Special Topics in CFD

A. W. Date Mechanical Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Mumbai - 400076 India

April 3, 2007

1D-Conduction with and without Phase-Change

Governing Equation: x kA T x =A e t (1)

1. Without phase-change Pure Conduction: e = h = C ( T - Tref ) - a continuous function of T Steady or Unsteady 2. With phase-change Solidiaction/Melting: e = h = F ( T ) - a dis-continuous function of T Always Unsteady Problems with discontinuous uid/ow properties occur in many situations: Shocks, Flow of two or more immiscible uids, phase-change ( Ex: gas-solid, gas-liquid, liquid-solid )

Pure Conduction - Grid Layout

PRACTICE A

Xc

1,2

N=9

PRACTICE B CELL - FACE 1,2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 2

6 NODE

8 N=9

Typical Node P

X w

X e

n o

e w

kA

T x

dx dt =
P o w

e |P dx dt t

(2)

IOCV or Finite Volume Discretization

V C n |P + ( AE + AW ) t

n n n +S + AW TW = AE TE TP

(3) AE kA kA |e AW = |w x x o o + AW TW S = ( 1 ) AE TE V C o |P ( 1 ) ( AE + AW ) + t = (4)

o TP

(5)

1. = 0 - Explicit - Conditionally Stable 2. 0 < < 1 - Semi-Explict - Unconditionally Stable for 0.5 3. = 1 - Implicit - Unconditionally Stable

Implicit Formulation = 1

V C n |P + AE + AW t or,

n n n + S (6) TP = AE TE + AW TW

APi Ti Si APi

= AEi Ti +1 + AWi Ti 1 + Si Vi Cio o = Ti t Vi Cin = AEi + AWi + t

(7)

Solved by TDMA for i = 2, 3, . . ., N - 1. Boundary conditions at i = 1 and i = N are required.

1-D Phase-Change Problem

T sup Tl SOLID Tm Ts INTERFACE LIQUID

Tw

Xi ( t )

T ( h) = (K ) t x x with T ( x , 0 ) = Tsup , T ( 0, t ) = Tw and T (, t ) = Tsup .

(8)

Equation of State - I
Uniform properties Assumed: s = l = , Cps = Cpl = Cp and Ks = Kl = K

hl

h
hs

SOLID Tm

LIQUID T

Von-Neumann - Exact Solution

Interface condition: T = Tm at x = Xi and ks Ts / x |Xi kl Tl / x |Xi = d Xi /dt erf (x / 4 s t ) Ts T m = 1 Tw T m erf (Xi / 4 s t ) erfc (x / 4 l t ) Tl T m =1 Tsup Tm erfc (Xi / 4 l t ) or Xi = C t Xi t Determination of C C 2 Tm T w C2 Ks exp ( ) 4 s erf (C / 4 s ) s Tm Tsup Kl C2 exp ( ) 4 l erfc (C / 4 l ) l

(9)

(10) (11)

= +

(12)

Equation of State - II

Table: Equations of State

State Solid Liquid Interface

T=f(h) T = h / Cp for h < hs T = (h ) / Cp for h > hl T = Tm for hs < h < hl

h=f(T) h = Cp T for T < Tm h = Cp T + for T > Tm h = Cp Tm + hps (t ) t +t (d hps / d t ) d t = t

Numerical Solution-I
Dene h hs dimensionless enthalpy Cp (T Tm ) dimensionless temperature t dimensionless time L2 x dimensionless length L ( h) T = (K ) t x x 2 = X 2

= = X = =

(13) (14) (15) (16)

(17)

Numerical Solution - II

Use T = F ( h )

= = 0

= 1 Uniform Grid lj +1 =

for 0 1

for 0

solid interface liquid

(18) (19) (20)

for 1

o +1 ( l +1 2 jl +1 + jl 1 ) + j X 2 j +1

(21)

Numerical Solution by Gauss-Seidel

Solution Procedure 1. At = 0, specify initial condition jo for j = 1 to N. o Hence, evaluate o j . Set j = j 2. Choose to begin a new step. 3. Solve equation 21 once using Gauss-Seidel method to obtain lj +1 distribution. 4. Determine jl +1 using equations of state 18 to 20 and return to step 3 to carry out the next iteration 5. After a few iterations, change in lj +1 between successive iterations will be small and convergence is obtained. 6. Set o j = j and return step 2 to execute the next time step

Solution by Gauss-Seidel
Problem = 1 kg /m 3 , Cp = 2.5 MJ / kg - K, K = 2 W / m - K, = 100 MJ / kg, Tm = 0 C, L = 1 m, T (x, 0 ) =Tsup = 2 C and, Tw = T (0, t ) = 10 C.

2.0

St = 0.25
1.0

T ( x = 0.5 m )

X = 0.2
0.0

-1.0

X = 0.0769 EXACT

-2.0

-3.0

-4.0 5 10

DAYS
15 20

St = Cp (Tw Tm )/, /X 2 = 0.2 Excellent Agreement when X = 0.02 ( or N = 52 ).

Shortcomings of GS

1. Solutions are wavy on coarse grid 2. Waviness reduces on ne grid, that is when X 0 3. Waviness does not reduce when is reduced 4. Point-by-point solution requires book-keeping of phase-change nodes and a large computer time when ne grid is used How to enable use of TDMA without book keeping and obtain accurate solutions on coarse grids ?

Why Waviness ?

Xi ( t ) SOLID j-1 j LIQUID j+1

Throghout the transition of the interface in the control volume ( that is, 0 < < 1 ) , = 0

Solution by TDMA
=+ = 1 [ | 1 | | | 1] 2 (22)

PDE ) l +1 = X 2 j Sj =

2 2 = + X 2 X 2

(23)

(1 + 2

1 (l +1 + lj + 1 ) + Sj X 2 j +1 ( 2 j + j 1 ) + o j (24) X 2 j +1

1. Waviness persists on coarse grids because = 0 for 0 < < 1 but book-keeping not required 2. For N = 52, TDMA is 2.5 times faster than GS

Accurate Solutions on Coarse Grid Using TDMA

Dene = +

= + pc

(25)

(1 + 2

) l +1 = X 2 j +

1 (l +1 + lj + 1 ) X 2 j +1 o ( 2 j + j 1 ) + j (26) X 2 j +1

pc = 0 in single phase region, that is when < 0 and > 1.

Evaluation of pc
Xi ( t ) SOLID j-1 j LIQUID j+1

1. Dene Xi = Xi Xj 2. pc ,j = 3. pc ,j = 5. pc ,j = 6. A =
Xi Xi +X | Xi | | Xi |+X F (A + 2 0.5+pc ,j

j 1 for Xi > 0 j +1 for Xi < 0

4. Xi = Xi Xj = (0.5 pc ,j ) X = (0.5 + pc ,j ) X | A |) j 1 (A | A |) j +1 F = (1jj ) jj

(1+ )

| 0.5+pc ,j |+1

Accurate Solutions on Coarse Grids-I

1.0

St = 0.25
0.0

N = 7

T ( 0.5 m )

-1.0

-2 .0

EXACT
1.0

NUMERICAL

-3.0

0.0

St = 0.25
DAYS

T ( 0.5 m )

N = 15
-1.0

10

15

20

EXACT
-2.0

NUMERICAL

-3.0

DAYS
5 10 15 20

0 0

St = 1.0 N = 13 T ( 0.5 m ) T ( 0.5 m )

-10

St = 3.0 N = 15

-20

-10

-30

-40 -20

DAYS
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0

-50 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0

DAYS
4.0 5.0

Accurate Solutions on Coarse Grids-II

St = 3.0
0.8

St = 1.0

St = 0.25
0.6

Xi ( t )
0.4 0.2

DAYS
0.0 5 10 15 20

Conclusions

1. Problems with discontinuities require special procedures 2. If ne grids are used, problems such as waviness disappear at the expense of heavy penalty in computer time 3. Methods to remove numerical pathologies on coarse grids must be found by attending to Physics underlying the phenomena.