INGLES III

AO DE LA INTEGRACION NACIONAL Y EL RECONOCIMIENTO DE NUESTRA DIVERSIDAD

CARRERA PROFESIONAL: INGENIERIA AMBIENTAL TEMA:

CATEDRATICO: ELIZABETH MACHUCA

CATEDRA: INGLES III

PRESENTADO POR:

PAITAN SALAS ROSA

SEMESTRE: VI

HUANCAYO-2012

ENVIRONMENTAL GLOSSARY

Pgina 1

INGLES III ENVIRONMENTAL GLOSSARY

Here's a basic vocabulary of environmental terms, to which must familiarize any interested or related to the theme of environment, natural resource conservation, education environmental or sustainable development. 1. Aquifer: Geological formation of the earth's crust which accumulate infiltrated water, or condensate flow.

2. Agenda 21: A program for sustainable development, the result of the Summit River in 1992. Summarized in a text of 40 chapters, the main objective achieves behavior change that humanity should have regarding the interaction with the environment.

3. Ecological or biological agriculture: The agricultural production is carried out no synthetic chemicals. Promotes the use of organic fertilizers or green, as well as polyculture farming, conservation as forest guards, and maintenance of local varieties cultivation. The final product is considered more nutritious and less polluted.

4. Water: Liquid odorless, colorless and tasteless, widely distributed in the nature. Represents about 70% of the surface of the Earth. Essential component of living things. It is present on the planet in every being human, in the form of a multitude of microscopic flows. Drinking water: Water can be drunk without risk to health.

ENVIRONMENTAL GLOSSARY

Pgina 2

INGLES III

5. Wastewater: Also called "black water". Are contaminated with the dispersion of human waste from domestic, commercial or industrial. They colloidal and dissolved solid materials suspension. Your treatment and purification are the eco-challenge recent years by pollution of ecosystems.

6. Hole in the Ozone Layer: periodic loss of ozone in layers upper atmosphere over Antarctica. The call hole ozone layer (whose function is the protection against ultraviolet radiation emitted by the sun) occurs during the Antarctic spring and lasts for months before closing it again. Certain chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs (fluorine compounds) used for a long time as refrigerants and as propellants in aerosols, represent athreat to the ozone layer.

7. Air: A thin layer of gases covering the Earth and is composed of nitrogen, oxygen and other gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor and inert gases. It is essential to the life of living beings. Man inhales 14,000 liters of air per day.

8. Amazon: Is called to the area of South America located on the north-central the continent. Covers parts of Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Guyana, Peru, Bolivia, Suriname and Venezuela. For its size is considered the "World Forest Reserve." The surface is approximately 6 million km2

ENVIRONMENTAL GLOSSARY

Pgina 3

INGLES III

9. Environment: The set of phenomena and natural and social elements surrounding a body to which it responds in a certain way. These natural conditions may be other organisms (biotic) or nonliving elements (climate, soil, water). Everything in your whole life condition, growth and activity of living organisms.

10. Atmosphere: The gaseous envelope of the planet Earth. Consists of a 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and other elements such as argon, carbon dioxide carbon, traces of noble gases neon, helium, krypton, xenon, besides even smaller quantities of free hydrogen, methane, and nitrous oxide.

11. Waste: Waste, usually of urban origin and solid type. Trash that can be reused or recycled. In nature, waste not only detracts from the landscape but also damages it, for example, can contaminate groundwater, seas, rivers and so on.

12. Nuclear Waste: Complex total radioactive waste produced by reactors atomic. Usually stored in drums or "containers" concrete (impermeable to radiation) and buried underground.

ENVIRONMENTAL GLOSSARY

Pgina 4

INGLES III 13. Biocide: A chemical broad spectrum of action, capable of destroying living organisms. Biocides are insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and pesticides in general. Short-term effects, as fungi, insects and unwanted plants develop resistant forms after a while.

14. Biodegradable: A substance that can decompose through processes biological action performed by digestion effected by microorganisms aerobic and anaerobic. The biodegradability of the material depends on its physical and chemical structure. This biodegradable plastic is less than the paper and this in turn less than the cuttings.

15. Biodiversity: It can be understood as the variety and variability of organisms and the ecological complexes in which they occur. Can also be defined as the different number of these organisms and their relative frequency. Ideally proliferation and diversity of living species on the planet. All species are interrelated, are necessary to balance the ecosystem, are born with the same right to live as men, and that is respected their natural environment.

16. Bioenergy: is the energy that can be harvested biomass. Eg can be compressed straw and wood waste or use the gas and feces the stables.

ENVIRONMENTAL GLOSSARY

Pgina 5

INGLES III 17. Biogas: Gas produced in the fermentation of organic debris. It is a low cost alternative technology that reduces dependence on the fossil fuels and other renewable energies, making it ideal for small rural communities and low purchasing power.

18. Biome: A large community unit characterized by the type of plants and animals it houses. In contrast, the term ecosystem is defined as a natural unit of living and nonliving parts that interact to form a stable in which the exchange of material follows a circular path. Thus, a ecosystem could be a small pond to a large area coextensive with biome, but that includes not only physical, but also populations microorganisms, plants and animals.

19. Biomass: is all organic substances of living things (animals andplants): elements of agriculture and forestry, garden and kitchen, and feces of humans and animals. The biomass can be used as renewable raw material for energy and material. This results in biogas: when rotting garbage, which can be used for heating.

20. Biosphere: Set of all areas of our planet (hydrosphere, lithosphere and atmosphere) where living organisms, or living beings, which have a structure with certain relations between its components. Is considered as a mosaic of ecosystems.

ENVIRONMENTAL GLOSSARY

Pgina 6

INGLES III 21. Biota: The set consists of the fauna and flora of a region. Biotechnology: The process of biological techniques of genetic manipulation organisms, leading to the production of goods and services using organisms (including humans), some of these organisms (cells, genomes, genes) or products (enzymes, proteins and secondary metabolites among others), which results in a scientific advancement for the development of species.

22. Bioregionalism: Movement advocated the replacement of nation states by bioregions (ie, areas of the globe defined by natural features common) as frameworks of settlement and human activity. In these bioregions humans should be integrated into natural processes.

23. Biosecurity: Maximum reduction of risks arising from the commercialization of any product subjected to genetic manipulation.

24. Tropical forest: Also called rainforest. The most complex biome Earth, characterized by a diversity of species, high rainfall during the year and warm temperatures. Rainfall may reach to 100 mm in minutes. The broadleaf forest remains green throughout the year.

25. Climate change: Alterations of the natural climate cycles of the planet effect of human activity, especially the mass emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere caused by intensive industrial activities and burning mass of fossil fuels.

ENVIRONMENTAL GLOSSARY

Pgina 7

INGLES III 26. Food Web: Also called food chain is a representation Abstract pass energy and nutrients through populations a community. Assures the passage of transfers or food substances (Trophic) between living things.

27. Global Warming: Is the change (increase) in global temperature, product of intense human activity in the last 100 years. Increasing temperature can alter the composition of the thermal layers, alter rainy and increase sea level.

28. Ozone layer: Layer composed of ozone that protects Earth from the damage caused by ultraviolet radiation from the sun. If you go away this layer radiation sterilize the surface of the globe and annihilate allterrestrial life.

29. Earth Charter: Declaration of fundamental ethical principles and practical guidance of lasting significance, widely shared by all peoples. Form similar to the Universal Declaration of the United Nations, the Charter is used as a universal code of conduct to guide the nations towards development sustainable. It is a call to action that adds significant new dimensions of what has been expressed in previous agreements and declarations on environment and development.

ENVIRONMENTAL GLOSSARY

Pgina 8

INGLES III 30. Hydrological cycle: A continuous movement through which the water evaporates from the ocean and other bodies of water condenses and falls as precipitation over land, then the latter may rise into the atmosphere by evaporation or transpiration, or return to the ocean through the waters surface or groundwater.

31. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): Chemicals used to produce aerosols, plastic foam, refrigeration equipment and computer chips. Are thinning the main cause of atmospheric ozone and also contribute the greenhouse effect.

32. Responsible consumption: Consumption of goods and services produced in the third world by people in rich countries, which takes into account the labor and environmental conditions in which this production has been carried out.

33. Pollution: (From Latin contaminates = spot). It is a detrimental change in the chemical, physical and biological environment or environment. It affects or may affect the life of organisms and especially humans.

34. Biological Pollution: The pollution caused by living organisms undesirable in an environment, such as: introduction of bacteria, viruses protozoa or micro fungi, which can generate different diseases, the most famous stand hepatitis, enteritis, fungal, polio, meningo encephalitis, colitis and other infections.

ENVIRONMENTAL GLOSSARY

Pgina 9

INGLES III 35. Soil contamination: The degradable waste storage or Degradable become sources of soil contaminants.

36. Water pollution: When the amount of wastewater passes a certain level, oxygen supply is insufficient and no microorganisms can degrade waste contained therein, which makes water flows suffocation, causing a deterioration in the quality of the same, producing odors nauseating and impossible to use for consumption.

37. Air pollution: The presence in the environment of any chemical, objects, particles, or microorganisms that alter the quality environment and the possibility of life. The causes of contamination can be natural or man-made. Is mainly due to the sources of fossil fuels and the emission of particles and gases. The problem of Air pollution related to the density of particles or gases and dispersibility of the same, taking into account the formation of rain acid and its possible effects on ecosystems.

38. Noise pollution: Also called noise pollution. More intangible but no less important in environmental analysis is the measurement in the noise pollution. It occurs mostly in the urban space. Radioactive contamination: Is the pollution caused bywaste of energy caused by nuclear and thermonuclear power yield toxic elements, which accumulate in the air, water or ground. Among the radioactive elements are strontium, iodine, uranium, radium, cesium, plutonium and cobalt.

39. Visual pollution: pollution that is produced on the landscape and public space in urban centers. Polluter-pays: According to the principle of "polluter pays", the cause of any contamination must pay the costs of damages caused its action on the environment.

ENVIRONMENTAL GLOSSARY

Pgina 10

INGLES III 40. Biological control: The use of parasites, predators, competitors or natural enemies to regulate populations of animal and insect pests and maintain their populations at a level not to cause damage significant.

41. Watershed: A portion of the land defined by where they run the water continuously or intermittently into a major river, lake or sea.

42. Intensive culture: It is when using land to grow many times followed by decreasing rest periods of the earth. The result is impoverishment of the soil as the nutrients are absorbed by the plants no time to recover.

43. Darwinism: Theory of evolution of species proposed by Charles Darwin, based on the continuous variation of individuals within a species and natural selection related to the survival of the fittest.

44. Deforestation: A term applied to the disappearance or reduction of forested areas, a fact that tends to increase worldwide. The indiscriminate actions of man before the need to produce timber, pulp, and the use as fuel, together with increasing extension of the areas used for crops and grazing, are responsible for this decline. Results in degradation of soil and type of vegetation are reduced to medium shrubs and herbaceous with a tendency to desertification.

ENVIRONMENTAL GLOSSARY

Pgina 11

INGLES III 45. Land degradation: Reduction or loss of biological productivity or economic and complexity of rainfed agricultural lands, lands irrigated agriculture, rangelands, forests and woodlands, caused in arid, semiarid and dry sub-humid, for systems using from the ground or from a process or a combination of processes, including resulting from human activities and habitation patterns.

46. Environmental Crime: The conduct described in a rule whose criminal result is degradation of the health of the population, the quality of life thereof or the environment, and which is liable to a penalty determined.

47. Sustainable development: is one that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. While distributed more equitably the benefits economic progress, preserving the local and global environment and promotes real improvement in the quality of life.

48. Hazardous waste: Also called hazardous waste. Are materials and chemicals that have corrosive, reactive, explosive, toxic and flammable that make them dangerous to the environment and human health population.

49. Desertification: The process by which a territory that has no conditions a desert acquires climatic features thereof, as a result of the destruction of vegetation cover and also because of heavy erosion. The overexploitation of the soil, the abuse of pesticides and pesticides, grazing excessive and indiscriminate felling of trees are factors that favor the desertification.

ENVIRONMENTAL GLOSSARY

Pgina 12

INGLES III 50. Dioxins: Persistent toxic substances (hardly degradable); bioaccumulative (accumulate at all levels of the food chain being higher-level mammals, those with higher concentrations); lipophilic (build up in fatty tissues). Under stress released the circulatory system, cancer, immune system decline body (or defenses) and reproductive disorders occur in mammals, including humans. Dioxins particularly affect fetuses and nursing infants, who ingest through breast milk.

51. Ecocide: Crime Against Nature. Death of the ecosystem, or relationship between organisms and their environment.

52. Eco-labeling: assignment, by a competent body tag justification of a product has been produced in a totally friendly environment.

53. Ecofeminism: Theory which postulates the existence of an interconnection between the environmental degradation and domination of women, both phenomena resulting from the same process of alienation.

54. Ecology: Science that studies living organisms at different levels of organization and their relationships among themselves and with the environment.

55. Human Ecology: Study of the relationship between man and his environment environment.

ENVIRONMENTAL GLOSSARY

Pgina 13

INGLES III 56. Environmentalism: Social protection environment. movement reindica heterogeneous environment

57. Water Economy: Measures for the regulation and conservation water reserves. Environmental Economics: Economic science including ecological parameters.

58. Ecosystem: a dynamic complex of plant, animal and organisms and their nonliving environment interacting as a unit functional.

59. Eco-tax: Tax charged on the production and / or consumption, whose fate is finance the costs of repairing the damage caused to the environment for such production and / or consumption.

60. Ecotopia: Utopia or conceived under ideal environmental budgets. It also the title of a famous and successful science fiction novel that tells the life of a community selfmanagement and independent in North America immediate future.

ENVIRONMENTAL GLOSSARY

Pgina 14

INGLES III 61. Greenhouse effect: Warming up the planet caused by the human action on environment, mainly because emissions CO2 resulting from intensive industrial activities and burning massive fossil fuels.

62. Environmental education: Action and effect of training and informing communities on everything related to the identification, preservation and restoration of different elements of the environment.

63. Environmental impact study: The set of information to be submit to the competent environmental authority and the request for the license environment.

64. Alternative Energy: Also called renewable. Renewed energy provided, such as solar, wind, water power, the biomass, and geothermal (heat from the depths).

65. Erosion: Loss of topsoil that covers the earth, leaving no capacity to support life. Erosion has a place in very short periods and this favored by the loss of plant cover or the application of techniques inappropriate management of renewable natural resources (land, water, flora and fauna).

ENVIRONMENTAL GLOSSARY

Pgina 15

INGLES III 66. Extinction: The process that affects many plant and animal species, threatening their survival, mainly because of human action, that has been changing and reducing their natural environment.

67. Greenhouse gases: Gases such as carbon dioxide or methane in the troposphere and act as a ceiling which controls the rate of exhaust heat of the sun from Earth's surface.

68. GEF: Acronyms in English of the Global Environment. It was created in 1990 and provides grants for research projects.

69. Genetics: Science that deals with the study of the properties and innate differences that determine heredity. This study is closely related to key issues such as cytology, and reproduction.

70. Environmental management: The combination of human activities is directed to the ordering of the environment and its major components, such as: politics, law and environmental stewardship.

71. Habitat: Place or ecologically homogeneous area where a plant grows or individual animal. Synonymous with biotope.

ENVIRONMENTAL GLOSSARY

Pgina 16

INGLES III 72. Wetland: This term covers a wide variety of environments, share a property that sets them apart from terrestrial ecosystems: the presence of water as a characteristic element, which plays a fundamental role in determining their structure and ecological functions. The Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971) define these environments as "the areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, be they natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, stagnant or flowing, fresh, brackish or crackers, including areas of marine water depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters.

73. Humus: Consists of all organic substances that are both soil above it, and have been formed by the decomposition of plant killed. Has a large number of components that are essential for plant development and they absorb by the roots.

74. Environmental impact: The impact of changes in factors Environment, health and welfare. And it is for the welfare which assesses the quality of life, property and cultural heritage, and conceptions aesthetic elements of impact assessment.

75. Inversion: Weather phenomenon in which air near the ground, which contains all of the contamination, it becomes colder than the air layer higher. This prevents air from flowing up and traps all pollutants near the ground.

76. Limnology: Science that studies the freshwater or inland (lakes, ponds, reservoirs and rivers) from the standpoint of physical, chemical and biological and influences on living things that inhabit them.

ENVIRONMENTAL GLOSSARY

Pgina 17

INGLES III 77. Leachate: Liquids and highly toxic pollutants generated by the leak rainwater from debris in a landfill.

78. Environmental license: the authorization granted by the environmental authority competent for execution of work or activity, subject to compliance the licensee of the requirements that it establishes, related to the prevention, mitigation, correction, compensation and management environmental effects of the work or activity authorized.

79. Acid rain: pollution phenomenon that occurs when combined vapor atmospheric water with sulfur oxides and nitrogen, forming sulfuric acid and nitric acid. When these fall on the surface in various forms of precipitation, adversely affecting lakes, trees and other entities biological are in regular contact with precipitation. These reactions occur on areas where fossil fuels are burned, as those in which power plants or industrial complexes.

80. Mangrove: Eco-characteristics, very complex which is in some tropical coasts. Arguably the coastal forest tropics. One of the most productive ecosystems on the planet, provides protection costs and provides a habitat for diverse plant species and animals.

ENVIRONMENTAL GLOSSARY

Pgina 18