendency to label as terrorism 2. in the name of a variety of causes. C. Terrorism is calculated 3. that is engendered in someone other than the victim. D. The selection of a target for terrorists 4. conducted for its impact on an audience E. Terrorism is intended to produce fear 5. is both planned and rational F. Terrorism is a psychological weapon 6. any violent act of which we disapprove, is erroneous.
Activity

d) intimidatory d) initiate d) threaten d) pursuance d) religious d) nationalistic d) devolve

Vocabulary
to achieve goals to induce fear terrorist attack; carry out an attack on to fight for a cause;

Which words go with .. goals For example: fear (N) For example: attack (N) For example: cause (N) For example:

# Exercise 3 Some Historical Perspactives Use these words to complete the text compel granted unpredictability sought virtually aborted profound incidental undermine concessions

Throughout history, extremists have practised terrorism to generate fear and to (1) __________________ a change in behaviour. Frequently, terrorism was (2) _______________________ to other forms of violent action- insurgency or war. Before the 19th Century, terrorists usually (3) _________________
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English for Modern Policing immunity from attack to certain categories of people. Like other warriors, terrorists recognized innocent people, not involved in the conflict. Terrorists usually excluded women, children and the elderly from their activities. For example, in late 19th Century Russia, radical planning the assassination of the Tsar, (4) __________________several attacks because they risked harming innocent people. Old-school terrorism was direct; it intended to produce a political effect through the injury or death of the victim. The development of bureaucratic states led to a (5) ________________ change in terrorism. Modern governments have a continuity that older, personalistic governments did not. Terrorists found that the death of a single individual, even a monarch, did not necessarily produce the policy changes they (6) ___________________. Terrorists reacted by turning to an indirect method of attack. By the early 20th Century, terrorists began to attack people previously considered innocents to generate political pressure. These attacks had the effect of creating a public atmosphere of anxiety and, as a result, were planned to (7)_________________ confidence in the government. The (8) ________________________ of the attacks, their apparent randomness made it (9) ____________________________ impossible for governments to protect potential victims. The public demands protection that the state cannot give. Frustrated and frightened people then demand that the government make (10) _____________________ to stop the attacks.

Activity

The Terrorists

Terrorists are inspired by many different motives. They may be classified into three categories: RATIONAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL OR CULTURAL. A terrorist, of course, may be shaped by all three. Decide into which category the statements may be placed. a) The terrorist thinks through his goals and options, making a cost-benefit analysis. b) Splinter-groups among terrorists are often more violent than their parent group. c) Terrorists do not even consider they may be wrong although others views may be assessed on merit. d) Terrorists tend to project their own anti-social motivation on others, creating a polarized us and them perspective. e) Some political systems have no effective nonviolent means for changes in power structure or succession. f) Terrorist groups ask a crucial question: Can our actions be successful in attaining our goals without causing a backlash that will destroy the cause and perhaps our own people?
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UNIT 11 Countering Terrorism g) A terrorist group must terrorise. As a minimum it must commit violent acts to maintain group self-esteem and legitimacy. h) Society generally rejects as unbelievable such actions as vendettas, self-destruction, ethnic cleansing, religious martyrdom, etc. when we observe it in others. i) When a terrorist group approaches its stated goals, it is often inclined to re-define them. j) A major determinate of terrorism is the perception of outsiders and anxiety about ethnic group survival. Fear of cultural extermination leads to violence. Can you think of authentic examples of these? For example, from Northern Ireland, from Spain, from Chechnya, from the Middle East, from North Africa ?

Activity

Reading

Read the text. It is an immediate response by Noam Chomsky to the September 11 attacks.Chomsky is perhaps the most famous living linguistic scientist. He has been critical of American policy for over 30 years and is considered an extremely intelligent person, although frequently very opposed to American foreign policy. What are your reactions to this? Today's attacks were major atrocities. In terms of number of victims they do not reach the level of many others, for example, Clinton's bombing of the Sudan with no credible pretext, destroying half its pharmaceutical supplies and probably killing tens of thousands of people (no one knows, because the US blocked an inquiry at the UN and no one cares to pursue it). Not to speak of much worse cases, which easily come to mind. But that this was a horrendous crime is not in doubt. The primary victims, as usual, were working people: janitors, secretaries, firemen, etc. It is likely to prove to be a crushing blow to Palestinians and other poor and oppressed people. It is also likely to lead to harsh security controls, with many possible ramifications for undermining civil liberties and internal freedom. The events reveal, dramatically, the foolishness of ideas about "missile defense." As has been obvious all along, and pointed out repeatedly by strategic analysts, if anyone wants to cause immense damage in the US, including weapons of mass destruction, they are highly unlikely tolaunch a missile attack, thus guaranteeing their immediate destruction. There are innumerable easier ways that are basically unstoppable. But today's events will, nonetheless, be used to increase the pressure to develop these systems and put them into place. "Defense" is a thin cover for plans for militarization of space, and with good PR, even the flimsiest arguments will carry some weight among a frightened public. In short, the crime is a gift to the hard jingoist right, those who hope to use force to control their domains. That is even putting aside the likely US actions, and what they will trigger - possibly more attacks like this one, or worse. The prospects ahead are even more ominous than they appeared to be before the latest atrocities.
Noam Chomsky

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These words may have caused some difficulty: janitor: caretaker of a building flimsy-flimsier-flimsiest : weak, without any real weight or force ( a flimsy argument or excuse) ..hard jingoistic right: the right in politics is always considered more conservative, traditional, individual-country focused and more nationalistic; jingoistic is an expression which goes back to the days of the British Empire when national interests were always pursued very vigourously. Any threat to the Empire was rapidly responded to- usually by force!

Which words or phrases mean ? 1. countless:_____________________________ 2. repercussions: ________________________ 3. set off/initiate a reaction or response: ______________________________ 4. without any real justification: ____________________________________ Discuss the purpose and effect of the underlined sections. Reading and Discussion FORMER OFFICER ON TRIAL FOR JUSTIFYING TORTURE IN THE ALGERIAN WAR
Adapted from an article by Franck Johann from Le Monde which appeared in The Guardian Weekly edition, 06 December 2001

For the first time since 1962, a high-ranking French army officer has been tried in a criminal court on charges of justifying the use of torture during the Algerian war for independence. General Paul Aussaresses, 83, whose memoirs caused a furore earlier this year, faces a jail sentence of up to five years- for his writing rather than for his actions- even though he has admitted the torture and killing of 24 suspected rebels in the eight-year conflict which ended in 1962. A Second World War resistance hero, General Aussaresses is charged with complicity in justifying war crimes. The actual crimes are covered by an amnesty offered in the 1960s to all French soldiers who served in Algeria. Aussaresses regrets nothing, arguing that someone had to do the dirty work in Algeria. He did it, he says, without pleasure and without pity. And he dispassionately told the story in Services Speciaux: Algerie: 1955-1977, which was published in June 2001. The General called his witnesses, most of them army men, many retired generals like himself hoary, decorated, half-deaf, arthritic and full of war memories who came forward to defend their comrade. But the court also heard evidence from Henri Alleg, 80, who, during the conflict published Alger Republicain, a newspaper that was shut down by the French authorities. Alleg was arrested and tortured. During the three and a half years he spent in detention awaiting trial, he wrote The Question, a book that exposed the torture practised in French military jails during the Algerian war. His manuscript was smuggled out page by page. Alleg was tried in camera and sentenced to 10 years in prison. Giving evidence this time, he warned against a return to torture, to barbarism in the name of civilisation, or
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UNIT 11 Countering Terrorism the struggle against barbarism. But his audiences, most of whom supported Aussaresses, were indignant. The next witness, the 71- year-old general Maurice Schmitt, was of a different calibre. A product of Saint-Cyr, the distinguished military academy, and a former prisoner at Dien Bien Phu (Vietnam), he was also army chief of staff from 1987-1991- the highest-ranking officer of his time. He got straight to the point: Before they became terrorists, the members of the FLN (the Algerian National Liberation Front) were torturers, he said. While it could not be denied that torture was practised in Algeria during the war, he argues that it was the legitimate defence of a people whose lives were at risk. And he added If the choice is between getting my hands dirty or accepting the death of innocents, I choose to dirty my hands rather than risk losing my soul. When he was not giving evidence, Aussaresses sat impassively. During the three-day trial he said little except to admit responsibility for everything, even for crimes he had not committed, such as personally torturing prisoners. Fabien Goget, the deputy public prosecutor observed that the plaintiffs saw the case as a trial of the Algerian war, while the defence saw it as a freedom of expression issue. I see it as a trial of a book: when history enters a courtroom, out goes the law. The prosecution called for the general and the two publishers of his book to be fined FF100.000 (about $13500) each. A verdict is expected in January 2002. # Exercise 4 Answer TRUE or FALSE 1. The courtroom was filled with enemies of the General. 2. The prosecution was for the acts of torture. 3. The General did not deny the charges. 4. He was filled with pity when he ordered prisoners to be tortured. 5. Genaral Schmitt was supportive of Gen. Aussaresses actions. 6. Alleg had been tortured as a terrorist. 7. The trial and conviction of Alleg was a public scandal. 8. The deputy prosecutor thought the issue at stake was the whole conduct of the Algerian war. 9. Alleg made a statement saying torture is a barbaric act. 10. Many of the audience felt that the torture practised by the French was justified.
Activity

What Do You Think?

I choose to dirty my hands rather than risk losing my soul. Someone had to do the dirty work. When a book enters the courtroom, out goes the law. Use these three ideas to write a composition of about 200 words, expressing your own ideas.
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English for Modern Policing # Exercise 5 Using the Conditional idea of a hypothetical or unreal event in the past complete these sentences in which a French officer might justify the use of torture in the Algerian war. If we hadnt extracted information by means of torture a) lives of many French soldiers / at risk b) innocent civilians / kill c) terrorists/ become more reckless and fanatical d) not obtain/ intelligence information e) the war / prolong f) the terrorists/ increase their demands g) the French people/ interpret / as sign of weakness h) the French army / lose confidence in / its leaders

Activity

Discussion

The issues of war crimes, ethnic cleansing, responsibility for the acts of others etc. were discussed in the Adolf Eichmann trial in Israel in 1961. He had been seized by the Israeli authorities in South America and put on trial in Israel. Charged with ordering the execution of millions of Jews, Eichmann claimed in his own defence that he was only following orders. What do you think? The trial of Slobodan Milosevic in The Hague is taking place without the defendant entering any plea to the charges (i.e. he will not ANSWER the charges) because he denies the authority of the Court to put him on trial. Does this change anything about the courts jurisdiction?
Activity

The Media and Terrorism

You see these headlines 1. TERROR TRIO READY TO BOMB LONDON UNDERGROUND 2. CYANIDE ATTACK ON LONDON UNDERGROUND: THREE CHARGED 3. LONDON UNDERGROUND UNDER ATTACK FROM ARAB TERRORISTS? 4. UNDERGROUND VULNERABLE TO POISON GAS ATTACK 5. NO END TO ARAB THREAT TO LONDON TRAVELLERS 6. ILLEGALS IN TERROR PLOT How justified are the headlines when you read the facts as reported on November 18 2002. Three On Terror Charges Three men are due in court later today charged with terrorism offences. It follows claims that a plot was thwarted by an MI5 undercover operation.Reports have said the trio planned to release highly poisonous cyanide gas in London's Underground rail system. Rabah Chekat-Bais, 21, Rabah Kadris, in his 30s, and Karim Kadouri, 33, all of no fixed abode in Britain, were arrested last week. But the men are only charged with possessing "articles for the preparation, instigation and commission of terrorism acts" under the Terrorism Act 2000 and possessing false documents. They do not face charges relating to any specific planned attack. Police say no noxious substances were found on any of the men and the Government has also sought to play down
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UNIT 11 Countering Terrorism claims that the Tube was the intended target. Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott said: "In this case it doesn't appear to be any evidence whatsoever there was going to be a gas attack or indeed use of bombs regarding the three people who have been arrested." Chekat-Bais, Kadris and Kadouri were among six people arrested in north London on November 9. The arrests only came to light on Saturday night (November 16), six days after those charged had made their first appearances in court. Two of the other three were subsequently released on police bail and no further action was being taken against the final man. But media reports on Monday suggested police were hunting three more members of an alleged terrorist cell. # Exercise 6 New Law Allows Evesdropping on Internet Users Listen to the recording and complete the table below.
A New investigative, surveillance and legal powers 1. Make .. 2. .. or . suspects 3. on Internet communication 4. monitor ... 5. obtain . reduce the need for .. and court . 1. portable 2. systems that can ... . 1. Banks ... 1. Alien and ... 2. Suspension of . 3. Internment of 4. Blacklisting of ... 5. Surveillance and harrassment of ..

B Technology developments C D Access to personal data held by Examples of suppression of civil liberties

Vocabulary/ expressions 1. sweeping = broad (measures, powers etc) = wide, far-reaching 2. to raise doubts/ misgivings/ concerns/ about an issue 3. to track (down) = to hunt/ pursue somebody or something 4. a freer hand 5. an array = a wide selection or collection 6. reminiscent of = similar to (reminding people of ..) 7. to turn over = to hand over officially 8. to craft (the legislation) = to make/ to create Cf. to draft legislation = to make the first version of a new law
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Activity

Cause and Effect

What could/might/will these powers lead to? Make sentences from the box. Example Giving wider powers to the authorities should result in a reduction in terrorist threats.
- an erosion of civil liberties - the limitation of personal freedom - an intrusion into peoples lives - the monitoring of citizens credit and financial activities - an interference in commercial activities - the creation of an atmosphere of mistrust - the development of new technology to bear surveillance - the build-up of a comprehensive terrorist data-base - a reduction in money laundering - leaks of private information obtained under these new powers - encrypting of communication on Internet and by e-mail

Giving these powers to the FBI and CIA

might could will should

lead to result in bring about produce cause trigger off provoke

Activity

Use the nouns in the right-hand box to make verbs and then transform the sentences into a passive version. Example 1. (erosion) > to erode 2. (limitation) > 3. (intrusion into) > 4. (monitoring) > 5. (interference in) > 6. (creation) > 7. (development) > 8. (build-up) > 9. (reduction) > 10. (leaks) > 11. (encrypting) >
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Civil liberties might be eroded.

UNIT 11 Countering Terrorism

Activity

TERRORISM DID NOT START ON SEPTEMBER 11 Article by Stella Rimington, former head of M.I.5. Extract from The Guardian Weekly, September 12-18, 2002 There is one big difference in the al-Qaida threat from much previous terrorism, which makes it particularly unpredictable and dangerous. The preparedness, even enthusiasm of the terrorists to commit suicide, when most terrorists in the past have planned for their own escape, means that certain forms of attack, the most potentially horrific for example, chemical, biological and nuclear can no longer be regarded as unlikely. But that does not mean that a totally different approach to countering them is needed. It is a case of doing what has been done before but doing more of it and doing it more effectively. At the heart of countering terrorism is intelligence and the events of September 11 have focused attention on intelligence work as never before. September 11 was immediately declared an intelligence failure. The allegation was that had intelligence agencies been doing their job properly, they would have produced sufficiently precise advance intelligence of the plot to enable it to be thwarted. To blame them for not doing so is to totally misunderstand the nature of intelligence. Although precise intelligence on when and where any terrorist act will take place is the ideal, it is, of all intelligence, the most difficult to obtain. The complete plan for any operation might well be known to very few people indeed, perhaps not revealed more widely until just before an attack begins, or perhaps never. An intelligence agency would need to recruit one of those people to learn it. Though it is sometimes possible to learn enough from well-placed human or technical sources for the full picture to be guessed at, there may well be inadequate information for effective preventive action to be taken to forestall an attack. The most valuable sources against terrorism are human beings, long-term penetration agents, who will stay in place for a long period and work their way into positions where they can provide key intelligence. But they are the most difficult sources to acquire and, once recruited, are very difficult to keep in place. It is not normally possible to penetrate a terrorist organisation from the outside, to feed in someone with no previous links at all. Terrorist groups usually recruit from a very small pond, from among people who have known each other for years. Perhaps it might be an easier task to infiltrate al-Qaida, which appears to be recruiting young men from all over the world for training. It might be possible to insert a source at the recruitment stage, but it would be a slow process as he built up his cover in the mosque or wherever recruiting was going on, hoping to be selected, as well as very dangerous. In the world of espionage, many of the best spies are volunteers, people who offer their services to the other side. Experience has shown that, surprisingly, members of terrorist organisations do volunteer to act as sources of information for the security authorities. Though it
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English for Modern Policing seems less likely that members of al-Qaida will do so, given that they appear to be motivated by such intense ideological or religious fervour, I have no doubt that some will. (543 words) Read the text and answer the questions by marking the ONE correct alternative a), b), c) or d) with X Example The author suggests that after September 11, future intelligence activity a) b) c) d) requires vigourous new responses to combat terrorism means improving tried-and-tested methods X means countering self-destructive terrorism with similar approaches requires a fundamental re-appraisal of counter terrorism

1. In her view, September 11 underlined the fact that the tragic event a) highlighted fundamental weaknesses in reliable intelligence gathering b) was indicative of an intelligence disaster c) attached blame to anti-terrorism agencies who ignored intelligence received d) proved Americas multi-agency approach to intelligence does not work 2. a) b) c) d) 3. a) b) c) d) 4. a) b) c) d) 5. a) b) c) d) Stella Rimington states that insider-provided intelligence can often be reliable enough to learn a complete plot insider sources can provide accurate enough predictions of terrorist actions insiders in ideologically-driven terrorist groups rarely get in a position of trust recruitment of insider informants within terrorist groups is of limited value Ms. Rimington states that infiltrating agents to high-up positions in terrorist groups is often counter-productive insiders penetrating terrorist plots are often given initiation tasks to prove their loyalty infiltrators have to rely on too much cover from their anti-terrorist agency to be effective infiltrators have to establish their credentials gradually to gain credibility The author considers Al-Qaida accepts recruits without sufficiently considering the need for cover for them without carefully verifying their status and loyalty without generally concerning themselves with nationalities without taking their time about selection Ms. Rimington believes that Al-Qaida s religious and ideological fervour means no volunteer insider informants for counter-intelligence agencies will emerge some deserters to counter-intelligence agencies will nevertheless occur desertions will encourage groups of other would-be deserters volunteer informants will have to be replaced by infiltration agents

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UNIT 11 Countering Terrorism

Activity

10

International Crime Alert

Listen to the recording and fill in the blanks below Case details: IGOR ERLIKH and CARLOS REMIGIO CARDOEN
IGOR ERLIKH: is a white male born in Kherson in (1) ..on February 27,1952. He is one meter, seventy-five centimeters (2) ninety-two kilograms, and has brown hair and blue eyes. Case details: Between 1989 and 1993 (3) ..of the U.S. based King Motor Oil Company. Acting with at least twenty five others in an organized crime group, Erlikh used (4) the U.S. government and the state of New Jersey of one-hundred forty million dollars (5) .. Erlikh used threats and violence to collect money from others involved in the conspiracy. He also (6) .through Switzerland and other countries. He is charged with (7) .., wire fraud, money laundering, tax evasion, and other crimes. CARLOS REMIGIO CARDOEN is a (8) from Chile, born on May 1,1942. He is 180 centimeters in height, weighs 77 kilograms, and has brown-grey hair and brown eyes. He wears (9) .. He speaks English and Spanish. Case details: Cluster bombs are (10) . bomblets. The bomblets are packed with high explosives and shrapnel. Dropped from aircraft, (11) . with deadly metal fragments, some of which are powerful enough to pierce armored plate. Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein (12)... is now an international fugitive. Carlos sold over 150 million dollars worth of cluster bombs to the Saddam Hussein regime during the 1980s. The bombs were manufactured in Chile with zirconium. (13) ..arrest warrant issued on May 27 1993, Cardoen is charged with (14) . zirconium and U.S.-made parts and moulds for bomb fuses through his U.S. based company. The U.S. is seeking Cardoens extradition to the United States.

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English for Modern Policing Tapescript: Optional Reading Text New Law Allows Evesdropping on Internet Users Sweeping Powers granted to law enforcement in anti-terrorism war raises misgivings for civil rights. President Bush has given broad investigative and surveillance powers to law enforcement, signing legislation that is aimed at helping the authorities to track and disrupt the operations of suspected terrorists in the United States. Today we take an essential step in defeating terrorism while protecting the constitutional rights of all Americans, Bush said at a White House ceremony last week. this government will enforce this law with all the urgency of a nation at war. The new law gives the government a freer hand to make searches, detain or deport suspects, eavesdrop on Internet communication, monitor financial transactions and obtain electronic records of individuals. It also reduces the need for sub-poenas, court orders and other legal checks, to enable law enforcement to move more quickly. Congress overwhelmingly approved the legislation. vThe government is moving aggressively on a number of technology fronts to collect and evaluate information about people and their movements more efficiently as it seeks to defeat terrorism. The Defense Department, for instance, announced that it is seeking proposals from companies on an array of new surveillance products, such as portable polygraph machines and systems that can see through walls at night. With Attorney-General John D. Ashcroft promising an anti-terrorist campaign reminiscent of the war on organized crime in the days of Al Capone, the FBI will demand personal data held by banks, Internet service providers and credit bureaus. In many cases, these businesses will not be able to tell clients that they have turned over medical, financial or other personal records. With new powers to monitor computer use, sometimes without a warrant, Internet users will have to decide whether they want to rely more on encrypting their e-mail or disguising their identities online. After weeks of struggle on Capitol Hill, civil libertarians lost the argument that the government will gain too many police powers to examine the activities of innocent individuals and erode personal privacy. Russell D. Feingold, who cast the single vote in the Senate against the legislation a day after the House approved it by 356 to 66, said: There have been periods in our nations history when civil liberties have taken a back seat to what appeared at the time to be the legitimate exigencies of war. Our national consciousness still bears the stain and the scars of those events: The Alien and Sedition Acts, the suspension of Habeas Corpus during the Civil War, the internment of Japanese Americans, German Americans and Italian Americans during World War II, the blacklisting of supposed communist sympathizers during the McCarthy era, and the surveillance and harassment of antiwar and Civil Rights protesters, including Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman, Patrick J.Leahy, who helped craft the legislation, said the current crisis requires aggressive action. Leahy said he was satisfied with provisions limiting the duration of some of the new surveillance rules to four years, subject to congressional review.
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UNIT 12

COMPUTER CRIME, FRAUD AND FINANCIAL CRIME

Read the text and decide if you agree or disagree with the statements below. Leeson Paid 61,000 for Speech Adapted from the BBC web-site Business: Your Money (October 1999) Disgraced former Barings trader Nick Leeson has been paid $100,000 (61,000) to speak at a business conference in the Netherlands. It was the first in a long line of lucrative celebrity-style appearances planned by the man who single-handedly brought down Barings Bank. He will also be endorsing products in advertisements and appearing on television shows. Business people, brokers and bankers paid about 188 each to hear him speak at the event in the Netherlands. Leeson was released from a Singapore jail four months ago after serving three-anda-half years of a six-and-a-half-year sentence for fraud. He was caught after going on the run when his gambling on derivatives markets landed Barings Bank with 800m of debt. Now, Leeson's assets are frozen and he has huge debts hanging round his neck. He said: "I would like to go back into the financial world, but which company is going to be brave enough to employ me? Who will let me trade again?" Leeson has written a book of his story, "Rogue Trader", which was made into a film, starring Ewan McGregor and Anna Friel. But his public relations adviser, Ian Monk, says Leeson did not gain a penny from either, because it went directly to Barings' creditors. Under an agreement with the creditors, he will be allowed to keep 35% of money earned from public and media appearances and advertising. The remaining 65% will go to creditors. Some of his portion of the money will go on medical bills. Leeson found out while in prison that he has colon cancer. After treatment, he is now in remission. Leeson also receives a monthly allowance of 3,000 a month from his frozen assets. "This man is inundated with offers. It's great," said Mr Monk. Asked where he wanted to be in 10 years' time, Leeson replied: "I hope I'm still alive. " I would like to live with somebody, have children and be left alone." Leeson spoke about his view of world stock markets to 250 members of the Amsterdam stock exchange. It was a Dutch group, ING, which bought up Barings after its collapse and bailed it out.

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English for Modern Policing

Activity

Agree or Disagree?

1= Agree very strongly 2= Agree 3= Not sure 4 = Disagree 5= Disagree strongly 1. Nick Leeson is a dangerous criminal and should be more carefully monitored. 2. He has served his sentence according to the law and should be allowed to get on with his life. 3. Nick Leeson should not receive anything other than the bare minimum to live until he has paid as much of the debt as possible. 4. 35% of his earnings is too much to be allowed to retain. 5. The fact that he can employ a PR adviser suggests that he has a good life style. 6. He should be obliged to pay for all medical treatment even if it is usually free. 7. No decent company would ever employ him to trade. 8. ING Bank should apply for a "restriction order" against him. 9. No decent person from the financial world could gain anything from such a crook. 10. Barings Bank was foolish in allowing one man the chance to gamble with their money. # Exercise 1 Match these definitions with one of the words underlined in the text. 1. to rescue from a tricky situation = 2. amount of money received but not necessarily earned = 3. persons who are owed money officially, e.g. after bankruptcy of a company = 4. bonds and other negotiable financial instruments = 5. dealers in bonds and other financial instruments = 6. to purchase completely ("lock, stock and barrel"), especially after a financial collapse or company bankruptcy = 7. evading the police and other authorities = 8. to support or to promote = 9. as a great burden or load to carry = 10. financial resources (wealth) = Discussion

What are credit cards? How do people obtain them legally? How can they be illegally used? What is the link between credit cards and the Internet? How is this aspect of legitimate business likely to develop in Romania? How might this bring a growth in a new type of crime?

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UNIT 12 Computer Crime, Fraud and Financial Crime # Exercise 2 Credit Card Fraud as Organised Crime

Adapted from an article in Nexus the bulletin of the UK National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS) Autumn 2001 In each of the lines 1-25, there is ONE word omitted. Suggest one correct word for each line. The place is marked with * 1. Losses identified * credit card issuers in UK usually banks and building societies2. grew from under 190 million pounds in 1999 * around 300 million in 2000.These 3. figures include plastic fraud as, for example, the fraudulent use * individual cards 4. stolen * a handbag to the sophisticated remote technology to retrieve card data from 5. computerised storage facilities of some international merchants and *. The two types 6. of CCF identified * the most attractive to organised crime are specifically the 7. counterfeiting of cards and fraud * a CNP (card not present) environment such as 8. telephone order and internet mail-order. Proof of * involvement of organised crime in 9. plastic fraud is not * anecdotal nor is it difficult to verify. UK NCIS strategic 10. intelligence reports * a significant number of crime groups whose primary interest is 11. CC crime. * is also an alarming number of crime groups for whom CC crime is a 12. secondary interest. The new modus operandi also indicate well-* criminal enterprises. 13. For example, recently there have * attacks on the on-line gaming industry14. betting * football, horse racing and other sporting activities), multiple attacks on 15. stored data from some major European hotel * and transport companies and 16. attacks * the ATM systems in Britain and abroad. These crimes require technological 17. expertise, capital investment in technology and global * to spread the 18. fraudulent *. 19. When NCIS first started* collate intelligence on card fraud, the information seemed 20. to suggest* most of the criminals originated from South-East Asia. This may have in 21. part been* to the legitimate hologram-making businesses in Hong Kong. It may also 22. have been because of many Chinese criminal* predisposition for existing 23. types of financial crime. However, by the late 1990s, it had* apparent that this 24. criminal group had saturated its own market and had started to look* its own 25. ethnic group* recruits.
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English for Modern Policing # Exercise 3 Front-line Fraud Now put these sentences in the best sequence to complete the picture.
1 F 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A. Two such environments were readily identifiable petrol stations and restaurants. B. In such places the staff usually received low wages, were possibly temporary or transient and likely to be under-supervised. C. They had to find front-line fraudsters (those who attempt the fraud in the shop or other retail environment). D. Access to a network of vulnerable retail networks was needed. E. These customers would be less likely to notice the card compromises than customers in a familiar shopping environment. F. The Chinese gangs sought out other ethnic groups, especially illegal immigrants as they, or even their families, are most vulnerable. G. Both networks have the added advantage of being used by legitimate transient customers and tourists. H. Some poorly-paid employment environments are also more likely to be staffed by the less-skilled and less well-educated. # Exercise 4 Card Fraudsters Prey on High-class Diners Patrick Collinson, Guardian Weekly November 2002 Put the verbs given to you in brackets in the correct form. Plastic card fraud (1) (jump) _____________ by more than 50% over the past two years to L430m, banks said this week, warning that "skimming" (2) (reach) ____________ epidemic levels, particularly in the London area. Skimming - the copying of a card's black magnetic strip - barely (3) (exist) _______________ five years ago but netted L161m for criminal gangs in the year to August 2002, according to the Association for Payment Clearing Services (APACS). A third of that (4) (take)_______________ from card users in London, with fraudsters targeting high-class restaurants in the capital. Second worst hit was Birmingham, where losses from skimming (5) (be) ________________L6.6m. An unscrupulous restaurant waiter processes a transaction but then, out of sight of the customers, separately records the card's data on tiny devices that can be fitted on to a trouser belt. He or she then (6)(sell) ______the data to criminal gangs who (7) (use) _______ it to massproduce counterfeit credit and debit cards. Cardholders are often unaware of the fraud until a bank statement (8) (arrive) _______ detailing purchases they (9) (not make)____________________ .

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UNIT 12 Computer Crime, Fraud and Financial Crime In the latest twist, fraudsters (10) (begin) _________________ attaching fake swipe machines to the doors of bank ATM lobbies used by customers to gain entry at evenings or weekends. The fake swipe devices (11) (remove) __________________ later, containing thousands of customers' details. APACS said this week that it hopes to beat the fraudsters with a dual strategy of PIN numbers, first (12) (introduce) ________________ in France more than a decade ago, and "smart card" technology. Customers paying by card will no longer have to sign receipts at shop tills but will instead type a four-digit PIN number into a keypad. Cardholders also (13) (issue) __________ with new-style cards that contain computer chips. These are more difficult to copy than traditional cards. To avoid fraudsters targeting overseas markets instead, Mastercard and Visa (14) (coordinate) ____________an international roll-out of chip and PIN cards. By the end of 2005 these (15) (replace) _______________ the 1 billion-plus plastic cards currently in circulation.

Activity

Some shops in Bucharest accept credit cards such as VISA or MASTERCARD. Imagine a dialogue between two criminals, one of whom works as an assistant in an expensive clothes shop, suggesting ways they can make money out of borrowing credit card information from legitimate customers. How might they also get hold of (i.e. steal!) the credit card. Try to think of the dialogues and the scenarios. If you can think of 2 or 3 ways, the real crooks will think of more scams! # Exercise 5 Common Internet Fraud Schemes Read the descriptions (1-7) of the different frauds. There are 7 "victim" situations described (AG). Identify which type of fraud (1-7) is involved with each situation (A-G) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1. Online Auction/Retail The fraud attributable to the misrepresentation of a product advertised for sale through an Internet auction site or the non-delivery of merchandise or goods purchased through an Internet auction site 2. Investment Fraud An offer that uses false or fraudulent claims to solicit investments or loans, or that provides for the purchase, use, or trade of forged or counterfeit securities. 3. Business Opportunity/ "Work at Home" The offer of a phony job opportunity, often with associated charges such as "processing or application" fees. Perpetrators frequently forge the name of a computer service or Internet Service Provider.
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English for Modern Policing 4. Financial Institution Fraud Misrepresentation of the truth or concealment of a material fact by a person to induce a business, organization, or other entity that manages money, credit, or capital to perform a fraudulent activity. 5. Credit Card Theft/Fraud The unauthorized use of a credit/debt card or credit/debt card number to fraudulently obtain money or property. Credit/debt card numbers can be stolen from unsecured web sites. 6. Ponzi/Pyramid Schemes An investment scheme in which investors are promised abnormally high profits on their investments. No investment is actually made. Early investors are paid returns with the investment money received from the later investors. The system usually collapses, and the later investors do not receive dividends and lose their initial investment. 7. Non-Delivery of Goods/Services The non-delivery of goods or services which were purchased or contracted remotely through the Internet, independent of an Internet auction. A. " My girlfriend or rather ex-girlfriend bought some clothes using my card." B. "I saw this advertisement on a web-site, offering really high profits for a small investment. I transferred US1000 and I haven't heard anything since! Neither have lots more people, I understand!" C. "I have a computer and Internet at home and this Internet company said I could compose advertising texts for them and be paid for them. But they charged me 50US$ for their application form and another US$50 for "distribution of my credentials" and I haven't heard from them since." D. "Well, you know I like to collect coins. There was a great selection in an on-line auction. I paid 200US$ for what was described as a 'Charles 1 token'. The Internet picture was certainly Charles I, but when the coin arrived it was quite different...and virtually worthless!" E. " I wanted a list of properties. This Internet agency promised to supply the list and I transferred US$100 to the account but I haven't received the list and they don't reply to my emails." F. " I received several messages via the Internet and e-mail from this client who said he needed a credit to extend his business premises. He wanted to build a new office section for his small factory, so he said. Well, this is certainly part of our work in supporting small business. But what he didn't say was that he had already received a loan from another bank for the same project." G. "Have you ever heard of the "Re-development and Re-structuring Fund"? Well, from the website description, the scheme is based on a bond or security certificate, paying 6% over 5 years. I bought US$5000, received the certificate and now I find out it is all false. The company, the fund, the certificate everything!"

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UNIT 12 Computer Crime, Fraud and Financial Crime

Activity

The "Casablanca" Sting

Read about this well-known case involving money laundering

Summary 1. In 1995 US Customs agents, posing as money launderers were hired by the Cali drug cartel. 2. In early 1996, the agents located employees in 12 large Mexican banks who agreed to launder drug money for a 1% commission. The bankers opened sham accounts. 3. The undercover agents collected Cali-Juarez drug-sale proceeds on the streets of cities like New York, Chicago, Houston, Miami and even Milan in pick-ups ranging from $150,000 to $2 million. By the Summer of 1996, the agents were depositing the cash into phony accounts via US Banks. 4. The money was wire-transferred to the Mexican or Cayman Islands bank branches and converted into cashiers checks made out to the fictitious companies. These checks can be cashed almost anywhere in the world with no questions asked. The drug-cartel origins of the money were now erased. During the three-year operation, more than $50 million was laundered. 5. The agents delivered the cashiers checks to cartel operatives in Cali. 6. In May 1998, the Mexican bankers were arrested by Customs in the USA after they had been lured to money-laundering sales meetings in Las Vegas, San Diego and Los Angeles. Vocabulary from the summary 1. to pose as = 2. sham (slang) = 3. proceeds = The law does not allow criminals to retain the proceeds of their criminal activities. Drug-money or other money gained by criminal activities is confiscated. 4. pick-up = or hand-over of money for something else (usually drugs) 5. phony (slang) = 6. to cash a check (cheque) = 7. to lure = (often by attracting someone; the famous "honey trap" is a form of enticement!) The engineer was lured into a trap which compromised him and made him agree to become a spy. Now read on for more details 1) The bust was one of the final acts in an intricate three-year undercover effort by the Clinton administration to root out drug-money laundering via the U.S. The sting, known as Operation Casablanca, had jailed more than 160 people from 6 countries and from more than half a dozen banks in Mexico and Venezuela, most of them respectable mid-level financial institutions. It had also led to extraordinary criminal indictments against 3 of Mexicos largest banks for their alleged role in the money laundering. Customs agents had seized more than $150 million in assets from the powerful Colombian Cali cartel and Mexicos Juarez cartel. 2) Aside from the wounds inflicted on the drug lords, Casablanca caused acute embarrassment to the Mexican government and its scandal-plagued banking system. US law-enforcement agents had not breathed a word of the operation to their counterparts in Mexico and even luring the bankers across the border was done to avoid the red-tape of extradition. Even President Zedillo of Mexico was unaware of the slick operation, some of it taking place on Mexican soil. Not surprisingly, Zedillo sent a stern letter of protest to President Clinton.
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English for Modern Policing 3) US officials insisted that the safety of their undercover agents was the primary concern but it is well-known that even high-ranking Mexican law-enforcement officers have been found to be in the employ of the cartels, so, unofficially, US agents say they never seriously considered briefing anyone outside the US. 4) For their part, US Customs officials say that probing higher for corruption would have set off alarms which could have compromised the sting. They hope that those arrested will point the finger at other conspirators in order to cut their own potential sentences, which could run as high as life imprisonment.

Activity

Which paragraph talks about ... A. An official (offended!) Mexican reaction B. The impact of the "bust" C. Strategic objectives of the operation. D. The non-involvement of the Mexican authorities. Discuss the issues of cooperation/non-cooperation between countries on such topics. # Exercise 6 Find the words in the texts (1-4) with the following meanings: Section 1. - a slang word meaning final (dramatic) solution of a criminal operation 2. - a slang word meaning to discover - financial resources - surrounded by scandal - had not revealed any information - efficient, well-organised - colleagues in same field/business - to entice (attract) into a trap - bureaucratic procedures - on the territory of ... - strongly-worded (e.g. warning/ protest/ reply) - of major importance/ the most important factor - in the pay of ... / working for... - keeping a person informed - searching carefully and more deeply for something - accuse (slang) - could amount to

3.

4.

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UNIT 12 Computer Crime, Fraud and Financial Crime

Activity

Money Laundering and International Efforts to Fight It

Adapted from an article by David Scott, Senior Financial Sector Specialist, World Bank May 1995

Although money laundering is impossible to measure with precision, it is estimated that US$300 billion to US$500 billion in proceeds from serious crime (not tax evasion) is laundered each year. Measures in major financial markets to detect and prosecute laundering are driving it toward less developed markets linked to the global financial system. If left unchecked, money laundering could criminalize the financial system and undermine development efforts in emerging markets. This article surveys efforts by international bodies to combat money laundering. It looks in particular at the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) based at the OECD, which has made the most continuous effort. How money is laundered In money laundering, the proceeds of crime are run through the financial system to disguise their illegal origins and make them appear to be legitimate funds. Most often associated with organized crime, money laundering can be linked to any crime that generates significant proceeds, such as extortion, drug trafficking, arms smuggling, and white-collar crime. Although money laundering often involves a complex series of transactions, it generally includes three basic steps. The first step is the physical disposal of cash. This placement might be accomplished by depositing the cash in domestic banks or, increasingly, in other types of formal or informal financial institutions. Or the cash might be shipped across borders for deposit in foreign financial institutions, or used to buy high-value goods, such as artwork, airplanes, and precious metals and stones, that can then be resold for payment by check or bank transfer. The second step in money laundering is known as layering, carrying out complex layers of financial transactions to separate the illicit proceeds from their source and disguise the audit trail. This phase can involve such transactions as the wire transfer of deposited cash, the conversion of deposited cash into monetary instruments (bonds, stocks, traveler's checks), the resale of high-value goods and monetary instruments, and investment in real estate and legitimate businesses, particularly in the leisure and tourism industries. Shell companies, typically registered in offshore havens, are a common tool in the layering phase. These companies, whose directors often are local attorneys acting as nominees, obscure the beneficial owners through restrictive bank secrecy laws and attorney-client privilege. The last step is to make the wealth derived from the illicit proceeds appear legitimate. This integration might involve any number of techniques, such as using front companies to "lend" the proceeds back to the owner or using funds on deposit in foreign financial institutions as security for domestic loans. Another common technique is over-invoicing or producing false invoices for goods sold--or supposedly sold--across borders.

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English for Modern Policing

Activity

Match one of the expressions underlined or in bold type with these definitions. 1. the process of making laundered money appear legitimate 2. complicated processes of concealing or covering illegal transactions to disguise their original source 3. the process of checking, verifying and scrutinizing all sorts of accounting and financial transactions 4. companies which have the outward appearance of legitimate companies but usually in offshore locations 5. basically this process involves getting rid of the cash think of the switch to the Euro in Western Europe and what that meant to those gangs holding large sums of cash! 6. financial papers that are traded openly and legally but have intrinsic value which can be converted into cash (legally) relatively easily 7. banking and financial centres which usually offer tax advantages to clients because they operate according to their own law. However, these locations are generally accepted and tolerated by governments and even reputable financial institutions (especially banks) have their offshore branches 8. this process is used to conceal the real value of goods so as to make them appear more expensive than they really are/were to enable apparently legitimate transfers to take place.

The first international STOP Money Laundering! conference took place in London in February 2001. This is the post-conference communique, summarising the main concerns.

Activity

Read the text. Identify where the 5 points (A-E) should be inserted into the communique. A) More seminars and conferences in the future with participation of the leading organisations such as FATF, UN, World Bank, IMF etc. should be set up without further delay. B) The international banking community should progress from the recommendation stage to the stage of providing banking standards and requirements. C) There should be enhanced co-operation between the developed countries and the developing countries in expediting the return of laundered money to the people from whom it was stolen. D) Legal delays must be reduced and the whole process accelerated. E) Established cases of financial crime must be dealt with promptly and severely. We all know that without justice there will be no real peace.

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UNIT 12 Computer Crime, Fraud and Financial Crime Communique The total sum involved in money laundering is huge and stands in the way of the economic development of many countries. The Conference underlined the importance of fighting money laundering which is also recognised as a major source of terrorist funding. This communique, based on the recommendations of the Conference participants, is addressed to all those involved in the regulation and prevention of money laundering, namely: the United Nations, FATF, IMF, World Bank, Governments, Ministries of Finance, Central Banks, Commercial Bankers; Associations and other national and international organisations and regulatory and control bodies. Taking into consideration the fact that different states around the world have varied political and economic systems and levels of social development, each country may have a different approach to fighting money laundering. The discussions showed that the definition of money laundering as economic crime is not the same in all countries. There are cases when the controlling authorities make mistakes in blocking or freezing accounts suspected of being involved in money laundering activities. Where it is found that the suspects are not involved in money laundering activities there should be compensation for the aggrieved parties. Some progress has already been made. The banking system of the Russian Federation has achieved significant results in achieving further transparency and in antilaundering activities. It was recognized by the Conference participants that the Ukraine is making progress in the fight against money laundering. Illustration from some recent investigations carried out by the Ukrainian Tax Police show that the Ukraine is fulfilling FATF obligations in combating money laundering. Significant arrests and the freezing of suspect accounts in the Ukraine and abroad are examples of international co-operation in the fight against money laundering. Taking into consideration the efforts of the Ukraine and the practical results achieved, it was felt that its position on FATF black list was due for examination and reconsideration. The return of stolen funds 1. All laws and regulations that inhibit the restitution of money which has been stolen and laundered must be revised. 2. All governments, and in particular in those countries which have suffered badly from the theft of national funds, should pass legislation to make it increasingly difficult for such monies to be lodged in any bank in the world. 3. All the monies stolen from countries like Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zimbabwe etc. should be returned to these countries forthwith after the due process of law has been followed. 4) _________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

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English for Modern Policing 5) The developed countries should not hide under the due process of law as a reason for delay before returning stolen money to the appropriate third world countries. Changes which need to be implemented 6) The global co-operation that is being advocated in all the money laundering seminars should not just be left as spoken or written words but should be acted upon and put into practice. 7) _________________________________________________________________ 8) All legislation that tends to encourage the receiving of dirty money into countries, particularly the developed countries, should be amended and make it increasingly difficult to bring in such money. 9) _________________________________________________________________ 10) It is clearly felt by some nations, and in particular by the African countries, that the West is being hypocritical in criticising them for being the source of money which is laundered, when it is the West which is to blame for facilitating money laundering by accepting the funds in the first place. 11) The West should change its approach by showing genuine concern for anti-money laundering particularly as it concerns developing countries. Positive actions which should be taken 12) _______________________________________________________________ 13) There is an urgent need to make banking instructions and other documentation of leading Western banks and controlling authorities more readily available to the Central banks of the emerging markets. 14) The training of bank officials should be organised on a multi-lateral level with participation of IMF, BIS and FATF. 15) Monetary teams should be set up to improve compliance with money laundering rules and regulations. Membership of the teams must be worked out later but there must be equitable representation. 16) ________________________________________________________________ Now read through the completed text again for better comprehension. # Exercise 7 CYBERCRIME: Glossary of Useful Terms Put these words in the correct place in one of the definitions. relying defensive copying unscrambling executed becomes illicit malicious packages slows

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UNIT 12 Computer Crime, Fraud and Financial Crime Application software Includes word-processing, spreadsheet, database (1) _________ and Internet access utilities CERT Computer Emergency Response Team Decryption The reverse of encryption, a method of (2)_____________ encrypted information so that it becomes legible again Denial of service attack (DoS) A digital attack that stops a computer functioning or (3) _____down its performance Digital piracy The unauthorised (4) _______ and resale of digital goods (e.g. software, music files) Encryption A method of transforming information using a cipher so that it (5)_______ illegible Firewall (6) _________ software that protects a computer system from unauthorised intruders Hacking Unauthorised access to computers IP Spoofing A technique used to gain unauthorised access to computers Macro virus A virus attached to instructions (called macros) which are (7) _______ automatically when a document is opened Operating systems Basic operating platform the software foundation includes DOS, Windows or UNIX Phreaking Hacking the telephone system, usually to obtain free calls, by generating (8) ______ administrative commands to the network Trojan Horse A (9) _____________ software program that appears to be benign, but has undesired side effects. Not strictly a virus in itself, because it does not replicate Virus A program that attaches itself to a legitimate one, makes copies of itself and may release a payload Worm Similar to a virus, but runs as an independent program, rather than (10) __________ on transfer by the actions of the user
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Activity

Crime on the Information Highways

Adapted from National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS) bulletin Project Trawler 1999. Which text deals with which problem? Swamping as a form of protest Penalties for unauthorised access Commercial espionage Internal hacking Unauthorised money transfers Non-reporting of hacking Recreational hacking Costs of unauthorised insider access Extortion

1. Europes first case of electronic blackmail occurred in 1998 when the German Noris Verbraucher Bank offered a 10.000 DM reward for information leading to the arrest of a hacker who was blackmailing the bank. The hacker had claimed to have raided several customer accounts and to have retrieved data from the Banks central system. He was demanding 1million DM otherwise he would release data on the Internet. 2. To date, there have only been a few known cases of unauthorised transfers. The most notorious occurred in 1994 when the US Citibank was targetted by Russian criminals. Losses of over $400.000 were recorded and never recovered. 3. The goal of many hackers is merely to gain unauthorised access to systems and then to go no further. They are primarily motivated by the challenge offered or by wishing to show up deficiencies in security. Although their motive is relatively harmless, they may still cause damage to systems and give rise to financial loss for their targets. 4. Studies invariably show that most hacking incidents against companies and organisations are committed by insiders. In a 1999 FBI/CSI survey, 55% of respondents reported that they had experienced unauthorised access by employees and 30% had suffered system penetration from outsiders. UK surveys do not suggest as many businesses are victims there. 5. Sabotage against companies and illegal acquisition of financial documents, research and development results or other secrets are acts which aim to damage rival businesses by undermining its status or by causing it financial loss. The UK Metropolitan Police has encountered instances of employees copying company data bases and setting themselves up in competition. This copying does not (at the moment at least) constitute an offence under UK theft law. 6. Numerous reasons have been suggested for non-reporting of hacking incidents- fear of negative publicity, concern that competitors would exploit the case, fear of attracting other hackers and the lack of confidence in the law to do anything about it. In addition, there is usually the factor of the loss of the system while the investigation is carried out.

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UNIT 12 Computer Crime, Fraud and Financial Crime 7. In the UK, unauthorised access to computer systems, programs or data is an offence under the Computer Misuse Act 1990, punishable by a fine of up to 2000 GBP, or imprisonment up to six months or both. Stiffer penalties (up to 5 years imprisonment and unlimited fines) are available for offences related to using computer systems to commit other offences or to cause unauthorised modification of a computers contents. 8. A widely-reported cyber-space campaign occurred in Norway in 1998; thousand of students protesting about the student loan system inundated the government with over 200.000 e-mail messages. This did not cause widespread disruption but more skilful protests have included altering official web-sites, demanding an end to nuclear weapons and protests by animal rights activists by illegally entering or blocking official sites. 9. According to the UK Department of Trade and Industry, internal hacking cost UK industry GBP 1.5 billion between 1992 and 1998 with 70% of all hacking incidents being of this type.

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UNIT 13

COMBATTING ORGANISED CRIME

Discuss with a partner. 1. What is organised crime? 2. How serious is the threat to democracy posed by organised crime? 3. Can organised crime be defeated through a governments tough laws? 4) Which are the main activities of organised crime? And the main transnational gangs? 5) Can you give some examples of illicit drugs? 6) What are the most crucial aspects in effectively preventing corruption? 7) Which are the areas related to organised crime that demand the attention of governments? # Exercise 1 Fighting Global Crime Put the words given into the correct places in the following statements. will perceptions provide insufficient temporary backed faster implications heavily arises 1. Transnational crime has grown ___________than international law enforcement capabilities. 2. Transnational crime thrives on _____________ alliances and shifting networks between criminal entrepreneurs. 3. Law enforcement relies __________on formal agreements between governments and national police forces. 4. The effectiveness of bodies such as Interpol and the Europol depends on the political ____________ of participating nations. 5. There is no global police force and _____________ cooperation between national crime fighters. 6. States want complete control of their security services and democracies worry about the __________________ for civil liberties of global policing. 7. Inequalities in wealth partly due to the opening of borders in Eastern Europe _____________ opportunities for both amateur smugglers and organised crime. 8. Globalisation and technology have changed ____________ of territorial control. 9. Criminals stealing money electronically may have no physical presence in the country where the cash is stolen or deposited. The question _______________: where was the crime committed and whose jurisdiction should apply? 10. U.N. conventions are helpful but do little to combat crime unless they are _____ by credible international enforcement. # Exercise 2 Match the following verbs with their corresponding definitions:
1 to thrive on (sth.) 2 to bring down 3 to break into a) to start something such as a business, organisation or institution b) to enter by force, especially to steal something c) to find something or meet someone by accident

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UNIT 13 Combatting Organised Crime

4 to stumble on (sb./sth) 5 to put away 6 - to set up d) to put someone in prison (or a mental hospital) e) to be successful or happy in a particular situation, perhaps even one that other people would not enjoy f) to cause a government or politician to lose power; to reduce the rate, level or amount of something

Discuss with a partner the aspects of fighting global crime outlined above. # Exercise 3 The Mafia The Original Organised Crime Group! Listen to the text and say whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE or NOT STATED 1. The name mafia is mainly associated with Italy but has become a general term for organised gangsterism. 2. The Fascists under Mussolini supported the Mafia. 3. Bootlegging was the term given to illegal smuggling of migrants in to the USA. 4. Mafia control and power spread into the US armed forces, infiltrating the army especially. 5. The Mafia was involved in many rackets but avoided drugs for moral reasons. 6. The FBI under J.Edgar Hoover recognised the threat to society from organised crime at a very early stage. 7. The Mafia changed their operations from local rackets to national and transnational activities. 8. The Mafia has always remained an exclusively Italian/Sicilian based partnership.

Activity

Translate into English

Mafia este o lume logic, raional, funcional i implacabil. Mult mai logic, mai raional i mai implacabil dect statul. Mafia este o articulaie a puterii, o metamorfoz a puterii, dar i a patologie a puterii. Mafia este un sistem economic, o component obligatorie a sistemului economic global. Mafia se dezvolt datorit statului i i adapteaz comportamentul n funcie de acesta.

Activity

Comment on Louise Shelleys assertion: Organised crime will be a defining issue of the 21st century as the Cold War was for the 20th century and colonialism was for the 19th century. These ideas may help you. Organised crime vast profits/ instability/ human weakness/ speed of communication/ white-collar criminals/ corrupt governments/ built on poverty/ exploit greed and power Cold war Control of information/ climate of fear/ mutual distrust/ image of the enemy/ superpowers only- other countries mainly onlookers Colonialism exploitation/ benefit to whom? / notion of dominance/ legacy of colonialism/ mentalities
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English for Modern Policing # Exercise 4 Fill in the gaps with one of the following words: social weak phenomena global effects civil growth issues policies network

1. Transnational organized crime and corruption are now acknowledged as high-priority ___ that need more attention and creative solutions. 2. These growing phenomena present a formidable challenge to international law, ___ society and both political and business communities. 3. They have a negative impact on the global political economy, and disproportionately negative____ on transitional and developing countries. 4. Those most severely impacted are the less privileged, particularly women, children, small businesses, entrepreneurs and minorities, and those not part of the ____ of corruption. 5. Other serious impacts are decreased trade and investment, policy distortion, less transparency and accountability, and reduced funding for key ____services at the national and local level. 6. The net result of systemic crime and corruption is a ____ civil society incapable of supporting a market-based democratic form of government. 7. It also results in unsound budgetary ____ that under-invest in the fundamental needs and rights of citizens, such as basic healthcare, property ownership, quality education, public safety, a clean environment and fundamental human rights, including free speech and a free press. 8. Systemic corruption often leads to____ crime and corruption activities, which then becomes a problem for the world community. 9. The transnational crime and corruption center (TraCCC) and United Research Centers (URC) provide an international, multi-disciplinary forum in which to address and attack the complex ____ relating to organized crime and corruption . 10. Each mutually-supporting activity of the Centers also promotes international cooperation, economic ____, good governance, the rule of law and a vibrant civil society.

Cigarette Sellers in Kosovo

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UNIT 13 Combatting Organised Crime # Exercise 5 Read the following excerpts on organized crime and decide which of the following headlines is appropriate for each of them. 1. MONEY LAUNDERING 2. WHITE COLLAR CRIMINALS 3. THE GLOBAL FLESH TRADE 4. CAUGHT UP IN CORRUPTION 5. REWARDS OF THE DRUGS TRADE 6. RIVALRY FOR THE TOP JOBS 7. CRIME: CASH: LEGITIMACY 8. ANSWERING MARKET DEMAND 9. THE NEW WORLD DISORDER 10. GANG STRUCTURE

A. Where western governments worry about the insidious power of criminal gangs, some countries with less developed democracies have governments which practise a form of superorganized crime looting the national wealth for the benefit of family and friends. The line between gangsters and dictators may be hard to distinguish. And even western politicians can sometimes get trapped in the organised crime net. The temptation to turn a blind eye in return for massive financial reward is a human weakness not restricted to poor undemocratic countries. B. One of the striking features of modern organised crime is that some gangs continue to operate effectively even when their leaders are killed or put in jail. This is an indication of very sophisticated organisational structures. However, the notion of global crime groups with formally constituted management pyramids is probably misguided. C. Clearly, however, the loss of gang leaders may cause great disruption of activities, especially if rival contenders begin killing each other for the top positions. D. Organised crime offers such vast profits that new gangs appear as soon as old ones are put away. The anomalies of the global marketplace - rich alongside poor; wide variations in national laws and regulations and the price of goods (such as petrol, cigarettes and alcohol); legal bans on goods or services in wide demand (such as drugs, gambling or prostitution); and the wide availability of arms in the post-Cold War environment offer numerous opportunities to organised crime. E. According to the UN, the drugs trade alone is reckoned to generate revenue of $ 400 billion a year. Such huge sums make it possible for the traffickers to bribe almost anyone in their path. The nature of operations has changed too, with numerous gangs operating across borders and using advanced technology (such as encrypted computers) to pursue and conceal their activities. The weaponry available to some of these groups is of paramilitary grade. No form of potential market is ignored, nothing is taboo. F. The scale of the profits from drug trafficking and other activities of organised crime is such that it requires complex international banking arrangements. The proceeds of most crime come in cash, whereas most commercial transactions are conducted by paper (cheques, bank drafts etc.) or plastic card. Turning dirty money into clean money (laundering) has thus become a major industry of its own. G. Cash can be laundered by simply passing it through a legitimate cash-based activity such as gambling (racecourses, casinos, etc.), sports stadia (turnstile receipts, food and drink

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English for Modern Policing sales, etc.); or the entertainment business (restaurants, hotels, nightclubs etc.). These moneylaundering advantages do much to explain the popularity of cash businesses with organised crime, especially since such businesses are often lucrative in their own right. H. The Internet has made the distribution of pornographic material a global industry, offering the most bizarre sexual entertainment at the push of a few keys. Much of the trade is linked to organised crime, which has a long history of peddling sex through prostitution and pornography. Whereas the traditional sex industry operated with cash and anonymity, Internet sales rely on credit cards and e-mails- thus giving sophisticated gangs a pathway into new forms of exploitation through credit card extortion and blackmail. Many brothels are controlled by organised crime, especially in large cities. One of the ugliest aspects of this business is the increasing number of young women who are forced through poverty, drug addiction or physical intimidation to embark upon a life of prostitution against their will. I. The common theme of most criminal activities is the fulfilment of a strong market demand which cannot be met by legitimate business because it is unethical, illegal, or too costly. Organised crime also searches for weaknesses in government or business systems so that cash payments can be diverted. East European gangs, long stifled by communism, have turned out to be especially good at this. For example, Russian emigrants living in the USA devised lucrative scams in gasoline taxes and health care payments more sophisticated forms of organised crime than the traditional activities of extortion, loan-sharking gambling and prostitution. J. Society is much kinder to white-collar criminals who steal millions in financial fraud than to bank robbers who threaten the cashier and run off with a few thousand. Physical violence upsets the citizenry far more than corporate theft. A petty crook is scorned, while a millionaire fraudster may consort with princes. These oddities of human ethics have enabled some very big crooks to move in the corridors of power. As long as the dirty business is kept out of sight, all is well. # Exercise 6 1 The Borderless World 10

Match the two halves of the sentences to make a continuous text. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1. Rich countries have increasingly tougher controls on immigration 2. Even well-intentioned governments can open new opportunities for organised crime 3. Differences in national taxes on cigarettes and alcohol . 4. Smugglers provide 10% of the cigarettes sold in UK 5. Once shopkeepers, pub or bar-owners begin to take cut-price supplies 6. Even the world of medicine is affected by the tentacles of organised crime 7. Controlling environmental pollution seems a positive feature of modern government
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UNIT 13 Combatting Organised Crime 8. In New York, even until the mid 1990s 9. In the developing world where the majority of the people are extremely poor 10. Some gangsters even become legitimate politicians A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. costing the government about US$ 1.3 billion per year. provide the impetus for large-scale smuggling operations. it is difficult to escape back into legality. yet different standards of living create increased pressures to migrate. the Mafia controlled the clothing industry, freight transportation, garbage handling and other everyday activities. as has happened in Russia, Central Asia and South and Latin America. gangs find willing recruits for their activities. by having big price differences for consumer products between neighbouring countries. with illegal abortion and even the trade in human organs in the hands of organised crime. but organised crime controls illicit importation of prohibited chemicals and the illicit transport of toxic or nuclear waste.

Activity

Southeast European Cooperative Initiative

Read about SECI which is a multi-national agreement with collaboration between law enforcement authorities in Romania and several other countries in South Eastern Europe to fight organised, transnational crime. The SECI Mission is: To support common trans-border crime fighting efforts of SECI participating countries in order to improve the business environment in South-Eastern Europe and make it more attractive for investors, with the declared aim of reaching economic and political stability within the region. Why do these aims have a business, social and political angle as well as a lawenforcement one? How much do you think business investment depends on social and political stability?

# Exercise 7

The Main Focus of the SECI Centre

Now complete the text about SECI with an appropriate adjective or past-participle selected from the box. The first letter(s) have been given to make it a bit easier! called harmonized mounted seconded realized coordinated supported composed of initiated filtered trafficked

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English for Modern Policing The Center has an operational framework consisting of Liaison Officers, (1) se______________ by police and customs from each member country who are (2) su______________ by a national office. The national office, again consisting of police and customs representatives is (3) c__________________ the National Focal Point. It has the responsibility of providing (4) h___________________ and (5) f ______________ final information or data to the Liaison Officer at the Center. The exchange of information between the Liaison Officer at the SECI Center and its corresponding National Focal Point Office is (6) r_____________________ on the basis of different kinds of requests and depending on the requirements of the different countries operative activity. The main operational tools are the Task Forces, which are (7) c________________ specialized teams of representatives from different countries, (8) c____________________ by one of the member countries. For every Task Force, there is a different member country acting as the coordinator of the Task force in question. Under these Task Forces, if there is information about a particular case, which may involve several of the countries participating in that Task Force, and if the case is of interest to several countries, an operation is (9) m _____________. In 2001, four such actual operations were (10) i_________________ , two concerning human beings being (11) t____________________, one concerning drugs trafficking and one concerning commercial frauds and trafficking in cigarettes.

Activity

Read the text and translate the underlined items into English eful traficanilor de cocain din Timioara - achitat i eliberat de vicepreedintele Tribunalului Timi Justiia din Timi a dovedit ieri, nca o dat, (1) faptul c legea nu reprezint altceva dect un lucru de care se poate face abstracie atunci cnd interesele o cer. Ieri, Tribunalul Timi (2) a dat sentina n cazul cunoscut n pres sub numele de cod "Tabla de ah". V reamintim c, n 6 iunie a.c., (3) o ampl operaiune a ofierilor din cadrul Centrului Zonal de Combatere a Crimei Organizate i Antidrog Timioara s-a soldat cu cea mai mare captur de cocain din Romnia nregistrat n acest an - 2,03 kg, echivalentul a aproximativ 20.000 de doze, (4) a cror valoare de pia este de 6 miliarde de lei. Patru traficani au fost arestai, iar (5) al cincilea a fost dat n urmrire internaional, fiind disprut fr urm. Dosarul a ajuns la Tribunalul Timi, cauza fiind judecat de vicepreedintele acestei instituii, Ioan Jivan. (6) La finalul audierilor, judectorul a amnat de mai multe ori pronunarea sentinei. Ieri, aceasta a fost facut public. Gage Olimpiu, Bot Walter, Mladenovici Dumitru i Bachici Miodrag au fost condamnai la 14 ani de nchisoare pentru trafic cu droguri de mare risc. Cu toate acestea, n mod suspect, (7) judecatorul l-a achitat pe cel dovedit a fi capul retelei, Alexa Claudiu, de 24 de ani, cetean romn cu domiciliul n Canada. n timpul anchetei, unul dintre cei arestai, Bot, a recunoscut, inclusiv n faa instanei, c drogurile pe care trebuia s le vnd le-a primit de la Alexa. De asemenea, listingurile telefonice au dovedit faptul c, nainte de momentul tranzaciei celor dou kilograme de cocain, Alexa a inut n permanen legtura pe telefonul mobil cu Gage. (8) Alexa a fost reinut de poliitii antidrog n comuna Giroc, acolo unde s-a realizat tranzacia. Imediat dup reinerea lui Alexa, oamenii si de ncredere au oferit nu mai puin de 100.000 de dolari pentru ca brbatul s fie scos din dosar. Prin sentina de ieri, Alexa a fost pus n libertate, (9) avnd posibilitatea s se fac nevzut. Afacerile cu droguri n familia Alexa nu sunt o noutate, fratele acestuia fiind condamnat n anii
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UNIT 13 Combatting Organised Crime '80 n Germania, pentru trafic cu heroin alb. Practic, sentina de ieri a judectorului Jivan (10) anuleaz toat munca depus de procurori i poliiti timp de cteva luni de zile. Vicepreedintele Tribunalului Timi nu este la prima sentin cel putin dubioas. n urm cu cteva luni, cotidianul Adevrul a dezvluit faptul c judecatorul Ioan Jivan a dispus punerea n libertate a lui Cornel Urcan, fostul director al hotelului "Continental" din Timioara, arestat ntr-un dosar cu prejudicii de miliarde de lei. Ulterior punerii n libertate, (11) Urcan a fost rencarcerat n urma deciziei Curii de Apel, Timioara. Sentina de ieri a Tribunalului Timi, continu seria achitrilor dubioase n cazul traficanilor de droguri. n urm cu civa ani, Albu Elena, coordonatoarea unei reele internaionale de heroin, a fost pus n libertate, disprnd fr urm. Cnd a fost condamnat la ani grei de nchisoare, femeia era departe. Surse din lumea interlop susin c traficanii de droguri vor repurta o nou victorie (12) mpotriva celor care ncearc s stopeze flagelul morii albe la Sibiu. Acolo se pregtete achitarea membrilor unei alte reele de traficani de cocain, condus de Dan Emil.
Drago BOTA Adevrul 07 November 2002

# Exercise 8 National Criminal Intelligence Service Helps Jail Five Men on 2.5 Million Drugs Seizure in Lincolnshire and Leeds Listen to the report from October 2002 and complete the information
Total of defendants From which towns? Drugs involved Police forces/agencies involved Pleas at trial Verdicts Range of sentences Charges Hiding place for drugs

From to years Possession and ________________ to ___________

# Exercise 9 Complete the list based on vocabulary items from the listening text. Use a dictionary if you are unsure. VERB NOUN 1. to supply a _____________ of heroin 2. __________________ surveillance 3. to plead _____________ 4. __________________ a package (of information) 5. to seize a ______________ of drugs 6. to originate ______________ 7. to target the main ______________ is drug dealers 8. __________________ with intent to / (with the intention to) 9. to disrupt _______________ 10. to fuel _______________
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English for Modern Policing # Exercise 10 Put in the best form of the passive to complete the text below. National Crime Squad and NCIS Uncover Multi-million Pound Drugs Factory on East Sussex Farm National Crime Squad detectives today (18 July 2002) discovered one of the UK's biggest ever illicit amphetamine factories at an isolated farm in East Sussex. National Criminal Intelligence Service experts from the Synthetic Drugs Unit are now debriefing the site*, and believe it gives new intelligence on current techniques in amphetamine production. It (1) (believe) _____________that in the factory, which was in production at the time of the raid, up to 20kg. of heroin (2) (produce) _______________ drug each week for some time, with a potential street value profit of up to 1 million a week. Three people (two men in their forties and a woman in her thirties) all British, (3) (arrest) ____________________at 1.30 p.m. today. The men (4) (arrest) ___________ in Streatham, South London - one in a car in Grayswood Road, the other at a house in the same street. The woman was arrested simultaneously in the factory in a specially converted building on a farm property at Hurst Green, East Sussex, which was actually producing amphetamine as detectives entered. The building (5) (make) __________________ safe. Due to the isolated location, there had never been any actual danger to local residents or passers-by over the past months. Noxious fumes, waste deposits (A) in and immediately outside the building, and the ever-present danger of explosion, made it a hazardous place for anyone working there or entering. A spokesman for the NCIS Synthetic Drugs Unit said: "This is a significant discovery for NCIS, and will tell us much more about production methods in the UK, which is still the highest consumer of amphetamines in Europe. (B) NCIS was aware of the individuals involved and are delighted that they (6) (catch) ____________________. "There is much to learn from the factory site about illicit laboratories, the way that manufacturing equipment (7) (use) _____________ and the methods utilised by the chemists (C) behind this sort of major drugs conspiracy." Experts from the Forensic Science Service (FSS) who helped examine the building, described it as one of the most sophisticated and productive (D) such plants they have seen. The operation (8) (carry out) _____________ by detectives from the Slough Branch office of the National Crime Squad with assistance from NCIS, the FSS, the Metropolitan Police and Sussex Police. The three people arrested (9) (interview) ___________________by National Crime Squad officers at police stations in South London and Sussex. debriefing the site (!) Usually to debrief has persons as direct object. e.g. The officer debriefed his men after the incident.

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UNIT 13 Combatting Organised Crime

Activity

Grammar Comments

Homework task! Now look at the grammar points in bold type (A) to (D) A) What do you notice about the use of the prepositions? Can you make similar phrases with other modifiers such as occasionally frequently generally especially? e.g. These films are made for and occasionally with members of the public (rather than with professional actors). B) What do you notice about the verb agreement (i.e. use of singular/plural)? Is it incorrect to say or write sentences like this? The government has announced its programme of reforms for the police service. They will present the main proposals to the House of Commons next week. C) With which other prepositional phrases might you replace behind? responsible . / in charge engaged / involved implicated D) This is a rather unusual use of such. one of the most sophisticated and productive such plants What phrase does it replace? Complete in the same way one of the most dangerous and foolish ./ one of the most famous and prestigious . one of the fastest and most efficient ./ one of the wealthiest and most influential . Make sentences using one of the points above. 1. (B) The American DEA, Drug Enforcement Agency, (has/have) had a lot of success in (its/their) fight against heroin production in Afghanistan. 2. (D) Heroin, as a category A drug, is considered the (dangerous) and (deadly) (......) drugs.
Activity

Precursors

Put the sentences into an appropriate sequence to read about chemical precursors. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X
X Chemicals are used every day by ordinary people.

A. The answer is simple. No chemicals = no illicit drugs. B. Industrial processes and production of pharmaceuticals involve large quantities of often common chemicals. C. In the case of semi-synthetic drugs such as heroin and cocaine, chemicals are required to convert the raw material into a useable drug. D. Synthetic drugs such as LSD, amphetamines or ecstasy are wholly manufactured from chemicals.
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English for Modern Policing E. So why do we need to control them? F. Illicit drug manufacturing processes are, by nature, clandestine activities, but there is a point where they intersect with legitimate, legal trade. G. Every aspect of modern life relies on chemicals in one way or another- office materials, clothes, food products, household items and many more. H. With the exception of naturally occurring substances such as cannabis, all drugs require chemicals for their extraction or synthesis.

Activity

Which Chemicals are Controlled?

Listen to the text and complete the notes. In deciding which chemicals to control a balance has to be struck between _______________________________________________________________ Many substances used in illicit drug production are also used in the chemical industry. The ____________________________________ are commonly used in illicit drug production as ____________________________________________ . They are controlled at both the international level and _______________________________ . The chemicals are placed in ____________________________ , attracting different levels of control. For instance, category 1 contains chemicals with _____________________________________ such as 1-phenyl-2-propanone which is rarely used for licit purposes, and Ephedrine, which ________________________ __________________________. These substances are used in the illicit manufacturing of drugs and have _________________________________ . Categories 2 and 3 contain chemicals which are in much more common use, such as _______________________________________ . The chemicals are often traded in large quantities and controls are correspondingly lighter. Full details of the chemicals and controls can be found in the _________________________________ produced by the European Commission.

Activity

Read the text that you heard earlier

National Criminal Intelligence Service intelligence today (3 October) helped jail four Lincolnshire men and a Leeds man for a total of 55.5 years for their part in the supply of 2.5 million worth of heroin and cannabis which was seized in a joint operation between the National Crime Squad and Lincolnshire Police.The men were sentenced at Lincoln Crown Court after three had pleaded guilty and two were found guilty after trial. The arrests followed a protracted surveillance operation which originated in March 2001 in work carried out by NCIS in their North East and South East regions. The package was then passed to the National Crime Squad for action. On 19 May 2001 the men were arrested when two articulated lorries were stopped in Spalding and Leeds. Searches revealed 18 kilos of heroin in the lorry in Spalding and 110 kilos of cannabis in one in Leeds - the total estimated street value of the drugs was 2.5 million. Three men were arrested on the A52 at the Roman Caf near Grantham, and the other two were
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UNIT 13 Combatting Organised Crime arrested in Leeds. Both vehicles had recently arrived in the UK from mainland Europe. The operation to seize the drugs and make the arrests was carried out by the National Crime Squad's Calder branch and Lincolnshire Police, with assistance from NCIS. Armed National Crime Squad officers were present when the lorry was stopped in Spalding, but no shots were fired. Details of the defendants are as follows: Nicholas HOWARTH, aged 34, of Queens Road, Spalding, Lincs. - Possession with Intent to Supply Heroin - pleaded guilty - sentenced to 19 years. Martin WILKINSON, aged 35, also of Queens Road, Spalding - Possession with Intent to Supply Heroin - was found guilty - sentenced to 8 years. Richard THORNLEY, aged 29, of Main Road, Wigtoft, Lincs - Possession with Intent to Supply Heroin - was found guilty - sentenced to 18 years. Simon FAGG, aged 34, of Amberton Crescent, Gipton, Leeds - Possession with Intent to Supply Cannabis - pleaded guilty - sentenced to 6 years. William LAMBERT, aged 30, of Neville Avenue, Spalding, - Possession with intent to Supply Heroin - pleaded guilty part way through the trial - sentenced to 4 years. Detective Superintendent Graham WHITE, of Lincolnshire Police, said: "We work closely with the National Crime Squad and other agencies to target and arrest offenders like these. People like them are a high priority for Lincolnshire Police. They peddle misery and grief and we are proud to be part of this operation which has taken them off the streets. Detective Chief Inspector Gerry SMYTH, of the National Crime Squad, said: "This operation was a good example of how partnership working within the police service can have a real impact on serious and organised crime. The drugs seized were on their way to dealers who would have fuelled the miserable trade in drugs to the tune of 2.5 million worth of heroin and cannabis. Putting this network in prison disrupted the supply of those drugs and sent a clear warning to others." # Exercise 11 Match the word with its definition 1. to fuel 2. to the tune of 3. to peddle 4. partnership 5. to target
Activity

A. to focus on/ aim at B. collaboration; cooperation C. to make something worse by providing more D. to the quantity (amount/sum) of E. to sell (usually illegally)

Drug Slang

This area of criminal sub-culture has produced a lot of slang expressions, some dating back to the early years of the 20th Century. Unscramble the letters to get the right answers an addict: JNKIUE heroin: SOHRE L.S.D.: DIAC to buy drugs: to CORES to inject drugs: IXF drug dealer: SHREUP amphetamines: "Uppers and OWDSNER"
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English for Modern Policing marijuana: DEWE / SARGS to overdose: D.O. cocaine: WNOS crystallised cocaine: RACKC taking LSD: (go on a RPIT / take a RPIT) to be addicted: to have a NOMEKY on your back to come off drugs: to go LDOC RKEYUT no longer using drugs: LECAN to be under the influence of drugs at that moment: HGIH or TONESD You may know songs which warn of the danger of drugs a well-known old song is Needle of Death by Bert Jansch or a song Sam Stone about an American Vietnam veteran who became addicted during the war. Other songs may seem to glorify the use of drugs and most people say that, for example, Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds by the Beatles is a song about the pleasant side of L.S.D. Other songs came from the hippy period, such as Eight Miles High by the Byrds or Mr Tambourine Man by Bob Dylan, but more modern groups like Alice Cooper, Nirvana or Marilyn Manson have allusions to drug use. Perhaps it would be interesting to look at the words of some songs to identify the references. CRACK COCAINE

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UNIT 14

CRIMINOLOGY
Read about this case from October 2002 and consider the questions that follow. Man Jailed For Killing Burglar
A man who stabbed a burglar 12 times has been jailed for five years for manslaughter. Barry-Lee Hastings, 25, knifed Roger Williams after finding him inside his home. He mistook a crowbar in Williams's hand for a machete, but the judge said Hastings had gone too far and his actions were not justified. Hastings, of Wood Green, North London, was found guilty of manslaughter last month and remanded for reports. His family shouted "This country stinks" as he was led away and said later they would appeal. His mother Patricia said outside court: "I am shocked. This is not justice." Hastings had told the court he picked up a knife from the kitchen to scare the intruder after finding the front door had been forced. He said Mr Williams came running down the stairs and attacked him with what he took to be a machete and the fight spilled outside. The court heard that Mr Williams had many previous convictions for burglary and was on the run from police. After sentencing, Hastings' solicitor Anthony Branley said: "Mr Hastings feels it is unjust and it does not reflect the terrifyingly impossible position in which he found himself." His comments were backed by supporters of farmer Tony Martin who was jailed for shooting dead a burglar in his home. Terence Ewing said the fiveyear sentence which the farmer was now serving had set a precedent. Martin was initially jailed for life in 1999 for shooting 16-year-old burglar Fred Barras at his farm in Norfolk. The sentence was later cut to five years when the conviction was reduced to manslaughter.
Activity

1. Which of these are the main issues? reasonable self-defence criminal activities as a way of life preventing violent crime miscarriages of justice control of firearms 2. Who is the criminal in these cases? Who is the victim? 3. If someone is confronted by a criminal act what are reasonable responses?
Activity

Discussion

Why is it necessary to criminalize certain types of behaviour? Law is a form of social control, a coercive, governmental solution. What are the factors which make governments "manufacture" crimes and the necessary legislation? How would you comment on the utterance: Deviance is in the eye of the beholder? Some people regard the definitional problem as one of the most important tasks in criminology. Which would be your off-hand definition of crime? Can you account for the variety of criteria (i.e. biological, social, psychological, even nutritionist or allergy-related etc.) in establishing a persons guilt?
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Activity

Read the text

Blunkett Orders Increase in Tagging - Prisoners to be Released Early to Ease Overcrowding Jeevan Vasagar The Guardian March 2002 Hundreds of prisoners convicted of nonviolent crimes will be released up to two months early in an attempt to ease overcrowding which has pushed the jail population close to crisis levels. David Blunkett yesterday referred to the Strangeways prison riot as a warning of what can happen when jails reach bursting point as he announced a big extension of the electronic tagging scheme. The home secretary said one of the reasons for the measure was to "help us manage the prison population by reducing overcrowding". The prison population of England and Wales has reached 70,197, close to the maximum capacity of 71,800. More space in prisons is urgently needed as a crackdown on street crime is launched next month. Some prison governors have been reluctant to free inmates early, under what is officially known as home detention curfew, because of fears they would be blamed if the prisoner reoffended. From May, governors will be expected to release prisoners serving between three and 12 months for the last 60 days of their sentence. There would have to be "compelling reasons" not to release them on the tagging programme, Mr Blunkett said. Up to 1,350 prisoners, including burglars, fraudsters and minor drug offenders, are expected to be tagged and released on top of the 1,800 already on curfew. More than 44,000 prisoners have been released wearing tags in the last three years and less than 2% have reoffended during the remainder of their sentence, Mr Blunkett said. Prisoners convicted of violent, sexual or serious drugs crimes will not be eligible for tagging. "If anyone watching, reporting or listening today seriously believes that a further exponential rise in the prison population for short-term prison sentences and first time offenders is the way to ensure our safety then they are sorely deluded," Mr Blunkett said. He hinted at the possible consequences of allowing jail overcrowding to get worse, by alluding to the riot at Strangeways prison in Manchester in 1990. Mr Blunkett's announcement came the day after a Downing Street summit to address the crisis in street crime, and on the day that a Guardian/ICM poll showed that voters' fear of crime had triggered a Tory revival. After a week in which tabloid front pages have been dominated by pictures of teenage criminals in "lawless Britain", the home secretary's speech was littered with irritable attacks on national newspapers. Mr Blunkett said he felt "bewilderment" on the debate going on around him. He added: "It's time people grew up in this country and helped me." Speaking to a London conference on prisons and probation, the home secretary also announced that he would appoint a commissioner for victims in order to "give victims a voice". For years the public has seen the entire system as being on the side of offenders, not victims. Victims of crime are still, too often, treated with indifference or with disrespect. I am not having that", he concluded.
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UNIT 14 Criminology
Activity

4 5

Discuss with a partner the merits and demerits of a tagging system. What political aspects are evident in the text?
Activity

Read the text carefully and think about how the concept of crime has developed. The Relativity of Crime The concept of crime varies with time and place. At the beginning of recorded history when there was no official definition, criminal acts were reciprocated by acts of private vengeance. Justice was left to the concerned individuals with no third party acting as a mediator. In time, individual justice making evolved into the more generic blood revenge. Family feuds involved the administration of unspecified punishments by the victims family/tribe against the offenders kinship. Under that system, crime and punishment were not typically codified. The concepts of crime and criminal law developed with the beginning of the state or monarchy. At an early stage, only crimes directed against the monarch were criminalized. In the due course of events, the notion of collective state responsibility and financial compensation acted to eliminate blood feuds. As a consequence, the state through the rulers authority assumed the administration of justice by defining crimes, codifying laws, establishing fines, and implementing the jury system.
adapted from Mannle, Henry W. and Hirshel, J.David -Fundamentals of Criminology (Prentice Hall NJ, 2nd edition, 1988)

What is Criminology? Try to explain the diagram to your partner

CRIMINOLOGY

criminology of criminal law etiology (the study of causes) criminalistics (the analysis of physical evidence)

penology (methods of correcting/treating criminal behaviour) Relate the cases at the beginning of the unit to these conceptual areas.
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English for Modern Policing # Exercise 1 Give the appropriate ending to each sentence. 1. All too often, the layperson thinks of a criminologist as one who 2. What constitutes crime varies 3. Anyone with an interest in studying the criminal mind 4. Sociology 5. Criminologists are often indistinguishable from criminal justice specialists (a separate, but related discipline) 6. Social reaction theorists study things like a. "adopted" or dominated criminology for most of the latter part of the twentieth century. b. in that they both study characteristics of society's capacity for criminal behaviour. c. media glamorization of crime or the moral boundaries by which communities tolerate or do not tolerate deviance in their midst. d. from culture to culture, and from time to time. e. appears at the scene of the crime with a magnifying glass and a substance that picks up latent fingerprints. f. may be involved, regardless of whether their speciality is in anthropology, economics, political science, psychology or sociology.
Activity

Comment on the following assertion:

Physique does not cause crime

# Exercise 2

Prejudice or Fact?

The following sentences exemplify empirical ways of putting people into a box. Find out which they were by inserting the correct verb (and verb form). Use: to accuse, to mistrust, to incline, to reflect, to consider, to view a. Disfigurements have often been .. to characterize people of an evil disposition. b. A Greek scientist found Socrates skull and facial features to be typical of a person .. towards alcoholism and brutality. c. Through the ages, disabilities or distinguishing physical characteristics, i.e. a hunchback or an infirmity or even long hair, were .. with ill-will and suspicion. d. Ancient Greeks and Romans .. redheads to such an extent that actors impersonating negative characters wore red wigs. e. In the Middle Ages, if two people were .. of the same criminal act, the law indicated that the uglier was the more likely to be guilty. f. The belief that criminality is inborn, not made, is .. in many types of writings, from scientific studies to literature. Although criminology today takes an integrated approach to crime, it is useful to include a section devoted to the classical school of criminology.

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UNIT 14 Criminology # Exercise 3 Historical Hints Complete the text with the appropriate words from the box. against critical even so innate claims at leading influential with far lay to account for at least criminality over time victims products living Cesare Lombroso was an Italian physician, psychiatrist and (1) criminologist, who caused a sensation with the publication in 1876 of his book L'uomo delinquente. (Criminal Man). In this work, Lombroso employed Darwinian ideas of evolution to account for criminal behaviour. Measuring the heads of (2) .. and executed criminals (3) .. the skulls of apes, prehistoric humans and what he and his contemporaries saw as 'primitive' peoples, Lombroso concluded that criminals were in fact (4) .. of atavism. Lombroso believed that his theory of atavistic (5) .. had clear implications for the prevention and punishment of crime. Not all of Lombroso's contemporaries were inclined to accept his (6).. (7) .. the biological basis of criminality. In many circles, his ideas met (8) .. concerted opposition. (9) .., Lombroso had his admirers throughout Europe, and his theory of atavism captured the imagination of middle class writers and readers. (10).., Lombroso gradually came to think that social factors were also significant in disposing people to criminal behaviour. Even so, he still believed that (11) .. forty percent of criminals were prisoners of their biological inheritance. Opposition to Lombroso . These ideas were (12).. from universally accepted. Even though they were embraced by several (13) .. British academics, most were sceptical. French delegates (14) .. the 1889 International Congress of Criminal Anthropology were likewise (15) They believed the origins of crime (16) .... in social conditions rather than in (17) .... tendencies.
Activity

Pair work Although the atavistic theory of deviance is outdated, for the sake of argument, try to think about and describe a notorious criminal. Do any of the criteria on the Lombrosian checklist apply to the character you have chosen? STIGMATA RELATED TO AN ATAVISTIC CRIMINAL
- DEVIATION IN HEAD SIZE AND SHAPE FROM TYPE COMMON TO RACE AND REGION FROM WHICH THE CRIMINAL CAME - ASYMMETRY OF THE FACE - EYE DEFECTS AND PECULIARITIES - EXCESSIVE DIMENSIONS OF THE JAW AND CHEEK BONES - EARS OF UNUSUAL SIZE, OR OCCASIONALLY VERY SMALL OR STANDING OUT FROM THE HEAD AS DO THOSE OF THE CHIMPANZEE - NOSE TWISTED, UPTURNED, OR FLATTENED IN THIEVES, OR AQUILINE OR BEAK-LIKE IN MURDERERS OR WITH A TIP RISING LIKE A PEAK - LIPS FLESHY, SWOLLEN & PROTRUDING

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- POUCHES IN THE CHEEK LIKE THOSE OF SOME ANIMALS - PECULIARITIES OF THE PALATE, SUCH AS ARE FOUND IN SOME REPTILES, AND CLEFT PALATE - CHIN RECEDING OR EXCESSIVELY LONG, OR SHORT AND FLAT, AS IN APES - ABNORMAL DENTITION - ABUNDANCE AND VARIETY OF WRINKLES - ANOMALIES OF THE HAIR - EXCESSIVE LENGTH OF ARMS - "EXTRA" FINGERS AND TOES

Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909) searched for physical characteristics that were common to criminals and declared that he had discovered 'the criminal man.' Although Lombroso's findings have been invalidated, some research still continues into biological theories of crime.

Activity

Victims and Perpetrators: A Sociological Approach

Use the data below to identify the persons and their association with various crimes. Work with a partner to exchange ideas.
A. Pat Jordan age 35, served 10 years; charged with LSD sales C. Dorothea Helen Gray born January 9th, 1929 in Redlands, California; charged with multiple murder and forgery E. Timothy McVeigh born April 23,1968, guilty of terrorist attack on Oklahoma Municipal Building, killing about 140 people B. Melinda George age 27, serving 99 years; charged with sale of 1/10 gram of cocaine D. Donald Scott, innocent; age 42 at the time of his death at his home in Malibu, CA. on October 2, 1992; killed by the narcotics task force F. Vera Martin, murder victim, died at age 62

a. "I pray someone will show me some mercy and give me a second chance at life. I'd like to have children someday." b. Prison's no place for an innocent child There's no room for the meek, no room for the mild.[] Grant me one prayer as you did from the cross For that thief who knew that his life was a loss.[] Broken and penitent, forgotten and lost on the ash heap of regret where my life was tossed. I've no other place left on this earth Remember me O Lord! Renew me by birth. Come to this prison, enter my cell Save me, forgive me, in this man-made hell.
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UNIT 14 Criminology c. That we can learn a lot about a man from the books and films he chooses is borne out by our character. One of his favorite books was The Turner Diaries written by former American Nazi Party leader William L. Pierce, under the pen name Andrew Macdonald. Its hero Earl Turner responds to gun control by making a truck bomb and blowing up the Washington FBI Building. d. Post mortem examination of the seven bodies found in the yard revealed large concentrations of the drug Flurazepam or Dalmane, as it is commercially known. Police later found dozens of prescriptions for the drug among personal papers of the accused. As the investigation progressed, detectives discovered that she had cashed over sixty benefit checks belonging to the deceased after their deaths. e. The government is afraid of the guns people have because they have to have control of the people at all times. Once you take away the guns, you can do anything to the people. f. Throughout her life, she was a devoted mother to her three children. However, when her husband died, her children turned on her, forcing her to sell her home and all her possessions. Destitute through no fault of her own, she moved into a boarding house and was never seen again. g. A millionaire who owned 250 acres of breathtakingly beautiful land that was adjacent to federal parklands. Attempts had been made by the federal authorities to buy the property, but he was not interested in selling. Claims that there might be pot (marijuana) growing on the land, made by agents who did aerial surveillance, were used to get a search warrant. An official inquiry suggested that agents had hoped this raid would lead to asset forfeiture of the property. The coroner's report listed the cause of death as homicide. No marijuana was found. He did not even smoke it. In January, 2000, his family won a $5 million wrongful death settlement from the government over the shooting. h. In 1946, she married for the first time but was widowed two years later when her husband died of a heart attack. Alone and in desperate need of money, she tried forging checks. Eventually she was caught and sent to jail for a year but was paroled after six months. Soon after her release, she fell pregnant to a man she hardly knew and gave birth to a baby girl which she gave up for adoption. [] In 1960 she was arrested in a brothel. She claimed she was just visiting a friend but was given ninety days in Sacramento County Jail. [] As time went on she became involved in various illegal activities that gradually became more serious and would probably have landed her in jail for a longer term had she not found work as a nurses aid, caring for the disabled and elderly in private homes. i. We should not have to ask the government for permission to put what we choose in our own bodies, nor should we need the state's fiat to buy and sell these things. Our homes and ourselves should be inviolate. We are not the property of the state, that it should protect us from ourselves. j. He was so into firearms that he answered the question What do you want to be when you grow up? with gun shop owner.
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English for Modern Policing k. She preferred older men, preferably those who were receiving benefits. They, in turn, were attracted to her snappy clothes and warm, caring manner. Her system was simple; she would win her victims over with her charms, steal their benefit checks and cash them by forging their signatures. l. We might remember that the War on Drugs is a new phenomenon. I reflect much on this as I sit in prison until the next century for a crime that did not exist at the beginning of this one. There was no drug prohibition in the 19th century.
Activity

The Criminal Mind

Read these specialist opinions and discuss with your partner. Sigmund Freud , the founder of psychoanalysis, suggested that criminality may result from an overactive conscience. When treating patients, Freud noticed that many of those who were suffering from unbearable guilt (of a non-criminal kind) went ahead and committed crimes in order to be apprehended and punished.He also suggested that criminal behaviour depends on an insatiable need for immediate reward and gratification. For more information, have a look at Sigmund Freud - A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis, NY:Liveright, 1920 From guilt to anger Criminals are angry people who feel a sense of superiority, expect not to be held accountable for their acts and have a highly inflated selfimage. Adapted from Samuel Yochelson and Stanton Samenow The Criminal Personality, NY: Jason Aronson, 1976 A social perspective is highlighted in Adler "A criminal is not interested in others. He can cooperate only to a certain degree. When this degree is exhausted, he turns to crime. or Crime is a coward's imitation of heroism. See Alfred Adler -"Individual Psychology and Crime," in The Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology, London, Routledge & Kegan, 1925. "The unsocial individual will look for an a-social solution to regain self-respect. An interesting collection to consult Adde Davidson (ed.) - The Collected Works of Lydia Sicher: An Adlerian Perspective, QED Press, 1992

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UNIT 14 Criminology
Activity

10

Writing

Before writing, work with a partner to plan your essay. What makes a perpetrator tick, psychologically? Write an essay (no longer than 150 words) based on the specialists opinions quoted above. Consider what has influenced their lives up to the time of the criminal offence. Think about factors that shape personality, both positive and negative. Think about how normal people adjust to their society and how criminal personalities develop. Can people become criminals against their will?

Activity

11

Role Play

Imagine being a criminals psychoanalyst. Choose a fellow student to be your patient. You may use the following prompts and any more of your own in building up your dialogue: perpetrator doctor

- has lost his touch - is insomniac - fears younger competition - shows empathy with the victim - prone to depression confidentiality

- wants to give sound advice without helping him too effectively - prospective father-in-law is a prominent judge - bound by oath of patient

There are comedies about Mafia gang bosses "going soft" and seeking psychiatric help. Would this ever happen in reality?

Activity

12

The Slang Lesson

There are many slang expressions in the world of crime. Here are some examples of how to refer to lawbreakers:

perp (short for: perpetrator), operator, made man (US: member of the Mafia), parking-meter thief (petty thief), trigger man (hit man), JD (juvenile delinquent), MINS (US jail slang: Minor in Need of Supervision), shut eyes (child molester), firebug (arsonist)KG (known gambler)

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Activity

13

Explain the following in your own words.

It is only when a system of cultural values extols [] certain common symbols of success for the population at large while its social structure rigorously restricts or completely eliminates access to approved modes of acquiring these symbols for a considerable part of the same population, that antisocial behaviour ensues on a considerable scale. Robert K. Merton Social Structure and Anomie ASR, 3. 1938

Activity

14

Career Criminals and their Victims

Read the texts carefully Alvin Karpis: Pursuit of the Last Public Enemy (1) Alvin Karpis was a career criminal from the age of ten. Growing up in Topeka, Kansas, he started out running errands for petty gamblers, pimps and bootleggers, saying later, I just naturally liked the action. Jumping ahead fifty yearsafter serving thirty-three years in prison he summed up his crime career: (2) My profession was robbing banks, knocking off payrolls, and kidnapping rich men. I was good at it. Maybe the best in North America for five years from 1931-1936". (3) Karpis and Fred Barker had met in a Kansas prison. When they both were free in 1931, the gang began to develop. At first, there were night time burglaries of various shops, like jewelry and clothing stores, but soon they moved into daylight bank robberies. The participants were almost always Fred Barker and Karpis. Then, depending on the conditions and requirements of the targeted bank, there was an informal underworld workforce of experienced thieves and stickup men from which the remaining crew was selected - resembling todays Temporary Help agencies! (4) The friendship between Karpis and Fred Barker, who shared an organized, planned approach to each job, helped the gang to be so prolific and earn them so much money that they lost count of the grand total. In 1932 alone, they robbed eleven banks that Karpis - who had a nearly perfect photographic memory - could recall offhand. (5) Consider what the fluctuating, part-time members of the gang represented to the FBI and potential prosecutors; they had to sort through several aliases trying to find matches with particular (but not all) crimes known to be perpetrated by the Barker-Karpis mob. Not only were there multiple crimes across many states, but also several suspects using numerous aliaseseven the informants co-operating with the FBI may not have known the offenders correct name. On one occasion, Karpis and another contemporary gangster boss, Fred Hunter, were both using the same alias (King) simultaneously.
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UNIT 14 Criminology (6) This was long before the computerized instant identifications available today which can sort and match the aliases, eyewitness testimony, fingerprints, photos, etc. in seconds and reach automated conclusions about which suspects committed certain crimes. Also, surveillance cameras in the 1930s banks were non-existent. It actually may have been easier to track Karpis and Barker because they were more recognizable due to their notoriety and were full-time robbers, whereas the other gang members came and went. (7) Karpis pointed out several times in his autobiography the charges and even convictions levelled at other outlaws for crimes the Barker-Karpis bunch actually committed. Some of these arrests/convictions were supported by eyewitness testimony - well meant, but incorrect. (8) The use of multiple aliases resulted in the FBI departing on incredibly time-consuming wild goose chases, pursuing leads on possible gang members, or people that might have had a fleeting role in the Karpis-Barker gang. On one occasion at least, the search was for a person already dead - Doc Moran. He was a real doctor who had performed gruesome fingerprint removal operations on Fred Barker and Karpis. His downfall came when the two patients found out that he was telling hookers about his unusual medical skills. When he vanished, Barker's comment was: We shot the son of a bitch; anybody who talks to whores is too dangerous to live. (9) In early 1936, FBI files recorded the pursuit of Doc Morans "ghost" and their attempts to track down a con man named William Mead to determine if he was a Barker Karpis kidnapping conspirator he wasnt. This represented approximately 15%-20% of an FBI file, as Mead had used no less than twenty-five aliases. (10) In 1931, when the gang started forming, Alvin Karpis was twenty-three years old, Fred Barker thirty, and FBI director J.Edgar Hoover, who was to become the personal nemesis of Karpis, was thirty-six. Hoover had been appointed Director of the Bureau seven years earlier. (11) During 1931-1933, the Barker-Karpis gang successfully looted banks at such a rapid pace, it became routine. As part of the planning and strategy for each bank, the gang tried to carry more firepower than they anticipated the police would have. The machine guns came from either a connection in New York or the gang members walked into a rural police station after midnight and told the officer on duty, at gunpoint, they wanted the machine guns. In other words, armed robberies of police stations. (12) Their operational area was the Midwest, and they shuttled back and forth among St. Paul, Chicago, Toledo, and Cleveland. Other secondary cities they hit were Reno, Kansas City, Tulsa. As the heat became more intense, beginning in 1934, Hot Springs, Cuba, Florida, New Orleans and East Texas were targeted. (13) They followed the old fugitive adage of continuously shifting locations. As Karpis stated in his autobiography, It wasnt good for our nerves to spend too much time in the same few rooms. Give your comment on Karpiss view on his potential career development. Point out the various aspects the occupations mentioned might have in common or diverge from what you know.

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English for Modern Policing In another set of circumstances, I might have turned out to be a top lawyer or a big-time businessman or made it to any high position that demanded brains and style, and a cool, hard way of handling yourself. Certainly I could have held the highest job in any line of police detection work. I out-thought and defeated enough cops and G-men to recognize that I was more knowledgeable about crime than any of them - including the number-one guy, J. Edgar Hoover of the FBI. # Exercise 4 True or false?

1. Karpis and Barker met in a Kansas prison. 2. The two ex-cons used to carefully plan each operation 3. Both had a nearly perfect photographic memory. 4. The FBI had trouble in sorting through a large number of aliases. 5. On one occasion, Barker and Hunter were simultaneously using the same alias (King). 6. Surveillance cameras in banks were very primitive at the time. 7. Doc Moran had performed fingerprint removal operations on major gang members. 8. The statement: Anybody who talks to whores is too dangerous to live is meant to justify Moran's murder. 9. The machine guns for the operations were often provided by robbing urban police stations. 10. Karpis died in prison. # Exercise 5 Give the correct definition for the lexical items in the text. 1. to perpetrate means 2. to recall offhand means 3. petty means 4. alias means a) to break and enter b) to commit a crime c) to infiltrate a) to discreetly call somebody b) to effortlessly remind c) to remember spontaneously a) in ruins a) codename b) minor b) aka c) shabby c) stagename b) to forge c) to steal

5. to knock off payrolls means 6. memo means 7. nemesis is/means

a) to reduce the value of

a) mnemonic device

b) written note c) list of priorities

a) short for: Nemo est heres viventis b) punitive measure c) agent of vengeance a) to move something with a lever b) to equalize c) to charge someone or accuse him/her of something a) to rapidly change locations b) to travel between A and B and back c) to shift gear

8. to level something at means 9. to shuttle back and forth means

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Activity

15

Would-Be Victims

Discussion

- Why does a particular person fall victim to a violent crime? - Some people are simply in the wrong place at the wrong time, others are chosen randomly and some victims are deliberately targeted. - Profilers rely heavily on victimology a complete history of the victim in their approach to classifying, analyzing and solving a violent crime. Determining why a victim was targeted often gives investigators the motive, which can then lead to the offender. - "We have to answer the why before we can move on to the who," is how former FBI profiler Clint Van Zandt expressed it. - When someone becomes a victim, virtually everything about that person's life takes on significance.

Activity

16

Before reading the texts, discuss with a partner the (lifestyle) factors that are important for these people as potential victims: a) a banker in a small town in the USA b) a big-city pimp c) an independent prostitute in a medium-sized town d) a female jogger who runs alone e) a gay-bar owner f) an insurance salesman g) a petrol-station attendant Try and think of other not so obvious victims where the lifestyle factors are highly significant. Now read the information carefully. Before trying to ascertain who the killer might be, the profiler examines the lifestyle of the victim in considerable detail. The "Crime Classification Manual," based on data compiled by members of the FBI's National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime and other professionals, suggests that a history of the victim include: lifestyle, personality, family, friends, marital status, dating habits, leisure activities, employment, income, transportation, disabilities, dress, criminal history, alcohol and drug use or abuse, reputation, habits, fears, assertiveness, likes and dislikes, and activities and significant events prior to the crime. Somewhere on that list, there may be something that exposed a person to being singled out as a target.
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English for Modern Policing

One of the most important elements of crime analysis is risk assessment was this person at low or high risk of becoming a victim? Certain lifestyle variables raise or lower vulnerability to violent crime. Those at high risk are typically people whose lifestyles and environments expose them to violence. A high-risk victim might be a prostitute who works in a neighborhood where drugs and crime are very common and the population transient. At low risk would be a housewife living in a nice residential neighborhood who stays home with her children and doesn't go out much at night, other than to dinner or a movie with family and friends. Investigators determine what type of perpetrator would enter these environments to find that particular victim- even if , by chance! Consider, too, the risk factor for the perpetrator Authorities also consider the level of risk taken by the offender in the commission of the crime daylight is more of a gamble than night, a busy street more risky than an isolated underground car park or wooded area. The predator who attacks a prostitute would likely be comfortable, rather than fearful, in a district with a criminal element. He may well be familiar with the neighbourhood. A housewife's attacker could be someone she knows, or she may be a victim of opportunity. If not, authorities want to know who was in the area, in addition to people with a reason to be there. If she was specifically targeted, where did the subject first notice her and how much planning did the perpetrator need for the crime?

Profiling includes interpreting the offender's behavior and interaction with the victim. Victimsboth living and dead- can provide invaluable information about their attackers. A dead victim can offer physical evidence and information about the type of confrontation and assault that took place. What can be ascertained is whether the killer used just enough force to subdue and then subsequently to kill the victim. Or did he torture and brutalized her/him because her/his pain brought him pleasure. In serial crimes, the victim's appearance can indicate the offender's preferences he may prey on children, blonde women, nurses or gay men. The signature aspect of the crime, perhaps posing or mutilating the victim's body, helps profilers determine the killer's fantasies and gain insight into the way his mind works.

# Exercise 6 Profiling Each paragraph has a sentence or part of a sentence removed (). From the box below the text, identify where to put the missing parts. A. Various aspects of the attack itself and the rapist's interaction with the victim () Rapists differ in motive and treatment of their victims. Often, a small idiosyncrasy can link the attacker to a series of rapes.
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UNIT 14 Criminology B. In sexual assaults, the account of a living victim () and link the offender to other crimes." It can give us a window into his personality, his demeanor, his triggers," says Ann W. Burgess, a forensic nurse who has co-authored books and articles with FBI profilers. C. Did he gain access by striking up a friendly conversation ()? Was the duration of the rape quick or prolonged? Did the level of aggression escalate in response to the victim's pleas or actions? D. During a rape, interaction between the offender and victim usually includes a verbal exchange. () The rapist may use vulgar and abusive language, or he may fantasize that he's the woman's lover and pay her compliments. He may also do what is known as scripting, meaning he'll tell the victim what he wants her to say. E. Burgess recalls a rape in which the victim was stabbed, tortured and nearly killed. When it was over, rather than just pull up his pants and leave, the rapist turned his back to the victim before getting dressed. () E. In a case described by Van Zandt, a victim's account provided information that allowed authorities to anticipate the rapist's return. It was evident that the woman's attacker had really enjoyed the experience (). FBI profilers believed the predator Maryland's so-called "crossbow rapist" - would come back, and suggested a phone tap. The rapist called, the victim played along and her attacker was picked up, still at the payphone. The rapist's trademark Ninja outfit and the crossbow he used to threaten his victims were found in the trunk of his car at the time of his arrest. Use the sentences or parts of the sentences to fill the gaps in the texts. 1. Though his behavior had been very bold during the rape, it was almost modest afterwards. 2. The tone of that verbal encounter is helpful to investigators. 3. can shed light on the rapists personality 4. because shed been so compliant a response that fed into his fantasy 5. or break into her home and put a pillow-case over her head 6. can help authorities classify the type of rapist

VICTIMOLOGY Criminological subdiscipline concerned with the role of the victim in a criminal instance and in the criminal scenario (procedures, trial, sentencing etc.)

Did you know that the term victimology was coined by the Romanian lawyer Benjamin Mendelsohn, in 1947? This was inspired by an article on the topic, written in 1941 by Hans von Hentig, a German Nazi-persecuted scientist, who authored the first textbook in the field The Criminal and His Victim (1948).
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English for Modern Policing # Exercise 7 Strangeways Prison Riot This is based on a real incident in 1990 which acted as a landmark event in recent British penal history. Listen to the news broadcast and complete the information Choose one answer only for each question. Circle the appropriate letter 1. The riot is in a) the second day b) the fourth day c) the first day

2. The situation is described as

a) getting under control b) improving slightly c) worsening

3. The reporter says that prisoners are visible on the roof of a) the gymnasium b) the kitchen complex c) the chapel 4. Riot police had moved in a) to facilitate the firemens work b) before the fire in the complex started c) after firemen had controlled the blaze a) from the gymnasium blaze b) from uncertain sources c) from other fires in the complex a) confirmed reports of the casualties b) announced 11 deaths and fifty wounded c) not made an official statement of the casualties a) half of the prisoners are at large in the prison b) more than half of the prisoners have been transferred to other prisons c) are on the roof of the building a) have barricaded themselves into cellblocks b) have barricaded themselves into the prison hospital block c) have barricaded themselves into the administration block a) when a religious service was taking place b) when the prisoners were in the recreation area c) when the overcrowding was first noticed a) as many as four prisoners more than should be there b) all men in isolated confinement leading to depression c) more than twice the number who should be there

5. Smoke which the reporter can see is

6. The Home Office has

7. It is estimated that

8. One group of prisoners

9. The riot began

10. Cells sometimes hold

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UNIT 14 Criminology 11. Other complaints of the prisoners about conditions mention a) no rehabilitation programmes b) too few educational visits and opportunities c) too few visits and exercise opportunities 12. Reports state that a) the police are anticipating a worsened situation b) the police have used tear-gas and firearms c) the police have so far contained the riot satisfactorily

Activity

17

Penal Issues

Discuss with a partner. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Every prisoner has a right to humane and dignified treatment in prison. Every prisoner should be allowed recreation, exercise and appropriate visits. Overcrowding is an issue which should not occur in a modern penal system. Prisoners should have elected or selected representatives to uphold their rights. Prison staff should have good training, regular refresher courses, psychological checks and other measures to reduce stress and ensure a balanced approach to their work. In the Strangeways riot, we can assume that the prisoners had complained many times before they actually started rioting. Why were there so many deaths among the prisoners in this riot? Which direction do you think is preferable the tougher, harder, more physical prison regime for prisoners with emphasis on punishment, atonement for their deeds and learning the error of their ways or the more individual approach with opportunities for education, meaningful if limited work, recreation and rehabilitation? At a more basic level, what would realistically be the ideal prison cell consider design, facilities, possessions allowed, obligations of the prisoner etc.

9.

# Exercise 8 Lay Visitors Use the words given to find out about this particular aspect of the English criminal justice system. reforms detainee serious detention involvement unannounced consent welfare advocated variety upper excluded

After (1) ____________ street riots in 1981, Lord Justice Scarman produced a report with (2)____________ and recommendations relating to police conduct and (3) ___________ of suspects in custody. He (4) _______________a system where members of the public from local communities would have the right to visit detainees in police custody. However, it has not been made a legal right and is a process carried out through mutual (5)________________ with the lay visitor, the police and the (6) _________________ all agreeing. Lay visitors are independent members of the local community who visit police stations (7) ________________ to check on the (8) __________________ of people who are in police
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English for Modern Policing custody. They come from a (9) __________________ of backgrounds and sections of the community. They must be over 18 but the (10) _______________ age limit varies from area to area. They must have no direct or indirect (11) _________________ with the criminal justice system, for example, magistrates, former or serving police officers or special constables. Other persons may have to be (12) _________________ because of their direct link to the criminal justice system, for example, solicitors or probation officers. Volunteers apply via an application form, then (13) ______________ an interview. Successful applicants receive further training and share experiences with other lay visitors. # Exercise 9 What Happens When a Lay Visit is Made? Complete the sentences with an appropriate verb in a form of the passive. 1. Lay visitors are impartial. They merely look, listen and report on what ____________ to them. 2. On arrival at the police station, lay visitors ______________ to the custody area. 3. Detainees ________________ only by custody number to ensure confidentiality. 4. Interviews _______________ within sight but out of hearing of a police officer. 5. Occasionally, lay visitors _______________ access to a detainee for safety reasons. 6. A report ____________________ for each visit and copies of the report __________________ for the police, the police authorities and the Home Office. 7. In this way, information _________________ on the environmental and welfare conditions of detainees. 8. All details of what _________________ or heard must ________________ in confidence, but lay visitors ___________________ to report their findings to their local police and community consultative group at an appropriate time. Some "lay visitor" schemes have been started in Romania. Discuss the possibilities for their success.

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