William T.G.

Morton
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William T.G. Morton

William T.G. Morton

Born Died Nationality Fields Alma mater Known for

August 9, 1819 Charlton, Massachusetts July 15, 1868 New York City United States dentistry Washington University ether for a surgical operation

William Thomas Green Morton (August 9, 1819 - July 15, 1868) was an American dentist and physician. He was born in Charlton, Massachusetts. He received his (honorary) M.D. at Washington University in Baltimore in 1852. He administered ether for a surgical operation at Massachusetts General Hospital on October 16, 1846. This first successful public demonstration by Morton of ether as an inhalation anesthetic was an historic and widely publicized event. Many consider him to be the "inventor and revealer" of anesthesia. However, he was not the first person to use ether for surgical

anesthesia. Dr. Crawford Williamson Long first used ether as an anesthetic during surgery on March 30, 1842, and although he demonstrated its use to physicians in Georgia on numerous occasions, he did not publish his findings until 1868, in The Southern Medical and Surgical Journal. Morton and Long's accomplishments were key factors in the medical and scientific pursuit now referred to as anesthesiology and allowed the development of modern surgery. Spread of the news of this "new" anesthetic was helped by the subsequent feud that developed between Morton and two other scientists that claimed to have made the discovery, Dr. Horace Wells and Dr. Charles T. Jackson. In contradistinction to Drs. Morton, Wells, and Jackson, Dr. Crawford Long never sought royalties or a patent from the discovery.

[edit] Biography
Born in Charlton, Massachusetts, William Morton was originally a dentist. His parents were James Morton, a farmer, and Rebecca (Needham) Morton. He studied under Horace Wells in Hartford, Connecticut. The two later became partners. Morton claimed to have graduated from Baltimore Dental College in 1842 (although research indicated that he had never attended dental or medical school). In 1843 he married Elizabeth Whitman of Farmington, Connecticut, the niece of former Congressman Lemuel Whitman. Her parents objected to his profession and only agreed to the marriage after he promised to study medicine, so in the autumn of 1844, Morton received tutoring from Dr. Charles T. Jackson at Harvard Medical School. He was eventually awarded an honorary medical degree in 1852 by Washington University in Baltimore. On September 30, 1846, Morton performed a painless tooth extraction after administering ether to a patient. This procedure led to an arrangement of a now-famous demonstration on October 16, 1846, at the Massachusetts General Hospital. At this demonstration Dr. John Collins Warren painlessly removed a tumor from the neck of a Mr. Edward Gilbert Abbott. Following the demonstration Morton tried to hide the identity of the substance Abbott had inhaled (ether). He referred to it as "Letheon". He had intentions to patent the substance and profit from its use. However, the letheon was quickly shown to be ether, and it was soon after being used in both the United States and Europe. Morton received a patent for ether in the US, which was later revoked, and never received any royalties. He spent his declining years in an attempt to persuade Congress to provide him compensation for his discovery, but this never arrived. His pursuit of profit from ether administration was complicated by the fact that his former mentor Dr. Charles T Jackson had subsequently demonstrated the use of ether in Paris and claimed the discovery as his own without credit or mention of Morton (or C. W. Long). In the autumn of 1862 he joined the Army of the Potomac as a volunteer surgeon, and applied ether to more than two thousand wounded soldiers during the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and the Wilderness. Morton was in New York City in July 1868 when he went to Central Park to seek relief from a heat wave, but he collapsed there and died soon after. He is buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

[edit] Legacy

Panel from monument in Boston commemorating Morton's demonstration of the anesthetic use of ether. The 1944 Paramount Pictures film The Great Moment, written and directed by Preston Sturges, is based on the life of W. T. G. Morton. Morton was ranked #37 on Michael H. Hart's list of the most influential figures in history.

[edit] References

Pavlovski, L N, [Dentist William Morton is a founder of general anesthesia], Lik. Sprava (no. 1-2): 111-5, PMID:15916010, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15916010> Heynick, Frank (2003), William T.G. Morton and "The Great Moment"., Journal of the history of dentistry 51 (1): 27-35, 2003 Mar, PMID:12641171, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12641171> Deranian, H M (1997), The great Morton-Jackson debate., Journal of the Massachusetts Dental Society 46 (2): 24-5, 1997, PMID:9540719, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9540719> Morton, W T (1996), [SMW 100 years ago. William Thomas Green Morton and the discovery of anesthesia], Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift 126 (47): 2040-2, 1996 Nov 23, PMID:8984612, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8984612> Westhorpe, R (1996), William Morton and the first successful demonstration of anaesthesia., Anaesthesia and intensive care 24 (5): 529, 1996 Oct, PMID:8909661, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8909661> Vandam, L D (1996), The last days of William Thomas Green Morton., Journal of clinical anesthesia 8 (6): 431-4, 1996 Sep, PMID:8872680, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8872680>

Vandam, L D (1994), Benjamin Perley Poore and his historical materials for a biography of W.T.G. Morton, M.D., Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences 49 (1): 5-23, 1994 Jan, PMID:8151115, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8151115> Shampo, M A & Kyle, R A (1987), Morton: pioneer in the use of ether., Mayo Clin. Proc. 62 (1): 56, 1987 Jan, PMID:3540476, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3540476> Leonard, A G (1985), Stamp recognition for William Morton., British dental journal 158 (9): 345, 1985 May 11, PMID:3890908, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3890908> Ash, H L, Anesthesia's dental heritage (William Thomas Green Morton)., Anesthesia progress 32 (1): 25-9, PMID:3888002, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3888002> Wimmiam McLintock Morton, T.D., L.D.S., British dental journal 146 (4): 128, 1979, 1979 Feb 20, PMID:367405, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/367405> Rozar, L B (1975), Dr. William T.G. Morton D.D.S., discoverer of surgical anesthesia., CAL [magazine] Certified Akers Laboratories 39 (1): 6-8, 1975 Jul, PMID:795512, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/795512> Keys, T E (1973), William Thomas Green Morton (1819-1868)., Anesth. Analg. 52 (2): 166, 1973 Mar, PMID:4572338, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4572338> [Two tormented lives. Horace Wells and William Morton], Boletin de informacin - Ilustre Colegio Oficial de Odontlogos y Estomatlogos 2. a Regin (Catalua) 15 (117): 17-21 passim, 1971, 1971 Apr, PMID:5283677, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5283677> Asbell, M B (1970), William Thomas Green Morton., Worcester medical news 35 (2): 15-8, 1970 Oct, PMID:5277344, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5277344> Andreae, H (1969), [The discoverer of ether anesthesia, dentist Morton, born 150 years ago], Zahnrztliche Praxis 20 (23): 276, 1969 Dec 1, PMID:5263393, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5263393> William T.G. Morton (1819-1868), demonstrator of ether anesthesia., JAMA 194 (2): 190-1, 1965, 1965 Oct 11, PMID:5319582, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5319582> ALPER, M H, THE ETHER CONTROVERSY REVISITED (MORTON WT), (JACKSON CT)., Anesthesiology 25: 560-3, PMID:14192801, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14192801> [WILLIAM THOMAS GREEN MORTON.], Revista espaola de anestesiologa 3 (4): 380-3, 1956, 1956 Oct, PMID:13389978, <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13389978> Fenster, J.M. (2001). Ether Day: The Strange Tale of America's Greatest Medical Discovery and the Haunted Men Who Made It. New York, NY: HarperCollins. Louis Figuier Exposition et histoire des principales dcouvertes scientifiques modernes p. 212 (Paris: Masson, 1851) (in French) contains an account of the

discovery of anaesthesia with ether by Morton and Jackson and of its reception in Europe. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T.G._Morton"

"Gentlemen, this is not a humbug". The 150th anniversary of anesthesia

by Stromskag KE. Anestesiavdelingen, Fylkessjukehuset i Molde. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 1996 Dec 10;116(30):3622-4.

ABSTRACT On 16 October 1996 it was 150 years since William T.G. Morton performed the first
successful demonstration of ether anaesthesia in the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA. Controlling the pain caused by surgery had been a problem for a long time. In fact, many chemical agents with pain relieving properties were recognized before they were used in practice. Morton started systematic studies on the anaesthetic effects of ether and convinced the medical world of the importance of pain free operations through his demonstration of ether inhalation. The news about ether anaesthesia spread around the world very quickly. The first ether anaesthesia administered in Norway took place at Rigshospitalet in Christiania on 4 March 1847. The first death from anaesthesia in Norway occurred in 1852. This article presents some aspects of both the Norwegian and international history of anaesthesia.

William Thomas Green Morton

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Langsung ke: navigasi, cari Untuk orang lain dengan nama sama, lihat William Morton. William Thomas Green Morton (9 Agustus 1819 - 15 Juli 1868) bertanggung jawab atas pertunjukan umum pertama yang berhasil untuk eter sebagai anestesi penghirupan. Banyak orang yang menganggapnya "penemu dan pengungkap" anestesi. Namun, ia bukan orang pertama yang menggunakan eter untuk anestesi pembedahan - Crawford Williamson Long menggunakan eter beberapa tahun sebelumnya namun tak menerbitkan atau mempopulerkan pemakaiannya hingga pertunjukan umum Morton. Kepandaian Morton ialah faktor kunci dalam pencarian medis dan ilmiah yang kini kita sebut anestesiologi dan memungkinkan pengembangan pembedahan modern. Lahir di Charlton, Massachusetts, awalnya William Morton seorang dokter gigi. OrTunya ialah Edward J. Morton dand Alice T. Holtorf. Ia belajar dengan Horace Wells di Hartford, Connecticut. 2 tahun kemudian menjadi mitra. Morton memutuskan meninggalkan profesinya sebagai dokter gigi untuk belajar kedokteran di Harvard. Pada 30 September 1846, Morton mempertunjukkan pencabutan gigi tanpa rasa sakit setelah meyuntikkan eter kepada pasien. Prosedur ini menimbulkan penyusunan demonstrasi 16 Oktober 1846 yang kini terkenal di Rumah Sakit Umum Massachusetts. Pada pertunjukan ini Dr. John Collins Warren menghilangkan tumor dari leher Tn. Abbott tanpa rasa sakit. Menyusul demonstrasi ini Morton mencoba menyembunyikan identitas bahan yang telah dihirup Abbott (eter). Ia menyebutnya sebagai "letheon". Ia cenderung mempatenkan bahan itu dan mendapatkan keuntungan dari menggunakannya. Namun dengan cepat letheon dikenal sebagai eter, dan ini terjadi setelah digunakan di AS dan Eropa. Morton menerima paten untuk eter di AS namun tak pernah menerima royalti apapun. Film Paramount Pictures tahun 1944 "The Great Moment", ditulis/disutradarai oleh Preston Sturges, dibuat berdasarkan kehidupan W. T. G. Morton.