Al b a n i a

SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 3 172 000 Population 15+ years: 74% Population in urban areas: 46% Income group (World Bank): Lower-middle income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

1% 47%
SPIRITS

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612005 20 Litres of pure alcohol

Change in data source from 2000

OTHER

33%
BEER

15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

19%
WINE

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002005 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 4.6 2.1 6.7 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005: INCREASE
STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

6 4 2 0 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2005
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers*
* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Females Total Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 2.72% Females 0.67%

No information available
ALL CAUSE MORTALITY
Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1) 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F 2005 M F

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females

No information available

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 18 / 18 / 18 18 / 18 / 18 No / No No / No / No 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.05 Yes / Yes No / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded tourist) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2

4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

A n d o rra
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 74 000 Population 15+ years: 86% Population in urban areas: 93% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612006 20 Litres of pure alcohol

25%
SPIRITS

31%
BEER

15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

44%
WINE

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002006 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 14.1 1.4 15.5 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:

20 15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year 2004 2005 2006

No

INCREASE STABLE available information DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2002
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 17.2% 14.8% 32.0% Females 30.8% 25.2% 56.0% Total 23.5% 20.0% 43.5%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 4.25% Females 1.00%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F 2005 M F

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females 24.99 27.71 20.40 Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

No information available

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) No / No / No 18 / 18 / 18 18 / 18 / 18 No / Yes & No Yes / Yes / No 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.02 No / No No / No

* (Recorded + unrecorded tourist) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

2 3 4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

Arme n i a
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 3 010 000 Population 15+ years: 80% Population in urban areas: 64% Income group (World Bank): Lower-middle income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

3%
WINE BEER SPIRITS

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612005

Change in data source from 2000

Litres of pure alcohol

9% 82%
OTHER

6%

20 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002005 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 10.1 1.3 11.4 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005: INCREASE
STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2005
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 6.7% 9.3% 16.0% Females 30.8% 25.2% 56.0% Total 20.6% 18.1% 38.7%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 1.94% Females 0.22%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F 2005 M F

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females 18.34 24.42 12.05 Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

No information available

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes No / No / No No / No / No No / Yes & No Yes / No / No 0.04 / 0.04 / 0.04 Yes / No No / No

* (Recorded + unrecorded tourist) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

3 4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

A u str i a
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 8 327 000 Population 15+ years: 84% Population in urban areas: 66% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

2% 13%
SPIRITS

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612006 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996

OTHER

Change in data source from 2002

32%
WINE

53%
BEER

2001

2006

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002006 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 12.6 0.6 13.2 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year 2004 2005 2006

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 1993
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 4.8% 6.5% 11.3% Females 8.5% 10.0% 18.5% Total 6.8% 8.3% 15.1%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 3.88% Females 0.90%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F 2002 M F
9.6 6.5

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females 15.71 21.92 9.52 Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

2003 M F
31.8 19.4 8.4 6.4

2004 M F
28.5 18.7 9.6 5.0

2005 M F
28.2 16.2 8.2 4.9

32.5 11.3 31.0 11.1 29.1 21.9 5.9 20.7 6.0 20.1

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / No / Yes Subnational Subnational No / No No / Yes / No 0.05 / 0.01 / 0.01 Yes / Yes No / No

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

2 3 4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

Azerb a i j a n
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 8 406 000 Population 15+ years: 76% Population in urban areas: 52% Income group (World Bank): Lower-middle income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

1% 12%
WINE

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612005 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996

SPIRITS

Change in data source from 2000

87%
BEER

2001

2006

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002005 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 7.3 3.3 10.6 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005: INCREASE
STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

10

0 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2005
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers*
* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Females Total Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 3.45% Females 0.38%

No information available
ALL CAUSE MORTALITY
Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1) 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F 2005 M F

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females

No information available

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes No / No / No No / No / No NA NA ZT No / No NA

* (Recorded + unrecorded tourist) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2

4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion
NA = No information. ZT = Zero tolerance.

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

Be l a ru s
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 9 742 000 Population 15+ years: 85% Population in urban areas: 73% Income group (World Bank): Upper-middle income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612007

Change in data source from 2000

BEER

OTHER

9%
WINE

Litres of pure alcohol

28% 43%
SPIRITS

20%

20 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002007 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 11.2 3.9 15.1 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year 2004 2005 2006 2007

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2005
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 4.7% 6.3% 11.0% Females 17.2% 11.8% 29.0% Total 11.6% 9.4% 21.0%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 11.43% Females 1.69%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F 2002 M F

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females 19.15 27.95 11.30 Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

2003 M F

2004 M F

2005 M F

22.6 11.2 24.7 12.1 29.6 8.0 29.9 7.5

42.9 11.2 44.0 11.2

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 18 / 18 / 18 18 / 18 / 18 Yes & No / Yes & No Yes / No / No 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.05 Yes / No No / No

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2 3

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

B el g i u m
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 10 430 000 Population 15+ years: 83% Population in urban areas: 97% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

6%

<1%
OTHER

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612006 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996

Change in data source from 2002

SPIRITS

37%
WINE

57%
BEER

2001

2006

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002006 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 9.8 1.0 10.8 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year 2004 2005 2006

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2003
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 3.4% 7.7% 11.1% Females 12.5% 7.6% 20.1% Total 8.2% 7.6% 15.8%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 2.03% Females 0.84%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F 2005 M F

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females 12.79 17.54 7.83 Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

No information available

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes No / No / 18 16 / 16 / 18 Yes & No / Yes & No Yes / Yes / No 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.05 Yes / No No / No

* (Recorded + unrecorded tourist) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

2 3 4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

Bo sn ia a n d H e r zegovina
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 3 926 000 Population 15+ years: 83% Population in urban areas: 46% Income group (World Bank): Lower-middle income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612005 20 Litres of pure alcohol

23%
BEER

4%
WINE

15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

73%
SPIRITS

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002005 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 9.6 0.0 9.6 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2003
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 54.2% 15.9% 70.1% Females 84.9% 9.6% 94.5% Total 70.2% 12.6% 82.8%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 5.19% Females 1.23%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F 2005 M F

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 2003 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females, 2003 55.99 60.25 32.98 7.1% 0.0% Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

No information available

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) NA 16 / 16 / 16* 16 / 16 / 16* No* / NA / NA NA 0.03 / 0.03 / 0.03* Yes* / NA NA

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2

4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

* Data refers to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina NA = No information.

B u lg a r i a
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 7 693 000 Population 15+ years: 86% Population in urban areas: 70% Income group (World Bank): Upper-middle income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

<1%
OTHER

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612005 20 Litres of pure alcohol

Change in data source from 2000

45%
SPIRITS

32%
BEER

15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

22%
WINE

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002005 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 11.2 1.2 12.4 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2006
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 8.5% 5.7% 14.2% Females 31.5% 6.7% 38.2% Total 20.5% 6.3% 26.8%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 3.87% Females 0.91%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F
29.4 22.6 6.7 5.8

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females 16.99 22.87 9.25 Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

2002 M F
26.5 20.8 6.7 5.9

2003 M F
25.7 20.0 5.8 5.2

2004 M F
27.2 20.6 6.4 4.7

2005 M F

29.1 19.9

6.8 5.9

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / No / Yes 18 / 18 / 18 18 / 18 / 18 No / Yes & No Yes / Yes / No 0.05 / 0.02 / 0.05 Yes / Yes Yes / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

3 4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

C ro a ti a
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 4 556 000 Population 15+ years: 85% Population in urban areas: 57% Income group (World Bank): Upper-middle income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

1% 15%
SPIRITS

OTHER

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612005 20 Litres of pure alcohol

Change in data source from 2000

37%
BEER

15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

47%
WINE

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002005 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 12.6 2.5 15.1 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2003
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 11.7% 18.3% 30.0% Females 31.3% 22.4% 53.7% Total 22.1% 20.5% 42.6%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 4.88% Females 1.11%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F 2005 M F

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 2003 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females, 2003 26.32 31.98 18.77 14.5% 0.8% Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

53.9 17.0 46.9 13.3 45.7 12.3 38.8 12.8 39.6 10.7 38.8 11.1 26.9 5.2 23.6 5.6 25.2 5.2 29.2 6.9 27.2 5.9 25.6 6.0

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / No / Yes 18 / 18 / 18 18 / 18 / 18 No / Yes & No Yes / Yes / No 0.05 / ZT / ZT Yes / No No / No

* (Recorded + unrecorded tourist) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2

4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion
ZT = Zero tolerance.

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

10

Cypru s
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 846 000 Population 15+ years: 81% Population in urban areas: 69% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

1% 32%
SPIRITS

OTHER

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612005 20 Litres of pure alcohol

Change in data source from 2000

35%
BEER

15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

32%
WINE

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002005 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 8.3 1.0 9.3 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005: INCREASE
STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2005
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers*
* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Females Total Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 2.90% Females 0.00%

No information available
ALL CAUSE MORTALITY
Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)
23.9 8.7

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females

2001 M F

2002 M F

2003 M F

2004 M F
7.9 30.3 3.3 4.9

2005 M F

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) NA 18 / 18 / 18 18 / 18 / 18 NA / Yes NA / No / No 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.05 Yes / No No / No

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

2 3 4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion
NA = No information.

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

11

C zec h R e p u b l i c ( the)
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 10 189 000 Population 15+ years: 86% Population in urban areas: 73% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

3% 24%
SPIRITS

OTHER

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612007 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996

Change in data source from 2000

16%
WINE

57%
BEER

2001

2006

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002007 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 15.0 1.5 16.5 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

20 15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year 2004 2005 2006 2007

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2003
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 2.8% 7.9% 10.7% Females 6.3% 16.7% 23.0% Total 4.6% 12.4% 17.0%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 4.44% Females 0.58%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F
25.5 16.9 8.7 5.4

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 2003 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females, 2003 19.54 26.59 12.36 34.4% 6.0% Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

2002 M F
25.8 17.9 9.0 5.7

2003 M F
26.7 17.1 9.4 5.2

2004 M F
25.3 16.1 8.8 5.0

2005 M F
26.6 15.0 9.3 4.4

25.6 18.8

9.1 5.6

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 18 / 18 / 18 18 / 18 / 18 No / No Yes / Yes / No ZT Yes / No No / No

* (Recorded + unrecorded tourist) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2

4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion
ZT = Zero tolerance.

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

12

D en m a r k
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 5 430 000 Population 15+ years: 81% Population in urban areas: 86% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612006

SPIRITS

Litres of pure alcohol

16% 45% 39%

WINE BEER

20 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002006 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 11.4 2.0 13.4 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year 2004 2005 2006

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2003
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 0.6% 2.5% 3.1% Females 0.9% 7.0% 7.9% Total 0.8% 4.8% 5.6%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 4.12% Females 0.98%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F
20.9 13.9 9.2 4.8

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 2003 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females, 2003 14.38 19.47 8.42 13.5% 4.0% Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

2002 M F

2003 M F

2004 M F

2005 M F

22.1 14.7

8.2 5.9

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 16 / 16 / 16 18 / 18 / 18 Yes & No / Yes Yes / Yes / No 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.05 Yes / Yes No / No

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

3 4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

13

E ston i a
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 1 340 000 Population 15+ years: 85% Population in urban areas: 69% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

2%

OTHER

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612005 20 Litres of pure alcohol

Change in data source from 2000

34%
BEER

15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

57%
SPIRITS

7%
WINE

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002005 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 13.8 1.8 15.6 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005: INCREASE
STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

20 15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2003
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 7.4% 18.6% 26.0% Females 13.6% 17.9% 31.5% Total 10.9% 18.2% 29.1%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 11.09% Females 1.62%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F 2005 M F

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 2003 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females, 2003 21.96 36.06 12.15 21.2% 3.1% Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

30.1 12.0 30.9 18.2 34.5 15.3 29.5 15.8 32.3 14.6 35.3 15.0 31.9 9.1 29.1 8.1 32.9 7.7 26.0 6.0 24.1 6.4 25.0 5.6

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 18 / 18 / 18 18 / 18 / 18 Yes / Yes & No Yes / Yes / No 0.02 / 0.02 / 0.02 Yes / Yes Yes / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded tourist) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2

4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

14

Finland
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 5 261 000 Population 15+ years: 83% Population in urban areas: 61% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

3% 28%
SPIRITS

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612007 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

OTHER

46%
BEER

23%
WINE

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002007 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 9.7 2.8 12.5 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005: INCREASE
STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year 2004 2005 2006 2007

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2000
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 3.3% 5.8% 9.1% Females 10.5% 3.7% 14.2% Total 7.1% 4.7% 11.8%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 6.39% Females 1.17%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F
19.5 14.7 7.0 5.2

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 2000 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females, 2000 14.20 20.55 8.70 16.5% 3.7% Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

2002 M F
21.0 14.2 7.6 4.5

2003 M F
20.4 12.0 6.6 4.7

2004 M F
26.2 12.1 8.5 4.8

2005 M F
27.8 10.2 12.1 3.6

18.1 12.2

6.7 5.1

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 18 / 18 / 20 18 / 18 / 18 Yes / Yes Yes / Yes / No 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.05 Yes / Yes Yes / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2

4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

15

Fran c e
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 61 330 000 Population 15+ years: 82% Population in urban areas: 77% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

1% 20%
SPIRITS

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612005 25

OTHER

Change in data source from 2000

17%
BEER

Litres of pure alcohol

20 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

62%
WINE

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002005 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 13.3 0.4 13.7 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2000
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 1.8% 3.5% 5.3% Females 3.3% 7.1% 10.4% Total 2.6% 5.4% 8.0%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 4.54% Females 1.07%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F
21.3 24.1 7.9 7.5

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 2000 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females, 2000 14.85 21.05 8.79 8.5% 2.1% Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

2002 M F
20.5 23.2 7.7 6.6

2003 M F
20.3 18.9 7.2 5.0

2004 M F
18.2 17.0 6.5 4.7

2005 M F
17.7 16.7 6.5 4.7

21.3 23.9

8.0 7.2

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 18 / 18 / 18 18 / 18 / 18 Yes / Yes Yes / Yes / Yes 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.02 Yes / Yes Yes / No

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

2 3 4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

16

G eo rg i a
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 4 433 000 Population 15+ years: 82% Population in urban areas: 52% Income group (World Bank): Lower-middle income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

<1%

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612005 20 Litres of pure alcohol

OTHER

Change in data source from 2000

18%
BEER

15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

62%
SPIRITS

20%
WINE

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002005 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 3.9 2.5 6.4 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

5 4 3 2 1 0 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2003
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 10.4% 18.3% 28.7% Females 49.6% 20.3% 69.9% Total 31.7% 19.4% 51.1%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 7.44% Females 0.25%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F 2002 M F

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 2003 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females, 2003 13.09 14.81 9.44 27.3% 4.0% Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

2003 M F

2004 M F

2005 M F

38.8 13.8 37.2 11.3 10.4 2.5 15.7 2.8

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 18 / 18 / 18 18 / 18 / 18 No / Yes & No No / No / No 0.02 / 0.02 / 0.02 Yes / Yes Yes / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

3 4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

17

Ge rma n y
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 82 641 000 Population 15+ years: 86% Population in urban areas: 75% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612007 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year
Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

20%
SPIRITS

27%
WINE

53%
BEER

1991

1996

2001

2006

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002007 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 11.8 1.0 12.8 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year 2004 2005 2006 2007

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2000
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 1.3% 2.6% 3.9% Females 2.0% 2.6% 4.6% Total 1.7% 2.6% 4.3%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 4.51% Females 0.88%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F
9.5 4.0

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 2000 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females, 2000 13.39 19.54 7.78 13.6% 2.2% Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

2005 M F
23.2 11.5 9.2 3.6

27.3 11.0 26.1 10.9 26.4 10.7 25.9 10.3 24.2 17.2 5.6 15.7 5.1 15.5 5.0 14.8 4.4 12.9

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 16 / 16 / 18 16 / 16 / 18 No / No No / Yes / No 0.05 / ZT / 0.05 Yes / Yes No / No

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LLEAST RISKY

2 3 4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion
ZT = Zero tolerance.

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

18

G ree c e
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 11 123 000 Population 15+ years: 86% Population in urban areas: 59% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

1% 26%
SPIRITS

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612005 20 Litres of pure alcohol

OTHER

Change in data source from 2000

24%
BEER

15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

49%
WINE

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002005 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 9.0 1.8 10.8 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

10 8 6 4 2 0 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2000
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 6.7% 9.3% 16.0% Females 21.0% 19.0% 40.0% Total 14.0% 14.3% 28.3%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 3.56% Females 0.84%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F
8.7 33.2 2.2 8.9

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females 14.99 18.35 10.82 Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

2002 M F
7.9 29.6 2.1 7.5

2003 M F
8.1 30.1 2.2 6.6

2004 M F
7.8 32.3 2.3 8.3

2005 M F
8.6 31.3 2.4 7.5

7.9 36.1

2.9 9.3

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) NA NA NA NA NA 0.05 / 0.02 / 0.02 NA NA

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

3 4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion
NA = No information.

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

19

Hu n g a r y
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 10 058 000 Population 15+ years: 85% Population in urban areas: 67% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

1% 24%
SPIRITS

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612005 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996

OTHER

Change in data source from 2000

35%
BEER

40%
WINE

2001

2006

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002005 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 12.3 4.0 16.3 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2003
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 3.6% 11.0% 14.6% Females 9.4% 12.9% 22.3% Total 6.7% 12.0% 18.7%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 15.29% Females 2.27%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F 2005 M F

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 2003 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females, 2003 20.01 29.45 10.98 21.1% 2.3% Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

109.4 22.8

32.8 95.7 30.8 92.9 27.0 91.5 29.6 87.5 27.4 75.8 24.0 6.4 23.7 6.5 28.3 8.0 27.3 6.9 27.2 6.9 26.4 7.3

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / No / Yes 18 / 18 / 18 18 / 18 / 18 No / No Yes / Yes / No ZT Yes / Yes Yes / No

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2

4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion
ZT = Zero tolerance.

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

20

Ic e l a n d
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 298 000 Population 15+ years: 78% Population in urban areas: 93% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

1% 19%
SPIRITS

OTHER

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612007 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996

Change in data source from 2000

28%
WINE

52%
BEER

2001

2006

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002007 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 5.9 0.4 6.3 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

8 6 4 2 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year 2004 2005 2006 2007

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2001
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 5.1% 9.6% 14.7% Females 12.8% 7.5% 20.3% Total 9.0% 8.6% 17.6%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 2.97% Females 0.73%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F 2005 M F

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 2001 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females, 2001 7.66 10.75 4.96 13.2% 4.0% Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

No information available

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 20 / 20 / 20 20 / 20 / 20 Yes / Yes Yes / No / Yes 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.05 Yes / Yes Yes / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2

4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

21

Irel a n d
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 4 221 000 Population 15+ years: 79% Population in urban areas: 61% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

8% 19%
SPIRITS

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612006 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996

OTHER

Change in data source from 2002

53%
BEER

20%
WINE

2001

2006

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002006 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 13.4 1.0 14.4 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year 2004 2005 2006

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2002
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 16.7% 5.2% 21.9% Females 24.3% 4.7% 29.0% Total 20.6% 4.9% 25.5%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 4.84% Females 1.19%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F
8.5 18.7 4.2 5.1

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 2002 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females, 2002 19.34 26.19 12.15 55.6% 20.2% Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

2002 M F
6.3 17.2 4.2 5.1

2003 M F
6.4 14.4 4.3 3.6

2004 M F
7.5 12.2 3.6 3.3

2005 M F
7.3 11.5 4.2 4.5

6.2 20.2

3.2 5.7

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 18 / 18 / 18 18 / 18 / 18 No / Yes & No No / Yes / No 0.08 / 0.08 / 0.08 Yes / No No / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2

4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

22

Israe l
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 6 810 000 Population 15+ years: 72% Population in urban areas: 92% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

2%

OTHER

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612005 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996

Change in data source from 2000

52%
SPIRITS

39%
BEER

7%
WINE

2001

2006

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002005 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 2.4 0.5 2.9 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

3 2 1 0 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2001
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 26.3% 7.0% 33.3% Females 54.6% 5.8% 60.4% Total 40.9% 6.4% 47.3%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 1.35% Females 0.33%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F
5.9 13.2 3.4 3.4

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 2001 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females, 2001 5.48 6.27 4.36 2.7% Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

2002 M F
5.6 12.9 3.4 3.0

2003 M F
5.9 10.5 3.1 2.4

2004 M F
5.4 10.9 2.3 2.7

2005 M F
5.5 10.4 2.5 3.0

7.3 11.6

3.6 2.9

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 18 / 18 / 18 18 / 18 / 18 No / No No / No / Yes 0.05 / 0.05 / ZT Yes / Yes NA

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

3 4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion
ZT = Zero tolerance. NA = No information.

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

23

Ital y
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 58 779 000 Population 15+ years: 86% Population in urban areas: 68% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

5%

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612006 20

SPIRITS

Change in data source from 2002

22%
BEER

Litres of pure alcohol

15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

73%
WINE

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002006 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 8.3 2.4 10.7 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

10

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year 2004 2005 2006

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2000
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 5.8% 3.9% 9.7% Females 19.4% 6.0% 25.4% Total 13.0% 5.0% 18.0%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 0.50% Females 0.41%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F
20.4 24.6 9.5 6.2

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 2000 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females, 2000 13.02 17.06 8.15 12.3% 10.1% Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

2002 M F
18.5 24.6 8.9 5.7

2003 M F
16.4 22.0 7.4 5.0

2004 M F

2005 M F

20.7 24.0

9.8 6.4

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / No / Yes No / No / No 16 / 16 / 16 Yes & No / No Yes / Yes / Yes 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.05 Yes / Yes Yes / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

2 3 4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

24

K az a k h s t a n
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 15 314 000 Population 15+ years: 76% Population in urban areas: 58% Income group (World Bank): Upper-middle income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

<1%
OTHER

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612005 20 Litres of pure alcohol

Change in data source from 2000

27%
BEER

15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

68%
SPIRITS

5%
WINE

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002005 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 6.1 4.9 11.0 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005: INCREASE
STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

8 6 4 2 0 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2003
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 32.4% 10.4% 42.8% Females 44.1% 10.1% 54.2% Total 38.6% 10.3% 48.9%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 9.53% Females 1.48%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 2003 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females, 2003 21.45 29.77 12.66 16.8% 5.0% Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

2005 M F

44.7 22.8

23.7 49.5 24.1 50.7 25.6 60.1 28.3 5.7 25.1 7.9 24.8 7.4 27.2 7.0

39.8 10.7 47.7 15.1

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 18 / 18 / 18 18 / 18 / 18 Yes / Yes NA 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.05 Yes / NA NA

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2 3

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion
NA = No information.

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

25

Kyrgy z s t a n
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 5 259 000 Population 15+ years: 70% Population in urban areas: 36% Income group (World Bank): Low income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

<1%
OTHER

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612005 20 Litres of pure alcohol

Change in data source from 2000

16%
BEER

4%
WINE

15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

80%
SPIRITS

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002005 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 3.2 1.9 5.1 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

4 3 2 1 0 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2004
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 20.4% 19.1% 39.5% Females 44.2% 17.3% 61.5% Total 32.7% 18.2% 50.9%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 2.71% Females 0.30%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F 2005 M F

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females 10.37 12.76 5.99

Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

65.8 19.2

41.6 66.9 39.8 83.6 44.3 79.5 42.2 84.0 43.9 88.3 43.4 4.5 22.2 6.5 27.0 6.8 30.4 9.2 33.2 9.6 30.2 8.8

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 18 / 18 / 18 18 / 18 / 18 No / Yes & No No / No / No ZT Yes / Yes NA

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2

4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

26

ZT = Zero tolerance. NA = No information.

L a tv i a
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 2 289 000 Population 15+ years: 86% Population in urban areas: 68% Income group (World Bank): Upper-middle income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

1%

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612006 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996

OTHER

Change in data source from 2002

33%
BEER

56%
SPIRITS

10%
WINE

2001

2006

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002006 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 9.5 3.0 12.5 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year 2004 2005 2006

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2003
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 5.7% 9.2% 14.9% Females 13.8% 17.9% 31.7% Total 10.2% 14.0% 24.2%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 11.54% Females 1.67%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F 2002 M F
9.6

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 2003 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females, 2003 16.49 24.92 9.72 23.5% 4.2% Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

2003 M F
22.4 9.7

2004 M F

2005 M F

20.8 53.7

8.3

21.5 12.0 22.8

22.6 10.3 21.3 13.4

13.6 47.2 12.7 45.4 10.6 41.2 11.5 38.4 12.4 34.8 11.1

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 18 / 18 / 18 18 / 18 / 18 Yes & No / Yes & No Yes / No / No 0.05 / 0.02 / 0.05 Yes / Yes Yes / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2

4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

27

Li th u a n i a
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 3 408 000 Population 15+ years: 84% Population in urban areas: 66% Income group (World Bank): Upper-middle income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

5%

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612006 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year Beer Wine Spirits Other Total 1991 1996

OTHER

Change in data source from 2002

36%
SPIRITS

45%
BEER

14%
WINE

2001

2006

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002006 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 12.0 3.0 15.0 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005: INCREASE
STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year 2004 2005 2006

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2007
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 4.3% 5.8% 10.1% Females 16.6% 11.4% 28.0% Total 11.0% 8.9% 19.9%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 13.35% Females 1.98%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F 2005 M F

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females 18.76 27.54 11.07

Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

24.8 42.9

10.8 30.3 12.6 30.7 11.6 35.8 12.8 35.7 13.2 43.8 16.5 8.8 41.0 9.5 40.6 10.9 42.6 10.0 43.4 9.2 43.0 11.4

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 18 / 18 / 18 18 / 18 / 18 Yes & No / No Yes / Yes / No 0.04 / 0.02 / 0.02 Yes / Yes Yes / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2

4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

28

Luxembourg
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 461 000 Population 15+ years: 82% Population in urban areas: 83% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612005 20 Litres of pure alcohol

Change in data source from 2000

16% 14%
SPIRITS BEER

15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

70%
WINE

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002005 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 12.0 1.0 13.0 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2005
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers*
* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Females Total Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 4.45% Females 1.06%

No information available
ALL CAUSE MORTALITY
Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1) 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F 2005 M F

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females

No information available

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / No / Yes 16 / 16 / 18 16 / 16 / 18 No information Yes / No available Yes / No / No 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.05 Yes / Yes Yes / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

2 3 4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

29

Mal ta
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 405 000 Population 15+ years: 83% Population in urban areas: 96% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

5% 35%
SPIRITS

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612005 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year Beer Wine Spirits Other Total 1991 1996

OTHER

Change in data source from 2000

34%
BEER

28%
WINE

2001

2006

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002005 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 3.9 0.4 4.3 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

8 6 4 2 0 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2005
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers*
* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Females Total Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 2.55% Females 0.60%

No information available
ALL CAUSE MORTALITY
Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1) 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F 2005 M F

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females

No information available

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / No Yes 17 / 17 / 17 17 / 17 / 17 No / No Yes / Yes / NA 0.08 / 0.08 / 0.08 Yes / Yes Yes / No

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

2 3 4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion
NA = No information.

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

30

Mo n a c o
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 33 000 Population 15+ years: 82% Population in urban areas: 100% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612007 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15

No information available
10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

No information available

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002007 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE available No information DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10

No information available
5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Year 2005 2006 2007

No information available

WHO European Region

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2005
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers*
* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Females Total Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 4.11% Females 0.96%

No information available
ALL CAUSE MORTALITY
Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 13.42 17.71 No information 8.43 available 5.0% 1.3% Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1) 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F 2005 M F

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 1997 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females, 1997

No information available

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / No / Yes 16 / 16 / 18 16 / 16 / 18 No information Yes / No available Yes / No / No 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.05 Yes / Yes Yes / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded tourist) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

No information available

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

31

Mon te n e g r o
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 601 000 Population 15+ years: 81% Population in urban areas: 61% Income group (World Bank): Upper-middle income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612007 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15

No information available
10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

No information available

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002007 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE available No information DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10

No information available
5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Year 2005 2006 2007

No information available

WHO European Region

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2005
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers*
* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Females Total Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males Females
No information available

No information available
ALL CAUSE MORTALITY
Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 13.42 17.71 No information 8.43 available 5.0% 1.3% Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1) 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F 2005 M F

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 1997 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females, 1997

No information available

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / No / Yes 16 / 16 / 18 16 / 16 / 18 No information Yes / No available Yes / No / No 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.05 Yes / Yes Yes / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded tourist) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

No information available

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

32

N eth e r l a n d s ( t he)
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 16 379 000 Population 15+ years: 82% Population in urban areas: 81% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612007

Change in data source from 2002

SPIRITS

Litres of pure alcohol

16% 34%
WINE

20 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

50%
BEER

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002007 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 9.6 0.5 10.1 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year 2004 2005 2006 2007

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 1999
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 6.1% 12.0% 18.1% Females 16.7% 19.1% 35.8% Total 11.6% 15.7% 27.3%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 5.29% Females 0.81%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F
6.2 11.7 3.4 3.3

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 1999 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females, 1999 13.82 15.57 12.19
19.6% 5.4%

2002 M F
6.4 12.1 3.2 3.6

2003 M F
6.2 11.9 3.3 3.6

2004 M F
6.3 9.5 3.0 3.1

2005 M F
6.1 8.6 3.2 2.6

Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

6.7 13.0

3.4 3.9

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 16 / 16 / 18 16 / 16 / 18 Yes / Yes & No Yes / Yes / Yes 0.05 / 0.02 / 0.05 Yes / Yes Yes / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

2 3 4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

33

Norway
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 4 669 000 Population 15+ years: 81% Population in urban areas: 77% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

2% 20%
SPIRITS

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612008 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

OTHER

47%
BEER

31%
WINE

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortified wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002008 Litres of pure alcohol 8 6 4 2 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Year 2005 2006 2007 2008

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 6.2 1.6 7.8 12.2

Robust estimate of five-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005: increase stable

decrease inconclusive

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 1999
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 2.3% 6.2% 8.5% Females 4.1% 7.3% 11.4% Total 3.2% 6.8% 10.0%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 9.05% Females 2.55%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F
6.0 11.8 2.5 4.0

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 1999 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females. 1999 8.68 12.47 5.31
3.0% 0.9%

2002 M F
6.8 14.4 3.3 3.5

2003 M F
6.1 12.2 3.6 3.3

2004 M F
7.9 11.5 2.8 3.8

2005 M F
4.5 9.3 2.4 3.8

Liver cirrhosis Road traffic accidents (1)

6.7 15.0

3.6 4.5

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 18 / 18 / 20 18 / 18 / 20 Yes / Yes Yes / Yes / Yes 0.02 / 0.02 / ZT Yes / No Yes / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
least risky

1 2

4 5

most risky

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specific events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion
ZT = Zero tolerance.

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

World Health Organization 2011

Po l a n d
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 38 140 000 Population 15+ years: 84% Population in urban areas: 62% Income group (World Bank): Upper-middle income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612006 20 Litres of pure alcohol

Change in data source from 2000

31%
SPIRITS

15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

56%
BEER

13%
WINE

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002006 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 9.6 3.7 13.3 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005: INCREASE
STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year 2004 2005 2006

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2007
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 6.8% 9.6% 16.4% Females 20.9% 13.4% 34.3% Total 14.3% 11.5% 25.8%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 4.50% Females 1.05%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F
22.7 27.6 7.5 7.0

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females 17.86 26.13 9.51 Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

2002 M F
22.6 29.2 6.6 7.2

2003 M F
22.1 27.5 6.6 7.0

2004 M F
24.4 28.3 7.3 6.7

2005 M F
25.9 26.6 7.9 6.4

24.3 32.3

7.8 7.6

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 18 / 18 / 18 18 / 18 / 18 No / Yes & No No / Yes / No 0.02 / 0.02 / 0.02 Yes / No Yes / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2

4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

35

P o rtu g a l
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 10 579 000 Population 15+ years: 84% Population in urban areas: 58% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

10%
SPIRITS

4%

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612005 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996

OTHER

Change in data source from 2000

31%
BEER

55%
WINE

2001

2006

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002005 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 12.5 2.1 14.6 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2006
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 18.6% 16.0% 34.6% Females 32.0% 26.2% 58.2% Total 26.0% 21.0% 47.0%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 4.07% Females 0.95%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F
28.9 33.4 8.5 8.3

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females 27.45 32.26 19.86 Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

2002 M F
24.1 38.0 7.5 8.5

2003 M F
22.7 34.0 7.3 7.7

2004 M F

2005 M F

27.1 26.1

8.2 5.2

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / No / Yes 16 / 16 / 16 16 / 16 / 16 No / Yes & No Yes / Yes / No 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.05 Yes / Yes Yes / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

2 3 4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

36

R ep u b l i c o f M old ova (the)

SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 3 833 000 Population 15+ years: 81% Population in urban areas: 47% Income group (World Bank): Lower-middle income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612004 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year
Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Change in data source from 2003

33%
SPIRITS

31%
BEER

36%
WINE

1991

1996

2001

2006

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002004 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 9.2 10.0 19.2 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE available No information DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2005
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 5.5% 7.5% 13.0% Females 17.8% 12.2% 30.0% Total 12.1% 10.0% 22.1%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 14.08% Females 2.15%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F 2005 M F

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females 23.39 32.04 13.57 Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

112.1 91.7 119.3 100.5 117.2 94.4 119.4 99.3 119.6 100.0 132.2 108.9 24.9 6.1 28.1 6.8 27.2 6.4 27.5 7.3 29.3 6.5 25.9 6.7

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 16 / 16 / 16 16 / 16 / 16 No / Yes & No No / No / Yes 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.05 Yes / No No / No

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2 3

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

37

Ro ma n i a
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 21 532 000 Population 15+ years: 85% Population in urban areas: 54% Income group (World Bank): Upper-middle income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612006 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year
Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Change in data source from 2002

39%
SPIRITS

39%
BEER

22%
WINE

1991

1996

2001

2006

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002006 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 11.3 4.0 15.3 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year 2004 2005 2006

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2007
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 6.5% 15.6% 22.1% Females 19.1% 32.5% 51.6% Total 13.1% 24.4% 37.5%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 5.45% Females 1.29%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F 2002 M F
71.6 19.4

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females 24.48 31.75 15.02 Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

2003 M F

2004 M F

2005 M F

62.0 20.1

29.8 69.4 33.1 6.3 21.7 5.7

33.0 66.2 31.0 64.1 29.4 60.2 28.1 5.4 20.1 5.5 20.1 5.6 21.5 6.8

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 18 / 18 / 18 18 / 18 / 18 No / Yes & No Yes / Yes / No ZT Yes / No No / No

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2

4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion
ZT = Zero tolerance.

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

38

R u ss i a n F e d e r ation (th e)
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 143 221 000 Population 15+ years: 85% Population in urban areas: 73% Income group (World Bank): Upper-middle income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

3%

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612007 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996

OTHER

Change in data source from 2000

33%
BEER

63%
SPIRITS

1%
WINE

2001

2006

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002007 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 11.0 4.7 15.7 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year 2004 2005 2006 2007

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2003
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 10.7% 18.3% 29.0% Females 28.6% 22.0% 50.6% Total 21.0% 20.0% 41.0%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 16.29% Females 2.58%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 2003 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females, 2003 26.71 35.38 16.32 22.1% 5.8% Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

2002 M F

2003 M F

2004 M F

2005 M F

50.9 14.6 51.9 15.0 53.3 15.7 54.9 16.2 52.5 15.6 50.7 14.8

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 18 / 18 / 18 18 / 18 / 18 Yes / Yes Yes / Yes / Yes 0.03 / 0.03 / 0.03 NA NA

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2 3 4

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion
NA = No information.

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

39

S a n Ma r i n o
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 31 000 Population 15+ years: 86% Population in urban areas: 93% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612007 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15

No information available
10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

No information available

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002007 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE available No information DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10

No information available
5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Year 2005 2006 2007

No information available

WHO European Region

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2005
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers*
* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Females Total Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 3.22% Females 0.74%

No information available
ALL CAUSE MORTALITY
Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 13.42 17.71 No information 8.43 available 5.0% 1.3% Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1) 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F 2005 M F

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 1997 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females, 1997

No information available

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / No / Yes 16 / 16 / 18 16 / 16 / 18 No information Yes / No available Yes / No / No 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.05 Yes / Yes Yes / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded tourist) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

No information available

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

40

Se rb i a
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 9 851 000 Population 15+ years: 82% Population in urban areas: 52% Income group (World Bank): Upper-middle income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

<1%
OTHER

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612005 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

34%
SPIRITS

44%
BEER

22%
WINE

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002005 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 10.0 1.1 11.1 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2005
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers*
* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Females Total Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males Females

No information available
ALL CAUSE MORTALITY
Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females

2001 M F

2002 M F

2003 M F

2004 M F
18.6 13.1 4.1 3.3

2005 M F
18.1 15.9 4.4 4.0

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 18 / 18 / 18 18 / 18 / 18 No / No & Yes No / No / Yes 0.05 / 0.05 / ZT Yes / Yes Yes / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2

4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion
ZT = Zero tolerance.

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

41

S l o vak i a
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 5 388 000 Population 15+ years: 84% Population in urban areas: 56% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612006 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year Beer Wine Spirits Total 1991 1996

Change in data source from 2002

49%
SPIRITS WINE

36%
BEER

15%
Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

2001

2006

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002006 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 10.3 3.0 13.3 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year 2004 2005 2006

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2003
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 7.4% 15.8% 23.2% Females 7.1% 15.8% 22.9% Total 7.2% 15.8% 23.0%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 9.47% Females 0.93%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F 2005 M F

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 2003 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females, 2003 17.31 28.18 8.13 19.6% 2.8% Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

45.8 11.5 41.5 13.9 42.9 15.3 41.1 13.0 35.5 13.8 40.4 14.4 27.6 6.3 26.1 6.3 24.3 6.3 26.2 6.8 24.9 5.3 23.9 5.9

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 18 / 18 / 18 18 / 18 / 18 Yes & No / Yes & No No / Yes / No ZT Yes / Yes Yes / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2

4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion
ZT = Zero tolerance.

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

42

Sl o v e n i a
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 2 001 000 Population 15+ years: 86% Population in urban areas: 51% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612006

Change in data source from 2002

13%
Litres of pure alcohol
SPIRITS

20 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

39%
BEER

48%
WINE

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002006 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 12.2 3.0 15.2 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005: INCREASE
STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year 2004 2005 2006

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2003
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 3.7% 4.2% 7.9% Females 8.9% 13.0% 21.9% Total 6.4% 8.9% 15.3%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 3.45% Females 0.79%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F 2005 M F

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females 17.93 24.22 11.38 Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

51.4 20.4 54.8 19.6 45.9 17.3 52.2 17.2 43.1 16.4 35.9 12.2 26.9 7.5 29.6 5.5 24.1 7.1 22.8 5.3 25.1 5.4 21.7 6.9

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 18 / 18 / 18 18 / 18 / 18 Yes & No / Yes & No Yes / Yes / Yes 0.05 / ZT/ ZT Yes / No Yes / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2

4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion
ZT = Zero tolerance.

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

43

Spain
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 43 887 000 Population 15+ years: 86% Population in urban areas: 77% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

13%
SPIRITS

6%

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612006 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996

Change in data source from 2002

OTHER

45%
BEER

36%
WINE

2001

2006

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002006 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 10.2 1.4 11.6 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year 2004 2005 2006

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2003
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 9.5% 23.4% 32.9% Females 24.7% 31.6% 56.3% Total 17.4% 27.6% 45.0%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 1.07% Females 0.17%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F
17.6 26.0 5.2 6.9

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females 21.13 24.79 15.58 Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

2002 M F
17.0 24.3 5.2 6.4

2003 M F
16.7 24.3 4.9 6.4

2004 M F
15.7 21.1 4.9 5.6

2005 M F
15.6 19.8 4.7 4.7

17.5 27.6

5.9 7.4

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / No / Yes 16 / 16 / 16 16 / 16 / 16 Yes & No / Yes & No Yes / No / Yes 0.05 / 0.03 / 0.03 Yes / No No / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

2 3 4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

44

Sw ed e n
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 9 078 000 Population 15+ years: 83% Population in urban areas: 84% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612006 20 Litres of pure alcohol

Change in data source from 2000

17%
SPIRITS

15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

39%
BEER

44%
WINE

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002006 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 6.7 3.6 10.3 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

8 6 4 2 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year 2004 2005 2006

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2002
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 5.3% 6.7% 12.0% Females 10.8% 11.9% 22.7% Total 8.1% 9.4% 17.5%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 6.32% Females 2.27%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F
7.6 11.5 3.5 3.5

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 2002 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females, 2002 12.48 16.68 7.84 2.6% 0.4% Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

2002 M F
7.6 10.3 3.4 3.2

2003 M F
8.6 10.1 3.5 3.1

2004 M F
7.6 9.2 3.6 2.7

2005 M F
8.4 8.6 3.5 2.9

6.6 11.6

3.4 3.1

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 20* / 20 / 20 18 / 18 / 18 Yes / Yes & No Yes / Yes / Yes 0.02 / 0.02 / 0.02 Yes / No Yes / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2

4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

* For beers of less than 3.5% alcohol by volume, the minimum age for off-premise sales is 18 years.

45

Switzerland
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 7 455 000 Population 15+ years: 84% Population in urban areas: 76% Income group (World Bank): High income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

1% 18%
SPIRITS

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612007 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996

Change in data source from 2000

OTHER

31%
BEER

50%
WINE

2001

2006

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer Wine Spirits Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002007 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 10.4 0.5 10.9 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

15 10 5 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year 2004 2005 2006 2007

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 1997
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 7.3% 3.9% 11.2% Females 20.6% 5.0% 25.6% Total 14.2% 4.6% 18.8%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 3.71% Females 0.87%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F
12.4 11.8 4.4 2.7

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 1997 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females, 1997 13.42 17.71 8.43 5.0% 1.3% Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

2002 M F
12.9 11.2 5.0 3.4

2003 M F
12.4 12.2 4.7 3.4

2004 M F
10.9 12.1 4.2 2.5

2005 M F
10.8 8.5 4.4 2.2

11.9 13.2

4.5 3.9

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / No / Yes 16 / 16 / 18 16 / 16 / 18 Yes & No / No Yes / No / No 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.05 Yes / Yes Yes / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded tourist) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

2 3 4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

46

Ta j i k i s t a n
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 6 640 000 Population 15+ years: 61% Population in urban areas: 25% Income group (World Bank): Low income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612005 20

21%
BEER

Litres of pure alcohol

15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

5%
WINE

74%
SPIRITS

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002005 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 0.4 3.0 3.4 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

1.0

0.5

0 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2005
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers*
* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Females Total Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 2.57% Females 0.29%

No information available
ALL CAUSE MORTALITY
Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1) 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F 2005 M F

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females

No information available

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / No / Yes 16 / 16 / 18 16 / 16 / 18 No information Yes / No available Yes / No / No 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.05 Yes / Yes Yes / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2

4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

47

The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 2 036 000 Population 15+ years: 81% Population in urban areas: 70% Income group (World Bank): Lower-middle income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612005 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year
Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

36%
SPIRITS

36%
BEER

28%
WINE

1991

1996

2001

2006

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002005 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 5.6 2.9 8.5 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005: INCREASE
STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

8 6 4 2 0 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2005
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers*
* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Females Total Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 3.35% Females 0.80%

No information available
ALL CAUSE MORTALITY
Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)
12.3 9.9 3.3 2.7

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females

2001 M F
15.7 10.2 3.3 1.6

2002 M F
14.4 13.1 4.3 3.4

2003 M F
12.2 12.7 3.1 2.2

2004 M F

2005 M F

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 18 / 18 / 18 18 / 18 / 18 Yes & No / No Yes / Yes / No 0.05 / ZT / ZT Yes / Yes No / No

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2

4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

48

ZT = Zero tolerance.

Tu r k e y
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 73 922 000 Population 15+ years: 72% Population in urban areas: 68% Income group (World Bank): Upper-middle income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612005 20 Litres of pure alcohol

Change in data source from 2000

35%
SPIRITS

15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

60% 5%
WINE BEER

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002005 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 1.4 2.0 3.4 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2003
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 65.0% 18.6% 83.6% Females 91.9% 5.2% 97.1% Total 78.4% 11.9% 90.3%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 1.77% Females 0.65%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F 2005 M F

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 2003 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females, 2003 29.42 31.22 19.39 14.9% 12.8% Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

No information available

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 18 / 18 / 18 18 / 18 / 18 No / Yes & No Yes / No / Yes 0.05 / 0.05 / ZT Yes / Yes No / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded tourist) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2

4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion
ZT = Zero tolerance.

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

49

Tu r k m e n i s t a n
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 4 899 000 Population 15+ years: 69% Population in urban areas: 47% Income group (World Bank): Lower-middle income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612005 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year
Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Change in data source from 2000

9%
BEER

52%
SPIRITS

39%
WINE

1991

1996

2001

2006

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002005 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 2.3 2.3 4.6 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

4 3 2 1 0 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2005
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers*
* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Females Total Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 1.51% Females 0.17%

No information available
ALL CAUSE MORTALITY
Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1) 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F 2005 M F

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females

No information available

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) NA NA NA NA NA 0.05 / 0.05 / 0.05 NA NA

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2

4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion
NA = No information.

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

50

Ukraine
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 46 557 000 Population 15+ years: 86% Population in urban areas: 68% Income group (World Bank): Lower-middle income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

<1%
OTHER

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612005 20 Litres of pure alcohol

Change in data source from 2000

32%
BEER

15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

61%
SPIRITS

7%
WINE

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002005 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 8.1 7.5 15.6 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

10 8 6 4 2 0 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2003
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 14.4% 18.3% 32.7% Females 31.0% 22.4% 53.4% Total 23.6% 20.5% 44.1%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 8.63% Females 0.79%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F 2005 M F
40.5 9.8

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males, 2003 Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females, 2003 27.91 37.38 17.07 31.5% 6.0% Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

44.8 15.7 47.0 16.9 51.8 19.6 56.2 22.4 67.1 26.4 22.0 5.2 28.2 7.6 31.9 7.9 31.3 8.4 32.2 8.4

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) NA No / 18 / 18 No / 18 / 18 No / Yes & No Yes / No / No ZT Yes / Yes Yes / No

* (Recorded + unrecorded tourist) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2 3 4

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion
NA = No information. ZT = Zero tolerance.

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

51

United Kingdom
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the)

Total population: 60 512 000 Population 15+ years: 82% Population in urban areas: 90% Income group (World Bank): High income

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

6% 21%
SPIRITS

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612006 20 Litres of pure alcohol 15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996

Change in data source from 2002

OTHER

43%
BEER

30%
WINE

2001

2006

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Other

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002006 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 11.7 1.7 13.4 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005:
INCREASE STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 Year 2004 2005 2006

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2000
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers* 8.9% 1.5% 10.4% Females 15.2% 2.9% 18.1% Total 12.2% 2.2% 14.4%

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 6.42% Females 1.52%

ALL CAUSE MORTALITY

Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F 2001 M F
14.7 10.9 7.6 3.0

* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females 15.62 21.58 9.46 Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1)

2002 M F
15.2 11.6 7.7 2.9

2003 M F
16.4 11.6 8.0 3.2

2004 M F
15.8 11.0 8.0 3.0

2005 M F
15.9 10.7 8.1 2.8

13.2 10.8

7.2 3.0

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) Yes / Yes / Yes 18 / 18 / 18 16 / 16 / 18 Yes & No / Yes & No Yes / Yes / Yes 0.08 / 0.08 / 0.08 Yes / Yes No / No

* (Recorded + unrecorded tourist) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2

4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

52

Uzbekistan
SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT
Total population: 26 981 000 Population 15+ years: 68% Population in urban areas: 37% Income group (World Bank): Low income
Data source: United Nations, data range 19902006.

RECORDED ADULT (15 + ) ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE (IN % OF PURE ALCOHOL), 2005

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Population data (refer to the population 15 years and older and are in litres of pure alcohol).

RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 19612005 20

20%
BEER

Litres of pure alcohol

15 10 5 0 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 Year 1991 1996 2001 2006

66%
SPIRITS

14%
WINE

Beer includes malt beers. Wine includes wine made from grapes. Spirits include all distilled beverages. Other includes one or several other alcoholic beverages, such as fermented beverages made from sorghum, maize, millet, rice, or cider, fruit wine, fortied wine, etc.

Beer

Wine

Spirits

Total

ENLARGEMENT OF RECORDED ADULT (15+) PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, 20002005 Litres of pure alcohol

Adult (15+) per capita consumption, average 20032005 (in litres of pure alcohol):
Recorded Unrecorded Total WHO European Region 1.6 1.9 3.5 12.2

Robust estimate of ve-year change in recorded adult (15+) per capita consumption, 20012005: INCREASE
STABLE DECREASE INCONCLUSIVE

2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 2000 2001 2002 Year 2003 2004 2005

PATTERNS OF DRINKING
ABSTAINERS (15+ years), 2005
Males Lifetime abstainers Former drinkers Abstainers*
* Persons who did not drink in the past 12 months.

HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
MORBIDITY
Females Total Prevalence estimates (12-month prevalence for 2004): Alcohol use disorders (15+ years) Males 2.10% Females 0.23%

No information available
ALL CAUSE MORTALITY
Age-standardized deaths rates, 15+ years (per 100,000 population) 2000 M F Liver cirrhosis Road trafc accidents (1) 2001 M F 2002 M F 2003 M F 2004 M F 2005 M F

DRINKERS ONLY
Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, total Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, males Adult (15+ years) per capita consumption*, females Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), males Heavy episodic drinkers** (1585+ years), females

61.1 47.2 60.0 48.0 64.7 50.6 62.8 47.1 51.3 38.6 53.7 40.6 17.6 4.3 17.2 4.2 10.9 2.9 16.8 3.7 21.8 4.8 21.3 4.5

Data source: WHO Mortality Database, data as reported by countries (1) refer to transport accidents.

ALCOHOL POLICY
Excise tax on beer / wine / spirits National legal minimum age for off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (selling) (beer / wine / spirits) NA 18 / 18 / 18 18 / 18 / 18 Yes & No / Yes No / No / No ZT Yes / Yes Yes / Yes

* (Recorded + unrecorded) in litres of pure alcohol, average 20032005. ** Had at least 60 grams or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion weekly.

PATTERNS OF DRINKING SCORE

Patterns of drinking score*
LEAST RISKY

1 2

4 5

MOST RISKY

National legal minimum age for on-premise sales of alcoholic beverages (serving) (beer / wine / spirits) Restrictions for on-/off-premise sales of alcoholic beverages: Time (hours and days) / location (places and density) Specic events / intoxicated persons / petrol stations National maximum legal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) when driving a vehicle (general / young / professional), in % Legally binding regulations on alcohol advertising / product placement Legally binding regulations on alcohol sponsorship / sales promotion
NA = No information. ZT = Zero tolerance.

* Given the same level of consumption, the higher the patterns of drinking score, the greater the alcohol-attributable burden of disease for the country.

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