Sie sind auf Seite 1von 40

Contents

DPFC

Table of Contents Introduction Technologies Yield Higher Performance at Lower Cost Product Benefits Performance Standards Control Testing & Qualification Testing Method of Manufacturing Product Scope - Technical Data Pipe Classification Selection Pipe Dimensions Couplings Dimensions Fittings Shipping, Handling and Storage General Installation Factors Affecting Installation Pipe Joining Field Hydrotest - G.R.P. Piping Surge Water Hammers Thrust Blocks, Concrete Encasement, Rigid Connections Field Adjustments Small Diameter Pipes Environmental Guide for DPFC Pipe

Page No. 1 2 3 4 5-6 7 8-11 12 13 14 15 16-18 19-21 22 23-25 26-28 29 30-32 33-34 35-36 37-38

WHITE

Introduction
DPFC
Dubai Pipes Factory Co. is a Pipes and Fittings manufacturing firm located in Jebel Ali Industrial Area in Dubai-United Arab Emirates. The first commissioned production line is made for the manufacturing of Glass Reinforced Plastic Pipes and Fittings upto and including 2400mm diameter. Continuous winding is the process utilized for the GRP pipe production as per the Know How and Technology supplied from Flowtite Technology. All manufacturing and testing equipment are of the latest version in the pipe technology supplied by Flowtite Technology. The GRP manufacturing, installation procedures, design, testing and qualifications are in accordance to the Know How and Technology supply agreement between Dubai Pipes Factory Co. and Flowtite Technology. DPFC holds kitemark licenses that confirm the compliance of DPFC GRP pipes with requirement set by international organizations such as ISO, BSI, EN and ASTM. The second commissioned production line is made for the production of GRP pipes but using the Helical Winding Process. DPFC is quality committed and ISO 9001:2008 approved. DPFC is also committed to the Environment, and our company is certified for complying with ISO 14001:2004 standard. DPFC GRP pipe has been tested and approved for the conveyance of portable water. Testing and approval are conducted by Water Regulations Advisory Scheme.

Technologies Yield Higher Performance at Lower Cost


DPFC
Lightweight, corrosion resistant and manufactured under strict quality standards, DPFC-GRP pipe is available in over eight pressure classes and three stiffness classes. Diameters* up to 2400mm can be supplied in standard length up to 12 meters, different pipe lengths could be manufactured depending on clients requirements. Growing awareness of the operational cost savings and superior corrosion resistance offered by glassreinforced plastic pipe made by DPFC will result in its widespread application for the following :
G G G G G G G G G G G G G G

Water transmission and distribution (potable and raw water) Sanitary sewerage collection systems (gravity flow and force main) Storm water Effluent water Sea water intake and outfalls Circulating cooling water, make-up and blowdown lines for power plants Industrial applications Irrigation Odor control piping Oil field injection piping Fire fighting lines Ducting Slip lining for piping rehabilitation Insulated pipes for district cooling lines: core pipes as well as jacket pipes.

DPFC-GRP pipe delivers long, effective service life with low operating and maintenance costs. And DPFC-GRP pipe is the lowest cost option upfront too !
*Diameter availability is dependent on manufacturing equipment.

Product Benefits
DPFC
DPFC-GRP pipe is bringing a product to the market that can provide low cost, long-term piping solution to the customers around the world. The long list of features and benefits add up to provide the optimum installed and life cycle cost system. Features Corrosion resistant materials. Benefits Long, effective service life. No need for expensive cathodic protection. No need for costly pipe coating, wrapping, lining, painting, or use of polyethylene bags. Low maintenance costs. Hydraulic characteristics essentially remain unchanged over time. Ease of joining helps reduce installation time. Tight, efficient joints designed to eliminate infiltration and exfiltration. Costly joint diapers are not required. Allows for flexible alignment, accommodating changes in line direction with fewer fittings. Easy to install. No need for expensive handling equipment. Low delivery cost. Fewer joints reduce installation time. Low friction loss means less pumping energy needed. Minimum slime build up can help lower cleaning costs. Assures high quality product specification.

Double bell coupling joints manufactured of corrosion resistant glass fiber, and sealed with elastomeric gaskets.

Light-weight: 1/4 weight of ductile th iron and 1/10 of concrete pipe.

th

Manufactured in long sections. Extremely smooth bore.

Pipe specifications meet or exceed worldwide standards.

High technology pipe manufacturing system.

Helps ensure consistent product quality.

Performance Standards
DPFC
Standards developed by BSI, EN, ISO, ASTM and AWWA are applied to a variety of fiber glass pipe applications including conveyance of sanitary sewage, water and industrial waste. A thread common to all of the product performance based documents. This means that all the required performance and testing of the pipe is specified. designed to comply with these standards: ISO 10467 Plastic Piping Systems for Pressure and Non-pressure Drainage and Sewerage. ISO 10639 Plastic Piping Systems for Pressure and Non-pressure Water Supply. AWWA AWWA C950 is one of the most comprehensive product standards in existence for fiberglass pipe. This standard for pressure water applications has extensive requirements for pipe and joints, concentrating on quality control and prototype qualification testing. Like ASTM standards, this is a product performance standard. DPFC-GRP pipe is designed to meet the performance requirements of this standard. AWWA issued a standard manual, M-45, which includes several chapters on the design of GRP pipe for buried and above ground installations. AWWA ASTM Currently, there are several ASTM Product Standards in use which apply to a variety of fiberglass pipe applications. All product standards require the flexible joints to withstand hydrostatic testing in configurations (per ASTM D4161) that simulate exaggerated in-use conditions. These standards include many tough qualification and quality control tests. DPFC-GRP pipe is designed to meet all of these ASTM standards. ASTM ASTM ASTM D3262 D3517 D3754 Gravity Sewer Pressure Pipe (Water) Pressure Sewer AWWA C950 M45 Fiberglass Pressure Pipe Fiberglass Pipe Design Manual

ISO The International Standards Organisation (ISO) established product standards that specify the properties of piping system components made from glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP). The standards are applicable to GRP piping systems, with flexible or rigid joints with or without thrust blocks for water, drainage, or sewerage applications with or without pressure. DPFC-GRP pipes are

Control Testing & Qualification Testing


DPFC
Raw Materials Raw materials are delivered with vendor certification demonstrating their compliance with DPFC quality requirements. In addition, all raw materials are sample tested prior to their use. These tests ensure that the pipe materials comply with the specifications as stated. Pipe Physical Properties The manufactured pipes hoop and axial load strengths are verified on a routine basis. In addition, pipe construction and composition are confirmed. Finished Pipe All pipes are subjected to the following control checks : I Visual inspection I Barcol hardness I Wall thickness I Section Length I Diameter I Hydrostatic leak tightness test. On a sampling basis, the following control checks are performed : I Pipe stiffness I Deflection without damage or structural failure I Axial and circumferential tensile load strength I Impact resistance A common element shared by all standards is the need for a pipe manufacturer to demonstrate compliance with the standards minimum performance requirements. In the case of GRP pipe, these minimum performance requirements fall into both short-term and long-term
Figure 1
Threaded Rod Steel Channel 1/4 Rubber Pad Test Specimen Resin Bond and Steel Test Solution Flexible Dam 1/4 Rubber Pad

requirements. The most important of these, and generally specified at the same level of performance in all the previously defined standards is joint, initial ring deflection, long-term ring bending, long-term pressure and strain corrosion capability. DPFC-GRP pipe is rigorously tested to verify conformance to the ASTM D3262, ASTM D3517, AWWA C950, BS EN 1796 and 14364 requirements. Strain Corrosion Testing A unique and important performance requirement for GRP gravity pipe used in sewer applications is the chemical testing of the pipe in a deflected or strained condition. This strain corrosion testing is carried out in accordance with ASTM D3681, and requires a minimum of 18 ring samples of the pipe to be deflected to various levels and held constant. These strained rings are then exposed at the invert of the interior surface to 1.0N (5% by weight) Sulphuric acid (see Figure 1). This is intended to simulate a buried septic sewer condition. This has been shown to be representative of the worst sewer conditions including those found in the Middle East, where many FLOWTITE pipes (our know how supplier) have been successfully installed. The time to failure (leakage) for each test sample is measured. The minimum extrapolated failure strain at 50 or 60 years, using a least squares regression analysis of the failure data, must equal the values shown for each stiffness class in Table 1. The value achieved is then relatable to the pipe design to enable prediction of safe installation limitations for GRP pipe used for this type of service.
Table 1

Stiffness Class SN2500 SN5000 SN10000

Scv. Strain % .49 (t/d) .41 (t/d) .34 (t/d)

Control Testing & Qualification Testing


DPFC
Hydrostatic Design Basis - HDB Another important qualification test is the establishment of the Hydrostatic Design Basis HDB. This test is carried out in accordance with ASTM D2992 Procedure B and requires hydrostatic pressure testing to failure (leakage) of many pipe samples at a variety of very high constant pressure levels. As in the previously described strain corrosion test, the resulting data is evaluated on a log-log basis for pressure (or hoop tensile strain) vs. time to failure and then extrapolated to 50 or 60 years. The extrapolated failure pressure (strain) at 50 or 60 years, referred to as the hydrostatic design basis (strain) or HDB, must be at least 1.8 times the rated pressure class (strain at the rated pressure) (see Figure 2). In other words, the design criteria requires that the average pipe be capable of withstanding a constant pressure of 1.8 times the maximum operating condition for 50 years. Due to combined loading considerations, that is the interaction of internal pressure and external soil loads; the actual long-term factor of safety against pressure failure alone is higher than 1.8. This qualification test helps assure the long term performance of the pipe in pressure service.
Figure 2

Continued

joints to withstand hydrostatic testing in configurations that simulate very severe in-use conditions. Pressures used are twice those rated and 100KPa (1 bar) is used for gravity flow pipe. Joint configurations include straight alignment, maximum angular rotation and differential shear loading. A partial vacuum test and some cyclical pressure tests are also included. Initial Ring Deflection All pipes must meet the initial ring deflection levels of no visual evidence of cracking or crazing (Level A) and no structural damage to the pipe wall (Level B) when vertically deflected between two parallel flat plates or rods as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Deflection Level* 2500 Stiffness Class SN 5000 10000

A B

15% 25%

12% 20%

9% 15%

*Laboratory Test *Different deflection values apply for higher stiffness classes

Log Pressure (strain)

Test Results Extrapolation

HDB PN Rated Pressure Class

100

101

102

103 Log Time

104

105

50 Years

Joint Testing This important qualification test is conducted on joint prototypes for elastomeric gasket sealed couplings. This is a severe test carried out in accordance with ASTM D4161. It incorporates some of the most stringent joint performance requirements in the piping industry for pipe of any material within the pressure and size ranges of DPFC pipe. ASTM D4161 requires these flexible

Long-Term Ring Bending A GRP pipes long-term (50 or 60 years) ring deflection or ring bending (strain) capability, when exposed to an aqueous environment and under a constant load, must meet the Level A deflection level specified in the initial ring deflection test. This expression of the requirement only exists in ISO and EN standards. AWWA C950 requires the test to be carried out, with the resulting 50-year predicted value used in the pipes design. Pipes produced as per Flowtite technologies are tested using the guidelines of ASTM D5365 Long-Term Ring Bending Strain of Fiberglass Pipe and meet the requirements.

Method of Manufacturing
DPFC
Most of the DPFC-GRP pipes are mainly manufactured using the continuous advancing process (Continuous Filament Winding) which represents the state of the art in GRP pipe production. This process allows the use of continuous glass fiber reinforcements in the circumferential direction. For a pressure pipe or buried conduit the principle stress is in the circumferential direction, thus incorporating continuous reinforcements in this direction and not just chopped discontinuous roving such as in a centrifugal casting process, yields a higher performing product at lower cost.
Exterior Surface Outer Structural Layer Core Inner Structural Layer Barrier Liner Interior Liner

Using technology developed by material specialists, a very dense laminate is created that maximizes the contribution from three basic raw materials. Both continuous glass fiber rovings and choppable rovings are incorporated for high hoop strength and axial reinforcement. A sand fortifier is used to provide increased stiffness with placement near the neutral axis, in the core. The process has the capability of applying a special inner resin liner for severe corrosive applications while utilizing a less costly resin for the structural and outer portion of the laminate. (See section on Environments for special resin applications).

Method of Manufacturing DPFC filament winding machine represents the most advanced state of the art technology in use, and is the foremost method of manufacturing glass fiber pipe. Simply, this manufacturing machine consists of a continuous steelband mandrel supported in a cylindrical shape by beams. As the beams turn, friction pulls the steel band around and roller bearings allow the band to move longitudinally so that the entire mandrel moves continuously in a spiral path towards the exit assembly. As the mandrel rotates, all composite materials are metered onto it in precise amounts. First, mould-release film, followed by various forms and patterns of glass fibers, embedded in a polyester resin matrix. Inert filler can be interspersed within the structural laminate for some products. It is the continuous application of these materials onto the mandrel which forms the pipe. After the pipe has been formed on the mandrel it is cured and later cut to required length.

Product Scope-Technical Data


DPFC
Table 4

Diameters DPFC-GRP pipe can be supplied upto 2400 mm diameter. Lengths The standard length of DPFC pipe is 12 meters for diameters over 300mm. Lengths of 6 and 18 meters are also available. Load Capacity Values For design purposes the following values can be used for hoop tensile and axial tensile load capacity. Hoop Tensile Load Capacity Minimum initial hoop (circumferential) load, N per mm of lengths are shown in Table 4. Axial Tensile Load Capacity Minimum initial axial (longitudinal) load, N per mm of circumference are shown in Table 5. Fittings and Accessories All commonly used fittings or accessories can be supplied such as bends, tees, wyes and reducers. Stiffness Class DPFC-GRP pipe can be supplied to the following specific initial stiffness (EI/D3) are shown in Table 3.
Table 3

HOOP TENSILE LOAD CAPACITY


Diameter
DN

PN1
(N/mm)

PN6
(N/mm)

PN10
(N/mm)

PN12
(N/mm)

PN16
(N/mm)

PN20
(N/mm)

PN25 1522 1776 2030 2284 2537 3045 3427 3806 4567 4949 5328 6089 6472 6851 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

PN32 1948 2273 2598 2923 3247 3897 4387 4871 5845 6335 6820 7794 8283 8768 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

(N/mm) (N/mm)

300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400

60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480

366 427 488 549 609 731 823 914 1097 1189 1280 1463 1554 1646 1828 1920 2011 2194 2285 2377 2468 2560 2743 2925

609 711 812 914 1016 1219 1371 1523 1828 1981 2133 2437 2590 2742 3047 3199 3351 3656 3808 3960 4113 4265 4570 4874

731 853 975 1097 1218 1462 1645 1828 2193 2376 2559 2924 3107 3290 3655 3838 4021 4386 4569 4752 4935 5117 5483 5848

975 1137 1299 1462 1624 1949 2193 2436 2924 3168 3411 3898 4142 4385 4873 5116 5360 5847 6091 6334 6578 6822 7309 7796

1218 1421 1624 1827 2030 2436 2741 3045 3654 3959 4263 4872 5177 5481 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Table 5

AXIAL TENSILE LOAD CAPACITY


Diameter
DN

PN1
(N/mm)

PN6
(N/mm)

PN10
(N/mm)

PN12
(N/mm)

PN16
(N/mm)

PN20
(N/mm)

PN25 190 215 240 265 290 345 395 450 505 555 610 660 710 760 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

PN32 220 253 285 315 345 415 475 545 620 685 723 760 875 990 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

(N/mm) (N/mm)

300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300

95 100 105 110 115 125 135 150 165 185 195 205 215 225 238 250 263 275 288 300 313 325 338 350

115 125 130 140 150 165 180 200 215 230 245 260 275 290 305 320 335 350 365 380 395 410 425 440

140 150 160 175 190 220 250 280 310 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620

143 155 168 185 200 232 263 295 325 357 382 407 432 457 482 507 532 557 582 607 373 387 400 707

150 165 185 205 220 255 290 325 355 390 425 460 495 530 565 600 635 670 705 740 775 810 845 880

170 190 210 235 250 295 340 380 420 465 513 560 595 630 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Stiffnes Class SN 2500 SN 5000 SN 10000

N/m2 2500 5000 10000

Note: Data for DN below 300 are available in page 36 of this document.

2400

Product Scope-Technical Data


DPFC
Presssure Pressure classes of GRP Pipe shall be selected from the series listed in Table 6. Not all pressure classes are available in all diameters and stiffness.
Table 6

Continued

service life of GRP pipe. The outermost surface will be affected with discoloring of the surface observed. If so desired, the installing contractor may paint the exterior surface of pipe with a twopart urethane paint compatible with GRP. However, this will then become an item requiring future maintenance. Poisson's Ratio Poissons ratio is influenced by the pipe construction. For DPFC pipe, the ratio for hoop (circumferential) loads and axial response ranges from 0.22 to 0.29. For axial loading and circumferential response Poissons ratio will be slightly less. Thermal Coefficient The thermal coefficient of axial expansion and contraction for GRP pipe is 24 to 30 x 10-6 cm/cm/0C.

Pressure Class PN 1 (gravity) 6 9 10 12 16 20 25 32

Pressure Rating Upper diameter Bar Limit, mm 1 6 9 10 12 16 20 25 32 2400 2400 2400 2400 2400 2400 1400 1400 1400

The pipes pressure ratings have been established in accordance with the design approach outlined in AWWA M-45, Fiberglass Pipe Design Manual. Pipes are pressure rated at full operating pressure even when buried to the maximum depth recommended. To insure the long service life for which DPFC pipe is designed, the following capabilities should be noted and observed in service. Hydrotesting Standard Factory Test Pressure Maximum Field Test Pressure Surge Maximum Pressure 1.4 x PN (Pressure Class) 2 x PN (for 30 sec. or 1.5 x PN for 5 min.) 1.5 x PN (Pressure Class)

Flow Velocity Maximum recommended flow velocity is 3.0m/sec. Velocities of up to 4m/sec. can be used if the water is clean and contains no abrasive material. UV Resistance There is no evidence to suggest that ultraviolet degradation is a factor that affects the long-term

Product Scope-Technical Data


DPFC
Flow Coefficients Based on tests carried out over a 3-year period on Flowtite pipe, the Colebrook-White coefficient may be taken as 0.029mm. This corresponds to a Hazen Williams flow coefficient of approximately C=150. To assist the designer in estimating the head-loss associated with using DPFC pipe, Figures 3 & 4 have been provided, when using the chart, to estimate the head loss for pipes not specifically noted on the charts (due to slight inside diameter variances), the error will be less than 7% for flow velocities between 1 and 3 meters per second. Contact us for more detailed information, if needed. Abrasion Resistance Abrasion resistance can be related to the effects that sand or other similar material may have on the interior surface of the pipe. While there is no widely standardized testing procedure or ranking method, GRP pipe has been evaluated by using the Darmstadt Rocker method. Results will be highly influenced by the type of abrasive material used in the test. Using gravel which was obtained from the same source as that used at Darmstadt University, the average abrasion loss of DPFCGRP pipe is 0.34mm at 100,000 cycles. Joint Angular Deflection The joint is extensively tested and qualified in accordance with ASTM D4161. Maximum angular deflection (turn) at each coupling joint, considering both combined vertical and horizontal, measured at the change in adjacent pipe center lines, must not exceed the amounts given in Table 7. The pipes must be joined in straight alignment, but not all the way to the home line, and thereafter deflected angularly as required. When the DPFC-GRP pipe system will be operated at pressures exceeding 16 bar, the allowable DN 500 500 < DN 900 900 < DN 1800
Table 8

Continued

angular joint deflection must be reduced to the levels noted in Table 8.


Table 7

Angular Deflection of DPFC-Flowtite Coupling Joint


Nom. Pipe Diameter (mm) Max. Angle of Deflection (deg) 3m Max. Offset (mm) Pipe Length 6m 12m Min.Radius of Curvature Pipe Length 3m 6m 12m

DN 500 500 < DN 900 900 < DN 1800 1800 > DN

3 157 2 105 1 0.5 52 26

314 209 105 52

628 419 209 78

57 86 172 344

115 172 344

229 344 688

688 1376

High Pressure (>16 bar)


Nom. Pipe Diameter (mm) 20 bar Max. Angle of Deflection (deg.) 25 bar 32 bar

2.5 1.5 0.8

2.0 1.3 0.5

1.5 1.0 0.5

10

Product Scope-Technical Data


DPFC

Continued

Figure 3

Figure 4

11

Pipe Classsification Selection


DPFC
The selection of DPFC-GRP pipe is based on stiffness and pressure class requirements. Stiffness The stiffness of DPFC pipe is selected from one of the three stiffness classes listed below. The stiffness class represents the pipes minimum initial specific stiffness (EI/D3) in N/m2 as shown in Table 9.
Table 9 Stiffness Class SN N/m2

diameters, the maximum allowable cover depths, with consideration for traffic loads, for the three different stiffness classes in the six native soil groups are given in Table 19. The correlation between the backfill soil modulus and different backfill soil types at four different levels of relative compaction may be found in Table 20. The second parameter for pipe stiffness class selection is negative pressure, if it exists. Table 18 on page 21 of this brochure shows which stiffness to select for various amounts of negative pressure and burial depths for average native and backfill soil conditions. The stiffness selected should be the higher of that determined to suit negative pressure and burial conditions. Installation Types The illustrations on page 21 show four standard installation types commonly used with DPFCGRP Pipe. DPFC-GRP pipe can be installed in a number of different situations including above ground, subaqueous, trenchless and sloped applications. These applications often require more initial planning and more design considerations than the standard buried pipe installation. Specific instructions have been developed and could be provided when needed.

2500 5000 10000

2500 5000 10000

Stiffness is selected according to two parameters. These are : (1) burial conditions, which include native soil, type of backfill, cover depth, loads on the top of pipes and (2) negative pressure, if it exists. The native soil characteristics are rated according to ASTM D1586 Standard Penetration Test. Some typical soil blow count values relative to soil types and density are given in Table 10. A wide range of backfill soil types are offered in Table 17 to allow each installation to be customized providing the most economical cost. In many instances, the native trench soils can be used as pipe zone backfill. Assuming standard trench construction, and an allowable long-term deflection of 5% for pipe diameters 300mm and larger, and 4% for smaller

Table 10

Native Soil Group Classification


Non-Cohesive Soils Description Friction (degrees) Cohesive Soils Description Unconfined Comp. Strength Group (kPa)

Native Soil Group

Blow Counts

E1n value (Mpa)

1 2 3 4 5 6

>15 8 - 15 4-8 2-4 1-2 0-1

34.5 20.7 10.3 4.8 1.4 0.34

compact slightly compact loose very loose very loose very, very loose

33 30 29 28 27 26

very stiff stiff medium soft very soft very, very soft

192-384 96-192 48-96 24-48 12-24 0-12

12

DPFC

Nominal Diameter SN 2,500 STIS


PN 10 4.2 4.7 5.2 5.7 6.2 7.2 8.2 9.3 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 16.9 17.9 18.9 19.9 20.9 21.9 22.8 23.8 24.8 24.1 NA NA NA 481 NA NA 23.1 NA NA NA 446 34.7 32.5 22.2 NA NA NA 409 33.3 31.1 29.8 31.0 NA 21.2 NA NA NA 373 31.8 29.7 28.5 27.1 28.3 29.5 NA 20.3 NA NA NA 335 30.3 28.4 27.2 25.8 19.3 NA NA NA 306 28.9 27.0 25.9 24.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA 18.4 NA NA NA 272 27.5 25.6 24.6 23.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 17.4 NA NA NA 246 26.0 24.3 23.2 22.2 NA NA 16.5 NA NA NA 215 24.5 22.9 21.9 20.9 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 15.5 NA NA NA 191 23.1 21.5 20.7 19.7 NA NA NA 240 269 306 340 381 418 464 509 555 NA 14.6 14.4 NA NA 166 21.6 20.2 19.4 18.5 18.0 17.9 NA 207 13.6 13.5 NA NA 145 20.1 18.8 18.1 17.2 16.8 16.7 NA 180 12.7 12.5 NA NA 122 18.5 17.5 16.8 16.0 15.6 15.5 NA 152 23.2 25.0 26.9 28.6 30.5 32.3 34.2 36.0 37.8 39.7 41.5 43.3 45.1 11.7 11.6 NA NA 104 17.1 16.1 15.5 14.8 14.4 14.3 NA 130 21.4 21.4 23.2 25.0 26.9 28.6 30.5 32.3 34.2 36.0 37.8 39.7 41.5 43.3 45.1 10.7 10.7 NA NA 85 15.6 14.7 14.2 13.5 13.2 13.1 NA 107 19.4 19.4 9.8 9.7 NA NA 69 14.2 13.4 12.8 12.3 12.0 11.9 NA 87 17.5 17.5 16.8 18.6 20.4 22.1 23.9 25.6 27.4 29.1 30.9 32.7 34.4 36.2 37.9 39.6 41.4 43.2 9.1 8.8 8.8 NA NA 55 12.7 11.8 11. 11.1 10.8 10.7 NA 68 15.7 15.7 15.1 14.2 15.8 17.4 19.1 20.7 22.3 23.9 25.6 27.2 28.8 30.5 32.1 33.7 35.3 36.9 38.6 40.2 8.1 7.9 7.8 NA NA 42 11.3 10.5 10.2 9.8 9.6 9.5 NA 53 13.9 13.9 13.2 12.5 7.0 6.9 6.9 NA NA 31 9.8 9.1 8.8 8.6 8.4 8.4 NA 39 11.9 11.9 11.0 10.9 10.6 12.1 13.7 15.3 16.8 18.4 19.9 21.5 23.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 6.1 6.0 6.1 NA NA 23 8.6 8.0 7.7 7.5 7.4 7.3 NA 28 10.2 10.2 10.0 9.4 9.2 9.1 10.3 11.9 13.4 14.9 16.4 17.9 19.5 21.0 22.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5.6 5.6 5.6 NA NA 19 7.7 7.2 7.1 6.8 6.8 6.7 NA 23 9.2 9.2 9.1 8.5 8.4 8.3 5.1 4.9 5.1 NA NA 15 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.2 6.2 6.1 NA 18 8.2 8.2 8.2 7.8 7.6 7.5 7.4 8.2 9.1 10.2 11.7 13.2 14.7 16.2 17.7 19.2 20.6 22.1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4.7 4.6 4.6 NA NA 11 6.1 5.9 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.5 NA 14 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.0 6.8 6.7 6.7 4.1 4.1 4.1 NA NA 8 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.9 4.9 4.9 NA 10 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.9 13 18 23 29 36 48 66 85 107 132 161 190 224 258 297 336 380 424 475 525 NA NA NA NA PN 12 PN 16 PN 20 PN 25 PN 32 Weight* (kg/ mtr) PN1PN6 PN 10 PN 12 PN 16 PN 20 PN 25 PN 32 Weight* (kg/ mtr) PN1PN6 PN 10 PN 12 PN 16 PN 20 PN 25 PN 32 Weight* (kg/mtr)

Spigot Outer Diameter SN 5,000 STIS SN 10,000 STIS

Wall Thickness (e) Min.

Wall Thickness (e) Min.

Wall Thickness (e) Min.

DN

DOS Max

DOS Min

PN1PN6

300

324.5

323.5

4.3

350

376.4

375.4

4.9

400

427.3

426.3

5.5

450

478.2

477.2

6.2

500

530.1

529.1

6.8

600

617.0

616.0

8.0

700

719.0

718.0

9.1

800

821.0

820.0

10.3

900

923.0

922.0

11.5

10.3

1000

1025.0

1024.0

12.7

11.3

1100

1127.0

1126.0

13.9

12.4

1200

1229.0

1228.0

15.0

13.4

Pipe Dimensions

1300

1331.0

1330.0

16.2

14.4

13

1400

1433.0

1432.0

17.3

15.4

1500

1535.0

1534.0

18.4

16.4

1600

1637.0

1636.0

19.6

17.5

1700

1739.0

1738.0

21.0

18.5

1800

1841.0

1840.0

22.1

19.5

1900

1943.0

1942.0

23.2

20.5

2000

2045.0

2044.0

24.4

21.6

2100

2147.0

2146.0

25.6

22.6

2200

2249.0

2248.0

26.7

23.6

2300

2351.0

2350.0

27.9

24.6

2400

2453.0

2452.0

29.1

25.6

Measurements in mm unless otherwise noted. *Pipe weights are based primarily on Class PN6, which is the heaviest product. Pipe dimensions may vary from these values in some countries, dependent on local standards and practices. For Smaller Diameter pipes, details are available in page 36.

DPFC

Nominal Diameter CD PN 10 368 420 471 522 574 667 770 873 977 1080 1181 1284 1387 1490 1593 1696 1798 1902 2003 2107 2209 2312 2414 2517 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 330 330 330 330 2112.0 NA NA NA NA 330 2009.0 NA NA NA NA 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 1905.0 NA NA NA NA 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 1802.0 NA NA NA NA 330 330 330 1699.0 1706 NA NA NA 330 330 330 330 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1596.0 1602 NA NA NA 330 330 330 330 1493.0 1499 1510 1525* 1542* 330 330 330 330 330 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1390.0 1393 1404 1422* 1437* 330 330 330 330 330 1287.0 1291 1301 1313* 1330* 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1184.0 1188 1190 1188* 1225* 330 330 330 330 330 330 1081.0 1087 1097 1109 1128* 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 977.0 983 993 1000 1020* 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 874.0 879 889 889 909 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 47 55 63 71 74 86 91 108 119 105*** 107*** 120*** 127*** 136*** 145*** 154*** 163*** 770.0 774 784 784 792 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 40 667.0 669 679 679 679 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 32 574.0 576 586 586 586 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 20 523.0 524 534 534 534 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 18 472.0 473 483 483 484 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 16 421.0 422 432* 432* 437* 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 14 369.0 367* 385* 385* 390* 270 270 270 270 270 270 270 12 PN 12 PN 16 PN 20 PN 25 PN 32 PN1PN6 PN 10 PN 12 PN 16 PN 20 PN 25 PN 32 Weight** (kgs/unit) KL

Outer Diameter

DN

DOS Max

PN1PN6

300

324.5

367

350

376.4

419

400

427.3

469

450

478.2

520

500

530.1

572

600

617.0

665

700

719.0

768

800

821.0

870

900

923.0

972

1000

1025.0

1075

1100

1127.0

1176

1200

1229.0

1280

1300

1331.0

1381

Couplings Dimensions

14

1400

1433.0

1485

1500

1535.0

1586

1600

1637.0

1689

1700

1739.0

1791

1800

1841.0

1894

1900

1943.0

1996

2000

2045.0

2099

2100

2147.0

2200

2200

2249.0

2303

2300

2351.0

2405

2400

2453.0

2508

Measurements in mm unless otherwise noted. *Dimensions are only approximate. Couplings are overwrapped to achieve the rated pressure. **PN16 ***PN10

Fittings
DPFC
Fittings

DPFC-GRP has created a standardized line of GRP fittings that are molded or fabricated using the same materials that are used to produce GRP pipe. One of the benefits of DPFC-GRP pipe is the ability to fabricate a wide assortment of fittings, standard as well as non-standard.

Elbows

Wyes

Tees

Eccentric Reducers

Concentric Reducers

Flanges

Saddles

15

Shipping, Handling and Storage


DPFC
Inspecting Pipe All pipes should be inspected upon receipt at the job site to ensure that no damage has occurred in transit. Re-inspection of the pipe just prior to installation is advisable. Inspect the shipment upon delivery, as follows: 1. Make an overall inspection of the load. If the load is intact, ordinary inspection while unloading will normally be sufficient to make sure the pipe has arrived without damage. 2. If the load has shifted or indicates rough treatment, carefully inspect each pipe section for damage. Generally, an exterior inspection will be sufficient to detect any damage. 3. If any imperfection or damage is found, immediately segregate the affected pipes and contact DPFC. 4. Do not use pipe that appears damaged or defected. Repairing Pipe Normally, pipes with minor damage can be repaired quickly and easily at the job site by a qualified individual. If in doubt about the condition of the pipe, do not use the pipe. The Field Service Representative can help you determine whether repair is required and whether it is possible and practical. He can obtain the appropriate repair specification and arrange for the required materials and a trained repair technician, if desired. Repair designs can vary greatly due to pipe thickness, wall composition, application, and type and extent of damage. Therefore, do not attempt to repair a damaged pipe without consulting DPFC first. Improper repaired pipes may not perform as intended. Unloading and Handling Pipe Unloading the pipe is the responsibility of the customer. Be sure to maintain control of the pipe during unloading. Guide ropes attached to pipes or packages will enable easy manual control when lifting and handling. Spreader bars may be used when multiple support locations are necessary. Do not drop, impact, or bump the pipe, particularly at ends. Pipes packages may be handled using a pair of slings as shown in Figure 5.
1/ 4

xL

1/ 2

xL

1/ 4

xL

Figure 5

Single Pipes: Single pipes must be unloaded and handled separately (one at a time). Use pliable straps, slings or ropes to lift single pipes. Do not use steel cables or chains to lift or transport the pipe. Pipe sections can be lifted with only one support point (Figure 6) although two support points placed as in Figure 7 make the pipe easier to control. Do not lift pipes by passing a rope through the section end to end. See page 13 & 14 for appropriate weights of standard pipes and couplings. If at any time during handling or installation of the pipe, any damage such as gouge, crack, or fracture occurs, the pipe should be repaired before the section is installed. Contact DPFC for inspection of damage and for recommendation for repair method or disposal. See previous section on Repairing Pipe.

16

Shipping, Handling and Storage


DPFC

Continued

abrupt changes of curvature are not permitted. Storing of pipes outside these limitations may result in damage to the pipes.

Figure 6

Lifting Pipe at One Support Point

Figure 8

Table 16

1/ 4

xL

1/ 2

xL

1/ 4

xL

Maximum Storage Deflections Maximum Deflection Stiffness Class SN (% of Diameter) 2500 2.5 5000 2.0 10000 1.5 Storing Gaskets and Lubricant Rubber ring gaskets, when shipped separate from the couplings, must be protected from exposures to grease or oils, which are petroleum derivatives, and from solvents and other deleterious substances.

Figure 7

Lifting Pipe at Two Support Points Storing Pipe It is generally advantageous to store pipes on flat timber to facilitate placing and removal of lifting slings around the pipe. When storing pipe directly on the ground, be sure that the area is relatively flat and free of rock and other potentially damaging debris. All pipes should be chocked to prevent rolling in high winds. If it is necessary to stack pipes, it is best to stack on flat timber supports at maximum 6 meter spacing (3 meter for small diameter) with chocks (See Figure 8). Insure the stack will be stable for conditions such as high winds, un-level storage area or other horizontal loads. Maximum stack height is approximately 3 meters. Stacking of pipes larger than 1400mm diameter is not recommended. Maximum diametrical deflection must not exceed the values in Table 16. Bulges, flat areas or other

17

Shipping, Handling and Storage


DPFC
Transporting Pipe If it is necessary to transport pipes at the job site, support all pipe sections on flat timber spaced on a maximum of 4 meters centers (3 meter for small diameter) with 2 meters maximum overhang. Chock the pipes to maintain stability and separation (Figure 9). Strap pipe to the vehicle over the support points using pliable straps or rope never use steel cables or chains without adequate padding to protect the pipe from abrasion.

Continued

Control Rope Figure 10

Figure 9

Handling Nested Pipes Pipes to be shipped long distances may be nested (smaller diameter pipes inside of larger sizes) to reduce the transportation cost. These pipes generally have special packaging and may require non-standard procedures for un-loading, handling, storing and transporting. Non-standard practices, if required, will be supplied prior to shipment. Regardless, the following general procedures should always be followed: 1. Always lift the nested bundle using at least two pliable straps (Figure 10). Limitations, if any, for spacing between straps and lifting locations will be specified for each project. Insure that the lifting slings have sufficient capacity for the bundle weight. This may be calculated from the approximate pipe weights given in page 13. 2. Nested pipes are usually best stored in the transport packaging. Stacking of these packages is not advisable unless otherwise specified. 3. Nested pipe bundles can only be safely transported in the original transport packaging. Special requirements, if any, for support, configuration and/or strapping to the vehicle

will be specified for each project. 4. Package removal and de-nesting of the inside pipe(s) is best accomplished at a de-nesting station. Typically, this consists of three or four fixed cradles to fit the outside diameter of the largest pipe of the bundle. Inside pipes, starting with the smallest size may be removed by lifting slightly with an inserted paddle boom to suspend the section and carefully move it out the bundle without touching the other pipes (Figure 11). When weight, length and/or other equipment limitations preclude the use of this method, procedures for sliding the inside pipe(s) out of the bundle will be recommended for each project.

Figure 11

18

General Installation
DPFC
Long life and the good performance characteristics of GRP pipe can only be achieved by proper handling and installation of the pipe. It is important for the owner, engineer and contractor to understand that glassreinforced plastic (GRP) pipe is designed to utilize the bedding and pipe zone backfill support that will result from recommended installation procedures. Engineers have found through considerable experience that properly compacted granular materials are ideal for backfilling GRP pipe. Together, the pipe and embedment material form a high performance pipe-soil system. The following information is a partial review of installation procedures; it is not intended to replace the installation instructions which must be followed for any project. Trenching Details of a standard trench must always be wide enough to permit placement and compaction of the pipe zone backfill materials and provide proper pipe support. The depth of cover charts presented in this brochure are based on an assumed trench width 1.75 times the pipes nominal diameter. Widths down to 1.5 times DN may be achievable, however the burial limits will be affected. Consult us if your conditions will vary from these assumptions. Bedding The trench bed, of suitable material, should provide uniform and continuous support for the pipe. Backfill Materials To ensure a satisfactory pipe-soil system, correct backfill material must be used. Most coarse grained soils (as classified by the Unified Soils Classification system) are
Table 17 Backfill Soil Type Descripion Unified Soil Classification Designation, ASTM D2487

acceptable bedding and pipe zone backfill material. Where the instructions permit the use of native soil as backfill, care should be taken to ensure that the material does not include rocks, soil clumps, debris, frozen or organic material. Table 17 identifies acceptable backfill soils.

Standard Trench Details


Minimum Width Trench Dimension A is a minimun of .75* DN/2 Provide 100 to 200 mm bedding below the pipe

Checking the Installed Pipe After installation of each pipe, the maximum diametrical vertical deflection must be checked. With DPFC-GRP pipe this procedure is fast and easy. Installed Diametrical Deflection The maximum allowable initial diametrical deflection (typically vertical) shall be 3% for diameters 300mm and larger, and max 5% is the long-term allowable deflection. These values will apply to all stiffness classes. Bulges, flat areas or other abrupt changes of pipe wall curvature are not permitted. Pipe installed outside of these limitations may not perform as intended.

A B C D E F

Crushed stone and gravel, < 12% fines Gravel with sand, sand, < 12% fines Silty gravel and sand, 12 - 35% fines, LL < 40% Silty, clayey sand, 35 - 50% fines, LL < 40% Sandy, clayey silt, 50 - 70% fines, LL < 40% Low plasticity fine-grained soils, LL < 40%

GW, GP, GW- GP - GM GW - GC, GP - GC, SW, SP, SW-SM, SP-SM, SW-SC, SP-SC GM, GC, GM - GC, SM, SC, SM - SC GM, GC, GM - GC, SM, SC, SM - SC CL, ML, CL - ML CL, ML, CL - ML

19

General Installation
DPFC
INSTALLATION TYPE 1 I Carefully constructed bed I Backfill 70% relative Density Gravel I Backfill compacted to 300mm over pipe crown

Continued

Negative Pressure: Allowable negative pressure is a function of: (1) Pipe stiffness. (2) Burial depth, and (3) Type of installation. Table 18 are given max. burial depth, based on average native soil & backfill soil condition High water table: A minimum of 0.75 diameter of earth cover (minimum dry soil bulk density of 1900Kg/m3) is required to prevent an empty submerged pipe from floating. Alternatively, the installation may proceed by anchoring the pipes. If anchoring is proposed, restraining straps must be a flat material, minimum 25mm wide, placed at maximum 4.0m intervals.

INSTALLATION TYPE 2 Backfill to 60% of pipe diameter with gravel or sand (primary pipe zone) I Backfill from 60% to 300 mm over the pipe crown with compactible native soil compacted to 90% Standard Proctor
I

Traffic: All pipe zone backfill material should be compacted to grade level when traffic loads are to be present. Minimum cover restrictions maybe reduced with special installations such as concrete encasement, concrete cover slabs, casings, etc. (See Table 21)
Table 18 Negative Pressure Native Soil Group 3 (En = 10.3 Mpa) Backfill Type C at 90% SPD (Eb = 14 Mpa) Water Table Below Pipe Standard Trench Installation

20

General Installation
DPFC
Table 19

Continued

Table 21

Table 20

21

Factors Affecting Installation


DPFC

A. Depth of Cover:
Traffic Load

Fill-to-Grade

Native Soil

Backfill Material DPFC GRP Operating Pressure Negative Pressure Geologic Conditions

A.

Maximum allowable depth of cover is affected by: Backfill soil modules Trench width Native soil modules Traffic load Pipe stiffness Water table elevation Negative pressure
B. Pipe Diameter (DN)

DN Determines: Bedding depth Trench width


C. Pipe Zone:

E. D. B. F.

The area from the bottom of the bedding to 300mm over the crown of the pipe is defined as the pipe zone.
D. Compacted Backfill:

C.

The soil modules, Eb, of the backfill material depends on type and degree of compaction.
E. Trench Width:

Haunching

Minimum trench width is a function of pipe diameter. Standard Width = 1.75 x DN.
F. Side Clearance:

Bedding

G.
Water Table

Sufficient side clearance must be allowed to permit specified compaction of haunching and backfill soil.
G. Depth of Bedding:

The compacted bedding for the pipe is calculated as DN/4 with a maximum depth of 150 mm.
Installation Types Type 1 (full embedment) embedment)
Fill to grade with native soil

Type 1a (full embedment)


Fill to grade with native soil Compacted backfill as specified from bedding to pipe crown

Type 2 (split

Compact backfill from 60% of DN to 300mm over pipe crown, compacted, if necessary, to achieve a minimum modulus of 1.4 mPa

Compacted backfill as specified from bedding to 300 mm over pipe crown

Compacted backfill as specified from bedding to 60% of pipe diameter

Installation Design Process RECORD DATA:

Define diameter 2. Select pressure class 3. Define native soil classification 4. Check minimum depth of cover and operating pressure 5. Check minimum depth of cover for traffic load 6. Define native pressure (vacuum) 7. Select trench type 8. Check allowable burial depth and select SN and Eb 9. Select alternate trench construction, if necessary 10. Select backfill soil type and degree of compaction
1.

Effluent: PN: Group: OK? OK? Negative pressure (Vacuum): Type (full or split): SN: Alternative: Type:

DN:

Eb: %:

22

Pipe Joining
DPFC
Joining pipes DPFC-GRP pipe sections are typically joined using GRP double bell couplings. Pipe and coupling will be supplied separately. Other joining systems such as flanges, mechanical couplings and lay-up joints may also be used with DPFC-GRP pipe.

Double Bell Coupling The following steps apply to all double bell coupling joining procedures: Step 1: Clean Coupling Thoroughly clean double bell coupling grooves and rubber gasket rings to make sure no dirt or oil is present (Figure 12).

equally above the top of the groove around the whole circumference. Tapping with a rubber mallet will be helpful to accomplish the above. Step 3: Lubricate Gaskets Next,using a clean cloth, apply a thin film of lubricant to the rubber gaskets (Figure 14).

Figure 12

Figure 14

Step 2: Install Gaskets Insert the gasket into the grooves, leaving two or more uniform loops of rubber (depending on diameter) extending out of the groove. Do not put any lubricant in the groove or on the gasket at this stage. There should be a minimum of one loop for each 450mm of gasket ring circumference (Figure 13).

Step 4: Clean and Lubricate Spigots Thoroughly clean pipe spigots to remove any dirt, grit, grease, etc. Using a clean cloth, apply a thin film of lubricant to the spigots from the end of the pipe to the black positioning stripe. After lubricating, take care to keep the coupling and spigot clean (Figure 15).

Figure 13

Figure 15

With uniform pressure, push each loop of the rubber gasket into the gasket groove. When installed, pull carefully on the gasket in the radial direction around the whole circumference to check for well-distributed compression of the gasket. Check also that both sides of the gasket protrude

Caution: It is very important to use only the correct lubricant. Never use a petroleum based lubricant.

23

Pipe Joining
DPFC

Continued

Step 5: Fixing of Clamps Clamp A is fixed anywhere on first pipe or left in position from previous joint. Fix Clamp B on the pipe to be connected in the correct position relative to the alignment stripe on the spigot-end (homeline) so as to act as a stopper (Figure 16).
Figure 16

coupling. While these are held in position the new pipe is entered into the coupling until it rests against the pipe clamp. Come-along jack might need protective blanket under it in order not to touch against the pipe (Figure 17). Note: Approximate joining force 1 kg/mm of diameter.
Figure 18

Note: The mechanical installation clamp is to act both as a stopper to position the coupling and as a device on which to attach the pulling (come-along jacks) equipment. Clamp contact with the pipe shall be padded or otherwise protected to prevent damage to the pipe and to have high friction resistance with the pipe surface. If clamps are not available, nylon slings or rope may be used as in Figure 17, but care must be taken in the alignment of the coupling. A pipe clamp has the advantage of acting as a stopper. However, if not available, insert the pipe spigots until the home-line (alignment stripe) aligns with the coupling edge.
Figure 17

Step 8: Join Pipes Come-along jacks are loosened and timbers removed before re-tightening the jacks for entering the coupling onto the previously connected pipe. Check the correct position of the edge of the coupling to the alignment stripe (Figure 18). Note: When step 8 has been completed, Clamp-B is left in position while Clamp A is moved on to the next pipe to be joined.

Figure 19

Step 6: Pipe Placement The pipe to be connected is placed on the bed with sufficient distance from previously joined pipe to allow lowering the coupling into position. Step 7: Join Coupling Come-along jacks are installed to connect the pipe clamps and two 10cm x 10cm timbers or similar (larger diameters require a bulkhead) are placed between the pipe previously connected and the

24

Pipe Joining
DPFC

Continued

Flanged Joints GRP flanges should be joined according to the following procedure: (Figure 20) 1. Thoroughly clean the flange face. 2. Ensure the gasket is clean and undamaged. Do not use defective gaskets. 3.Place the gasket in position, if necessary, with small strips of adhesive tape. 4. Align flanges to be joined. 5. Insert bolts, washers, and nuts. All hardware must be clean and lubricated to avoid incorrect tightening. Washers must be used on all GRP flanges. 6. Using a torque wrench, tighten all bolts to 35 N.m (25 lb.ft) torque, following standard flange bolt tightening sequences. 7. Repeat this procedure, raising the bolt torque to 70 N.m (50 lb.ft) or until the flanges touch at their inside edges. 8. Check bolt torque one hour later and adjust if necessary. Note: When connecting two GRP flanges, only one flange should have a gasket groove in the face. Other Joining Methods Flexible Steel Couplings: (Straub, Tee Kay, etc.See Figure 21) These couplings can be used for joining as well as for repair. The coupling consists of a steel mantle with an interior rubber sealing sleeve. Three grades are available: A. Epoxy or PVC-coated steel mantle. B. Stainless steel mantle. C. Hot dip galvanized steel mantle.

Control of bolting torque with these couplings is most important. After initial bolt up, the coupling should be rapped with a rubber mallet to help seat and flow the gasket. Bolt torque should then be adjusted up to proper levels. Depending on coupling size, this procedure may need to be repeated several times. Do not over torque as this may over stress the bolts. Follow the manufacturers recommended assembly instructions.
Figure 21

3.3.2 Mechanical Steel Couplings: (Viking Johnson, Dresser etc.See Figure 22) These couplings can be used for joining, typically to other types of pipe or to rigid items. Bolting torque must be controlled to not exceed the manufacturers maximum recommended values. Excess torque could damage the pipe.

Figure 20

Figure 22

Flanges

25

Field Hydrotest-G.R.P. Piping


DPFC
UNDERGROUND PIPING SYSTEM COUPLING JOINTS Field Hydrotest could be conducted in segments or as a complete piping system : Segment Hydrotestings Certain lengths shall be chosen according to site conditions to test the installed piping system in segments. A clearance of 4 meters minimum shall be maintained between the segments which could be later installed as Make-up pipe piece with double spigot calibration to facilitate the joining on existing piping segment. FIXING TEST PLUGS : There are more than one method to close temporarily the pipe ends for hydrotest purposes : 1. USING BLIND END CAPS : Blind end cap is GRP coupling with one end closed through lamination, while the other end is with groove for rubber gasket to work as sealing the end. Fix the end cap with the last pipe end to be tested after placing the rubber gasket into end cap groove. Join with the spigot pipe end through pullers/ come-along jacks. Necessary openings could be provided to the end caps for ventilation/pressure gauge. After segment test, these end caps could be removed through pullers & upon rubber gasket replacement, could be reused for other segments. End caps are available with DPFC upon separate purchase order. Adequate concrete block supports shall be provided to the end cap to prevent the pipe movement during hydrotest. 2. FLANGED BLIND END : Flanged blind end is a spool consisting of flange with pipe piece & blind through a blind flange with bolts at one end while the other end is a spigot calibrated pipe and shall be joined with the
26

existing end by coupling.


*Further details of above options are available upon request

CHECK LIST PRIOR TO PIPE ENDS BLIND : To check each coupling joint is connected correctly and the clearance between the pipe end is uniform all around. (Field joints testing equipment is available upon separate Purchase Order for pipe diameters ranging from 700mm to 2400mm. This test ensures the rubber gasket correct positioning inside the double bell coupling groove. The test shall be conducted prior to start backfill. For details, contact Dubai Pipes Factory Co. - Field Representative). Internal visual inspection shall be carried out for accessible pipe diameters for any possible damage during installation/backfilling. Vertical deflection measurements shall be taken to observe the pipe behaviour after the backfill. Make sure that the pipes are backfilled to the minimum cover depth requirements of hydrotest. For 300mm diameters: Min. 600mm cover over the pipe crown. For 350mm diameters & onwards: Min. 1000mm cover over the pipe crown.
Double bell coupling joints could be exposed in case of the client requirements.

Make sure that the backfilling slope at the joints location is maintained with minimum pipe exposure. PREPARATION PRIOR TO HYDROTEST : Make sure that the test method statement is available with full understanding of implementation to the testing team. Allowance for each branch / manhole to move freely, within limits during the hydrotest. Fixing ventilation at highest points, minimum two pressure gauges and filling points with valves.

Field Hydrotest-G.R.P. Piping


DPFC
The values and reading at the pressure shall be calculated taking into account the static head between the lowest pipe invert level along the complete line and the level of the pressure gauge. All flanges are tightened to the specified torque bolt sequence. Make sure that the valves are anchored and the above ground piping, if any, is supported as specified. In no case, shall a single person be allowed to get inside of the piping for inspection. Upon verification of the inspection, when the findings are all judged acceptable & recorded, manhole covers shall be closed. Prior to start water filling, temporary piping & blinds shall be installed checked & verified by the client /consultant /contractor representatives. WATER FILLING & PRESSURIZING THE SYSTEM : (It shall be confirmed that all vent points are fully opened to atmosphere, prior to start water filling). Introduce water filling through temporary hosing & pump at lowest point. Pump capacity shall be chosen according to the pipe diameter and segment /system linear length. (Pumps having 100m3 capacity /hour are generally used for large diameter pipes). The sign of complete water filling is when the water starts coming through a higher ventilation point of an opened valves. Stop water pumps at this stage & check the flanges, valves and connected accessories for any weepage /leakage, while keeping the vents open. PRESSURIZING : Start pressurizing the segment / system through the pump. Once the water starts coming out through the vent opening, close the valves at the low elevation. Later, on the high elevation end, the vent valves shall be closed as when water

Continued

starts coming. The pressure increment shall be maintained approx. as 0.5 Bar /10 minutes at this stage. When the pressure reaches to 2 bar, the pumps shall be stopped. Keep this stoppage for 15-20 minutes. During this time, following checks shall be made : A) Pressure at each test gauge shall be checked & recorded on inspection sheet. B) Watch the pressure at the water feed point for any decrease in pressure. C) Walk through along with the underground lines to observe any traces of wet soil. Check the coupling joints, if exposed. The inspection sheet shall be maintained for the observations & findings. Anything unusual shall be immediately reported to the team leader. Unless there is no findings which prevent the test from continuing, the segment/system shall be further pressurized. Connect the hose with the pressure pump and start pressurizing the line. At this stage, slightly open the vent. Valve should be fixed at a higher elevation to ensure that no entrapped air is present. Upon confirmation of water coming out of the vent, valve shall be closed. The system is now totally closed and under pressure. Continue pressurizing until pressure reaches 5.0 Bar. Stop the pressure pump once it reaches to 5.0 Bar and let is stabilize. There could be a drop in pressure due to the thermal expansion, which could be resolved by restarting the pump or keep it as is & record it on the inspection sheet. Keep this stoppage for about 30 minutes. During

27

Field Hydrotest-G.R.P. Piping


DPFC
this period, repeat the same sequence of inspection as described earlier. The findings & observations shall be recorded on inspection sheets. Any unusual findings shall be reported immediately to the team leader. Unless there is no finding which prevents the test from continuing, the segment/system shall be further pressurized to the requirement. The test pressure should not exceed 1.5 times the maximum rated operating pressure. The test pressure shall be maintained for a minimum period of time. (It is recommended to maintain the test hold time to a maximum of 15 minutes after pressure stabilization). A thorough inspection shall be made as FINAL INSPECTION. Fill up the inspection sheets accordingly. The test shall be considered as PASS if no signs of leakage is observed The inspection sheet(s) shall be signed by the authorities. POST HYDROTEST: After completion of the test, drain or flush out the filled water from the pipe segment/system through drain valves & vents shall be opened. This pressure release shall be made slowly at 2 bar /5 minutes. Remove the end cap from the segment as per procedure. Prepare the pipe end to be ready for next installation. Exposed joints may be backfilled using the specified backfill material. Connect the adjacent segment ends with closure pipe piece.

Continued

Continue the installation for the other segments & conduct the hydrotest in the similar manner as described earlier. Keep connecting the segments through closure spools. COMPLETE SYSTEM hydrotest /Final hydrotest Purpose of this hydrotest is to test the pipe closure spools joints. Following arrangements shall be made : 1- All branch connections shall be kept free to move. 2- Separate the line from all connecting equipments. 3- Exposure of joints at closure pipe piece shall be done manually in order to prevent the pipe from any damage. The procedure described for the segment testing is applicable to the final hydrotest. For final hydrotest, it is recommended to maintain the test hold pressure for minimum period of time (to inspect the joint/fittings) and the pressure shall be equal to the maximum rated operating pressure.

28

Surge & Water Hammers


DPFC
Water hammer or pressure surge is the sudden rise or fall in pressure caused by an abrupt change in the fluid velocity within the pipe system. The usual cause of these flow changes is the rapid closing or opening of valves, or sudden starting or stopping of pumps such as during a power failure. The most important factors which influence the water hammer pressure in a pipe system are the change in velocity of the fluid, rate of change of the velocity (valve closing time), compressibility of the fluid, stiffness of the pipe in the hoop direction, and physical layout of the pipe system.

The water hammer pressure expected for GRP pipe is approximately 50% of that for steel and ductile iron pipe, for similar conditions. The pipe has a surge pressure allowance of 40% of the nominal pressure, as shown in Table 22. An approximate relationship for the maximum pressure variation at a given point in a straight pipeline with negligible friction loss can be calculated from the formula : H = (w v)/g Where : H = change in pressure (meters) w = surge wave celerity (meters/sec) v = change in liquid velocity (meters/sec) g = acceleration due to gravity (meters/sec2)

Table 22

Surge Wave Celerity for DPFC- GRP Pipes DN SN2500 PN6 PN10 PN16 SN5000 PN6 PN10 PN16 PN25 SN10000 PN6 PN10 PN16 PN25 PN32 420 435 500 580 620 415 425 495 570 615 410 415 485 560 615 405 435 505 575 380 420 495 570 370 410 480 560 365 435 500 350 420 490 340 405 480 300-400 450-800 900-2500 Meters/Sec.

29

Thrust Blocks, Concrete Encasement, Rigid Connections


DPFC
Thrust Restraints When the pipeline is pressurized, unbalanced thrust forces occur at bends, reducers, tees, wyes, bulkheads and other changes in line direction. These forces must be restrained in some manner to prevent joint separation. When the surrounding soil cannot provide this restraint, thrust or stress / thrust blocks must be used. Determination of need and design of these restraints is the responsibility of the owners engineer subject to the following limitations: Thrust/Stress Blocks Thrust/stress blocks must limit the displacement of the fitting to 0.5% of the diameter or 6mm whichever is less. They must also restrict the radial deformation of the fitting to 0.1% of the respective pipe sections. For operating pressures above 10 bar, the block must completely surround the fitting for its entire length and circumference (Figure 23) and should be placed either against undisturbed earth or backfilled with pipe zone material as appropriate for the native soil characteristics. These blocks are required for the fittings when the line pressure exceeds 1 bar (100KPA): These blocks are applicable to: 1- All bends, reducers, bulkheads and blind flanges.
Figure 23

2- Tees: When the branch pipe is concentric to the header pipe centerline. 3- Valves: Valves must be sufficiently anchored to absorb the pressure thrust. 4- Nozzles: Nozzles are tee branches meeting all the following criteria: i- Nozzle diameter 300mm. ii- Header diameter 3 times nozzle diameter. iii- If the nozzle is not concentric and/or not perpendicular to the header pipe axis, the nozzle diameter shall be considered to be the longest chord distance on the header pipe wall at the nozzle/pipe intersection. Note: It is not necessary to encase nozzle connections in concrete.

Section A-A A A A A Concrete Thrust Blocks

One Miter Bend: 0-30

Two Miter Bend: 31-60 A

Three Miter Bend: 61-90

Tee

A Reducer

30

Thrust Blocks, Concrete Encasement, Rigid Connections Continued


DPFC
Concrete Encasement When pipes must be encased in concrete,such as for thrust blocks, stress blocks, or to carry unusual loads, specific additions to the installation procedures must be observed. Pipe Anchoring During the pouring of the concrete, the empty pipe will experience large uplift (flotation) forces. The pipe must be restrained against movement that could be caused by these loads. This is normally accomplished by strapping over the pipe to a base slab or other anchor(s). Straps should be a flat material of minimum 25mm width, strong enough to withstand flotation uplift forces, spaced not to exceed 4 meters, with a minimum of one strap per section length. The straps should be tightened to prevent pipe uplift, but not so tight that additional pipe deflection is caused.

Max. 4 meters

Clear area

Figure 25

max. 4 meters min. .25 meters

Rigid Connections When a pipe passes through a wall, or encased in concrete, or meets a junction with a manhole, or is flanged to a pump, valve, or other structure, excessive bending stresses may develop in the pipe if differential movement occurs between the pipe and the rigid connection. For all rigid connections action must be taken by the installer to minimize the development of high discontinuity stresses in the pipe. Two options are available. Alternate A (preferred) uses a coupling joint cast into the concrete-pipe interface. Alternate B wraps the pipe in rubber to ease the transition. Where possible, cast a coupling joint in the concrete at the interface (Figure 26) so that the first pipe outside the concrete has complete freedom of movement (within the joint limits).

Figure 24

Pipe Supports The pipe should be supported in such a way that the concrete can easily flow completely around and fully underneath the pipe. Also, the supports should result in an acceptable pipe shape (less than 3% deflection and no bulges or flat area). Supports are normally placed at strap locations (not exceeding 4 meter spacing)(Figure 25). Concrete Pouring The concrete surround must be placed in stages allowing sufficient time between layers for the cement to set (no longer exert buoyant forces). Maximum lift height is variable with nominal pipe stiffness:

Caution 1- When casting a coupling in concrete, be sure to maintain its roundness, so later joint assembly may be accomplished easily. Alternatively, make up the joint outside the encasement prior to pouring the concrete. 2- Since the coupling cast in concrete is rigid, it is important to minimize the vertical deflection and deformation of the adjacent pipe. Where the standard method is not possible, wrap a band (or bands) of rubber around the pipe prior to placement of any concrete, such that the rubber slightly protrudes (25 mm) from the concrete. Layout the pipeline so the first completely exposed coupling joint is located as shown in Figure 27.

STIS 2500 Larger of 300mm or 1/4 pipe DN. STIS 5000 Larger of 450mm or 1/3 pipe DN. STIS 10000 Larger of 600mm or 1/2 pipe DN

31

Thrust Blocks, Concrete Encasement, Rigid Connections Continued


DPFC
Misalignment problems should be remedied by rebedding the full pipe sections leading to the rocker pipe. 3. Extra care and caution must be taken to replace and properly compact backfill adjacent to the concrete structure. Construction of the concrete structure will frequently require overexcavation for formwork, etc. This extra excavated material must be restored to a density level compatible with surroundings or excess deformation, or joint rotation adjacent to the structure may occur. It is recommended that a backfill soil modulus (Eb) of at least 6.9 MPa be attained in this region to prevent excessive movements. Use of stabilized backfill (cement) adjacent to large concrete structures has also been found to be very effective in preventing excess joint deformation in very large diameters (DN>1600mm).

Max. Larger of 2m or 2 x D Min. Larger of 1m or 1 x D

Well compacted SC1 or SC2 (or stabilised) backll

Figure 26
Concrete encasement rubber Special Pipe Short Pipe Section Max. Larger of 2m or 2 x D Min. Larger of 1m or 1 x D

Well compacted SC1 or SC2 (or stabilised) backll

Figure 27

Construction Guidelines 1. When the design of the concrete structure is considered, it should be noted that any excessive settlement of the structure relative to the pipe can be the cause of a pipe failure. 2. The pipeline layout shall be such that the first pipe section near the rigid connection is a short length (rocker pipe) as follows : (See Figures 26 and 27) Minimum : larger of 1 meter or 1 diameter Maximum : larger of 2 meters or 2 diameters This rocker pipe section is used to account for some differential settlements that may occur. The rocker pipe should have straight alignment with the concrete structure at the time of installation to provide maximum flexibility for subsequent movements. Multiple short lengths or rocker pipes should not be used, as the short spacing between couplings may result in an unstable condition.

32

Field Adjustments
DPFC
Length Adjustment The following procedure shall be followed for proper length adjustment: 1- Determine the length required and mark a square cut location on the selected pipe. 2- Measure the pipe diameter at point of cut with a circumferential PI tape. 3- Compare the measurement with spigot tolerance range given in page 13. (Note: manufacturers may give the pipe a special marking (Adjustment Pipe) at the factory indicating the entire pipe barrel is within spigot tolerance range). Select one of these pipes (if available) for the field adjustment to avoid spigot machining. 4- Cut the pipe at the appropriate location using a circular saw with a masonry blade. 5- If pipe diameter is within the spigot tolerance range, clean the surface in the joining area, sand smooth any rough spots and with a grinder bevel cut pipe end to ease assembly. No further grinding is necessary. 6- If the pipe diameter is not in the spigot tolerance range use a field lathe or grinder and machine the joining (spigot) surface to the tolerances as indicated in Table 23, Bevel pipe end. (Figure 28)
Table 23
Spigot Dimensions and Tolerances
Diam. Series DN (mm) Minimum DOS (mm) Maximum DOS (mm) CL (mm) BL (mm)

End Coating of Field Cut Sewer Pipe If sewer pipe is intended to ever be subjected to high pressure water jet cleaning, a special
Figure 28 Spigot Width CL BL 70

Smooth and Round Corner


Pipe spigot and bevel dimensions definition for coupling joints. Note: For field closure section, double the spigot width (CL).

protective end should be applied at the time of manufacture. Customers are advised to so request upon ordering the pipe. It will be necessary for the installing contractor to similarly coat the ends of all field cut pipes. Alternatively, special short lengths can be ordered, thereby avoiding the need to make field cuts. The above is only necessary for gravity sewer pipes which will be subjected to high pressure (over 80 bar, but less than 120 bar) water jet cleaning. It is not necessary for pipes that are used to convey water or for pumped sewer mains, or where pipes are not cleaned by high pressure water jets. Field Closure 1. Carefully measure the space where the closure piece is to be placed. The closure piece must be 50mm shorter than the length of the space. The piece must be centered with an equal clearance of 25mm left between the inserted pipe and the adjacent ones. 2. Use a special pipe with long machined ends ordered or prepared specifically for this purpose. 3. Two double bell couplings. 4. Pull the couplings onto the machined ends of the closure pipe after lubricating abundantly the ends and the rubber ring. It may be necessary to gently help the second ring over the chamfered end of the pipes.

B2

B1

300 350 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2400

323.4 375.4 426.3 529.1 616.0 718.0 820.0 922.0 1024.0 1228.0 1432.0 1636.0 1840.0 2044.0 2452.0

324.5 376.4 427.3 530.1 617.0 719.0 821.0 923.0 1025.0 1229.0 1433.0 1637.0 1841.0 2045.0 2453.0

159.0 161.0 162.0 166.0 170.0 172.0 172.0 172.0 172.0 172.0 172.0 172.0 172.0 172.0 172.0

6.6 8.5 10.4 14.3 17.6 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0

Note: 1. Series B2 matches with Ductile Iron spigot O.D.s. 2. Series B1 is GRP O.D. series. 3. In some countries the Ductile Iron (B2) series may not be used

33

Field Adjustments
DPFC
5. Lubricate well the ends of the two adjacent pipes after they are cleaned thoroughly. 6. Place the closure pipe in its final position and pull the coupling over the adjacent pipes up to the home line (Figure 29. Steps 2 and 3). 7. The compaction of the backfill around a field closure pipe is very important. Very often the closure piece area is over-excavated for ease of access. It is essential to provide proper backfill support. It is recommended that a backfill soil modulus (Eb) of at least 6.9 MPA be attained in the closure area to prevent excessive movement and joint rotations. Note: After the coupling is in final position a feeler gauge maybe used to assure that gasket lips are properly oriented
Figure 29

Continued

Field Closures with Non DPFC-GRP Couplings Follow the general procedures except that the closure pipe will not typically need to have the special long machined spigot ends. The installation procedures for the particular coupling used must be followed.

34

Small Diameter Pipes (SDP) GRP Pipes


DPFC Small Diameter Pipes ranging from DN80 to DN300 mm are manufactured in our second production line using Dual Helical Winding process.
Manufacturing Process Pipe

The Dual Helical Winding Process uses continuous Glass-fiber Filaments impregnated in resin. In this process the fiber glass roving wetted with resin is wound on the steel mandrel at pre-calculated winding angles (in reference to the axis of the mandrel vary from 50-90 Deg.). The dual helical winding pattern is responsible for providing the composite product with maximum mechanical durability. The resin used will decide the extent of its chemical and temperature resistance. The entire process is controlled via the software in which we determine the winding angles as well as the number of layers to be wound on to the product. Silica Sand if used is added during the winding process in the structural wall of the pipe to give necessary compressive strength if required. The dual Helical winding process is illustrated in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

Figure 1

35

Small Diameter Pipes (SDP) GRP Pipes Continued


DPFC

Figure 2

Product Range - Pipes & Fittings: Pressure Stiffness SN Diameter DN Class PN (N/m2) (mm) (Bars) 80 100 6 2,500 150 10 5,000 200 12 10,000 250 16 300
Table 24

Hoop Tensile Load Capacity:

Minimum table 26.

initial

load

as

shown

in

Hoop Tensile Load Capacity (N per mm of Length)


DN 80 100 150 200 250 300
Table 26

PN1-PN6 92 122 183 244 305 366

PN10 153 203 305 406 508 609

PN12 183 244 366 487 609 731

PN16 244 325 487 650 812 975

Pipes with different pressure classes and stiffness could be manufactured depending on clients requirement.
Technical Details: Dimensions & Weight:
Nominal Diameter DN Spigot Outer Diameter DOS Max (mm) DOS Min (mm) Helical pipes with no filler PIPE COUPLING Std. Pipe Min. Pipe Std. Weight* Weight* Length Thickness Coupling (Kg/ (Kg/m) (m) (m) Length (m) unit)

Axial Tensile Load Capacity:

Minimum table 27.

initial

load

as

shown

in

80 100 150 200 250 300


Table 25

88 108

87 107

6 10 10 12 12 12

4.7 4.7 4.7 5.5 6.3 6.3

2.5 3 4.5 7 10 12

150 150 150 176 176 216

3 3.5 4.5 7 9 10

Axial Tensile Load Capacity (N per mm of Circumference)


DN 80 100 150 200 250 300
Table 27

158.5 157.5 211 210

263.5 262.5 314.5 313.5

PN1-PN6 75 75 85 95 105 115

PN10 80 80 100 110 125 140

PN12 85 85 105 115 130 145

PN16 90 90 110 120 135 150

Load Capacity Values:

For design purposes the following values can be used for hoop tensile and axial tensile load capacity.

36

Environmental Guide for DPFC Pipe


DPFC
Using this environment guide : All materials listed in green can be used with our current standard pipe resin systems as well as vinyl ester lined pipes. All materials listed in blue are in addition to the green materials that can be used in pipes that use a vinyl ester resin liner. All materials listed in red are not recommended and may not work in any type of DPFC-GRP pipe system.
Standard Pipe Resin Vinyl or Vinyl Ester Ester Only Acetic Acid <20% Adipic Acid Alum (Aluminium Potassium Sulfate) Aluminium Chloride, Aqueous Ammonia, Aqueous <20% Ammonium Chloride, Aqueous (40 C) Ammonium Flouride Ammonium Nitrate, Aqueous (40 C) Ammonium Phosphate-Monobasic, Aqueous Ammonium Sulfate, Aqueous Aniline Hydrochloride Antimony Trichloride Barium Carbonate Barium Chloride Barium Sulfate Beet Sugar Liquor Benzene Sulfonic Acid (10%)* Benzoic Acid* Black Liquor (Paper) Bleach Borax Boric Acid Bromine, Aqueous 5%* Butyric Acid, <25% (40 C)** Calcium Bisulfide ** Calcium Carbonate Calcium Chlorate, Aqueous (40 C) Calcium Chloride (Saturated) Calcium Hydroxide, 100% Calcium Hypochlorite* Calcium Nitrate (40 C) Calcium Sulfate NL AOC Cane Sugar Liquors Carbon Dioxide, Aqueous Carbon Tetrachloride Casein Caustic Potash (KOH) Chlorine, Dry Gas* Chlorine, Water * Chlorine, Wet Gas* Chlorocetic Acid Citric Acid, Aqueous (40 C) X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Standard Pipe Resin Vinyl or Vinyl Ester Ester Only Copper Acetate, Aqueous (40 C) Copper Chloride, Aqueous Copper Cyanide (30 0C) Copper Nitrate, Aqueous (40 C) Copper Sulfate, Aqueous (40 C) X Crude Oil (Sour)* Crude Oil (Sweet)* Crude Oil, Salt Water (25 C)* Cyclohexane Cyclohexanol Dibutyl Sebacate** Dibutylpthalate** Diesel Fuel* Dioctyl Phthalate** Ethylene Glycol Ferric Chloride, Aqueous Ferric Nitrate, Aqueous Ferric Sulfate, Aqueous Ferrous Chloride Ferrous Nitrate, Aqueous** X Ferrous Sulfate, Aqueous Formaldehyde Fuel Oil* Gas, Natural, Methane Gasoline, Ethyl* Glycerine Green Liquor, Paper Hexane* Hydrobromic Acid Hydrochloric Acid, Up to 15% Hydrofluoric Acid Hydrogen Sulfide, Dry Kerosene* Lactic Acid, 10% Lactic Acid, 80% (25 C) Lauric Acid Lauryl Chloride Lauryl Sulfate** Lead Acetate, Aqueous Lead Nitrate, Aqueous (30 C) Lead Sulfate Linseed Oil* X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

NR

NR

37

Environmental Guide for DPFC Pipe


DPFC
Standard Pipe Resin Vinyl or Vinyl Ester Ester Only Lithium Bromide, Aqueous (40 C)** Lithium Chloride, Aqueous (40 C)** Magnesium Bicarbonate, Aqueous (40 C) Magnesium Carbonate (40 C) Magnesium Chloride, Aqueous (25 C) Magnesium Nitrate, Aqueous (40 C) Magnesium Sulfate Manganese Chloride, Aqueous (40 C)** Manganese Sulfate, Aqueous (40 C)** Mercuric Chloride, Aqueous** Mercurous Chloride, Aqueous Mineral Oils* n-Heptane* Naphthalene* Naptha* Nickel Chloride, Aqueous (25 C) Nickel Nitrate, Aqueous (40 C) Nickel Sulfate, Aqueous (40 C) Nitric Acid Oleic Acid Oxalic Acid, Aqueous Ozone, Gas Paraffin* Pentane Perchloric Acid Petroleum, Refined & Sour* Phosphoric Acid Phosphoric Acid (40 C) Phthalic Acid (25 C) Potassium Permanganate, 25% Potassium Bicarbonate** Potassium Bromide, Aqueous (40 C) Potassium Chloride, Aqueous Potassium Dichromate, Aqueous Potassium Ferrocyanide (30 C)** Potassium Ferrocyanide Aqueous (30 C)** Potassium Nitrate, Aqueous Potassium Sulfate (40 C) Propylene Glycol (25 C) Sea Water Sewage (50 C) Silicone Oil Silver Nitrate, Aqueous Sodium Bromide, Aqueous Sodium Chloride, Aqueous Sodium Dichromate Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate ** X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X NR Sodium Ferrocyanide Sodium Hydroxide 10% Sodium Mono-Phosphate** Sodium Nitrate, Aqueous Sodium Nitrite, Aqueous Sodium Silicate Sodium Sulfate, Aqueous Sodium Sulfide Sodium Tetraborate Stannic Chloride, Aqueous* Stannous Chloride, Aqueous Stearic Acid* Sulfur Sulfuric Acid, <25% (40 C) Tannic Acid, Aqueous Tartaric Acid Toluene Sulfonic Acid** Tributyl Phosphate Triethanolamine Triethylamine Turpentine Urea, (Aqueous)** Vinegar Water, Distilled Water, Sea Water, Tap Zinc Chloride, Aqueous Zinc Nitrate, Aqueous** Zinc Sulfate, Aqueous Zinc Sulfite, Aqueous (40 C)**

Continued

Standard Pipe Resin Vinyl or Vinyl Ester Ester Only X X X X X X X X X X X X

NR

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Note : This guide is intended to serve as a basic guide when considering GRP pipe. Final determination of the suitability of a particular resin system for a given environment is the responsibility of the customer. This list is based on information supplied by resin manufacturers who provide Flowtite producers with their material. Thus this guide provides only general information and does not imply approval of any application as DPFC has no control of the conditions of usage nor any means of identifying environments to which the pipe may unintentionally have been exposed.

38

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen