CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION ABOUT THE COMPANY

1.1Company profile:

1)Tata Teleservices Limited spearheads the Tata Groups presence in the telecom sector. The Tata Group had revenues of around USD 70.8 billion in Financial Year 2010-11, and includes over 90 companies, over 363,039 employees worldwide and more than 3.5 million shareholders.

2)Incorporated in 1996, Tata Teleservices is the pioneer of the CDMA 1x technology platform in India. It has embarked on a growth path since the acquisition of Hughes Tele.com (India) Ltd [renamed Tata Teleservices (Maharashtra) Limited] by the Tata Group in 2002. It launched mobile operations in January 2005 under the brand name Tata Indicom and today enjoys a pan-India presence through existing operations in all of Indias 22 telecom Circles. The company is also the market leader in the fixed wireless telephony market. The companys network has been rated as the Least Congested in India for five consecutive quarters by the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India through independent surveys.

Fig1 (a): Telecom strategy

3)Tata Teleservices Limited now also has a presence in the GSM space, through its joint venture with NTT DOCOMO of Japan, and offers differentiated products and services under the TATA DOCOMO brand name. TATA DOCOMO arises out of the Tata Groups strategic alliance with Japanese telecom major NTT DOCOMO in November 2008. TATA DOCOMO has received a pan-India license to operate GSM telecom servicesand has also been allotted spectrum in 18 telecom Circles. The company has rolled out GSM services in 17 of Indias 22 telecom Circles in less than a year and the company plans to launch panIndia operations by the end of FY 2010-11.

4)TATA DOCOMO marks a significant milestone in the Indian telecom landscape, and has already redefined the very face of telecom in India, being the first to pioneer the per-second tariff optionpart of its Pay for What You Use pricing paradigm. Tokyo-based NTT DOCOMO is one of the worlds leading mobile operatorsin the Japanese market, the company is the clear market leader, used by over 50 per cent of the countrys mobile phone users.

5)Today, Tata Teleservices Ltd, along with Tata Teleservices (Maharashtra) Ltd, serves nearly 70 million customers in more than 450,000 towns and villages across the country, with a bouquet of telephone and Wired Services.

6)In December 2008, Tata Teleservices announced a unique reverse equity swap strategic agreement between its telecom tower subsidiary, Wireless TT Info-Services Limited, and Quippo Telecom Infrastructure Limitedwith the combined entity kicking off operations with 18,000 towers, thereby becoming the largest independent entity in this spaceand with the highest tenancy ratios in the industry. Today, the combined entity has a portfolio of nearly 35,000 towers.

7)TTSLs bouquet of telephony services includes mobile services, wireless desktop phones, public booth telephony, wireless services and enterprise solutions.

8)Over the last few months, Tata Teleservices industry-best and innovative offerings have gained industry-wide recognition and the Year 2010 saw TTSL add many notable accolades to its name. TTSL was named The Best Emerging Markets Carrier by Telecom Asia, and received 8 awards at the World HRD Conference, including 5th Best Employer in India. The company also received 3 awards at the Telecom Operator Awards 2010 from Tele.net; Best Company, CEO of the Year and Best Quality of Service, and Business Standard award for Most Innovative Brand of the Year.

1.2 Services offered by companies:

The various products and services are divided into the following areas:Voice: 1) 2) 3) TATA Indicom CDMA Mobile TATA Indicom Phone Connection ISDN Lines

4) Centrex 5) E1 Links 6) Basic/Primary Interface 7) Managed Leased Lines 8) Direct Inward Dialing 9) Public Phone Booth

Data :
1) Shared and Dedicated Internet Bandwidth 2) Virtual Private Networks(VPN) 3) Tata Indicom International IP VPN Services 4) Tata Indicom Hosting Services 5) 6) Industry Specific Solutions ADSL & DSL

Internet: 1) Tata Indicom Post-Paid Internet connection 2) 2) Tata Indicom Broadband Internet Services

TATA Indicom Conference Services: 1) Conference Call Service 2) Videoconference Service 3) Web Conference Service Apart from the products that TTL provides, it also has the facility for the following value added services. (1)Call Waiting: Definition: Allows a customer to attend two calls at the same time without disconnecting the existing call. (2)Call Forward: There are three types of Call forward: 1) Call Forward Immediate 2) Call Forward Busy 3) Call Forward No Reply 1) Call Forward Immediate: This facility allows the customer to forward any calls coming to his/her telephone immediately to any other telephone number of his/her choice. 3) Call Forward Busy: This facility allows the customer to pass on incoming calls to another number when his/her number is busy. 4) Call Forward-No Reply : This facility allows the customer to pass on his/her unanswered calls to another telephone number after a pre-set number of rings.

3-Way Conferencing : This feature enables the customer to involve three people (including him/her) in one telephonic conversation. On an existing call, the customer can call up another party and initiate a 3-party conversation. Abbreviated Dialling: Using this facility the customer can assign short codes to some of the numbers that he/she frequently calls and access those numbers through the short codes. Call Hunting : Using this facility the customer can have a pilot number and allot a group of Tata Teleservices lines to this telephone number. Incoming calls to the pilot will hunt for any free line and land on that number. With this facility, the customer can ensure that he/she does not miss any incoming calls unless all his/her lines are busy. Hotline: The customer has a choice of two types of Hotline: 1) Timed 2) Immediate 1)Timed: The customer is given 5 seconds in which he/she can dial any other telephone number. If the customer does not do so, he/she will be connected to the "Hotline" number. 2)Immediate: The customer is connected to the pre-specified subscriber immediately on lifting the handset. The customer does not have the option of dialling any other telephone number.

Reset of Password: When the customer forgets the password for "Call Control and Barring"he needs to apply for resetting of the same to the default password. Service Level Changes: A customer can request changes in the calling level that is allowed on his number. For example, he can request activation and deactivation of STD/ISD on his phone. Auto Call Back Busy : Typically when a customer calls a number and finds it busy, he/she tends to redial the required number several times to check if it has become free. With this facility, the customers are automatically connected to the party they want to speak to once it becomes free, saving them the trouble of having to try repeatedly. This feature can be used only within a group.

CHAPTER 2

INTRODUCTION ABOUT TRAINING WORK

2.1 Introduction:
RF engineers perform network installation and maintenance tasks at telecommunications companies and broadcast stations. They make sure that large servers and transmitters are kept in proper working order, and determine how to send clearer, wide-reaching television and radio signals. Some field engineers specialize in programming digital transmitters and receivers. They work with products such as wireless routers, cable boxes, and antennas to ensure their effectiveness in picking up signals. An RF engineer may also act as a systems analyst at a large company, conducting preventive maintenance duties and repair jobs on local area networks. Professionals design cell phones and two-way radios that transmit signals that are extremely difficult to intercept. They use their knowledge of RF theory to scramble signals, increase transmitter capacities for broadcasting over large areas. Many people in this position are involved in actual military operations to perform on-the-spot equipment repairs and maintenance.

WHAT IS SCIENCE? It continues to amaze us how many educated people do not understand what SCIENCE is. It is basically: Observation and description of phenomenon or group of phenomenon. Formulation of hypothesis to explain the phenomenon. Use of hypothesis to predict the existence of phenomenon. Performance of experimental tests of the predictions.

WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY? It is technical means people use to improve their surroundings. It is also knowledge of using tools and machines to do tasks sufficiently. We use technology to control the world in which we live ie.everywhere in this world. Basically its a practical application of the facts and fundamentals used in science. COMMUNICATION: It is a process of exchanging information usually via a common system. Today communication enters our daily life in so many different ways that it is very easy to overlook the multitude of its facets. In the most fundamental sense the communication involves implicitly the transmission of information from one point to another through a succession of processes as described below. 1) Generation of message signal, eg.Movie, music, picture or computer data. 2) Description of that message signal with certain amount of precision by set of symbols. 3) Encoding of these symbols in a form that is suitable for transmission over a medium of interest. 4) Transmission of encoded symbols to the desired destination. 5) Decoding and reproduction of original symbols. 6) The recreation of original message signal with definable degradation in quality;the degradation is caused by imperfections in the system.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES: WIRED

In this type of communication there is a physical layout of wires or optical fibre cables between entities. A physical contact is essential between the peer entities for communication. WIRELESS

In this type of communication there is no physical connectivity required between the two communicating entities. EM waves and repeaters (cell site) are placed between peer entities for efficient communication. Advantages of wireless : -Lower cost. -Roaming facility. -Avoids echo. -Provides better coverage and service. -Reduced call drops. -No speech clippings. Wireless is a type of communication technology where EM waves carry the voice signal(voice and data) on whole or a part of communication path. It involves converting of an audio signal to a RF signal and broadcasting it using radiating devices called ANTENNA.

10

Speech or music or modem (64kbps)

PCM

010010101001011010

WIRELINE

Speech only

PCM

011001 (9.6kbps)

WIRELESS

2.2 Necessity:
RF engineers are specialists in their respective field and can take on many different roles, such as design, installation, and maintenance. RF engineers require many years of extensive experience in the area of study. This type of engineer has experience with transmission systems, device design, and placement of antennas for optimum performance. An RF Engineer at abroadcast facility is responsible for maintenance of the stations high-power broadcast transmitters, and associated systems. This includes transmitter site emergency power, remote control, main transmission line and antenna adjustments, microwave radio relay STL/TSL links, and more. In addition, an RF design engineer must be able to understand electronic hardware design, circuit board material, antenna radiation, and the effect of interfering frequencies that prevent optimum performance within the piece of equipment being developed.

2.3 Objectives:
In training, it consists of resolving the problems which occur at different base stations in Delhi region. Training work in RF department is usually in the OMC LAB which consist of 11

various other groups engaged in problem resolution. OMC lab consist of groups like ASN, SWITCH, RF DEPARTMENT etc. The problem enters from rf dep. where analysis of the parameters is done and decide whether problem is noticeable or not. If it is found to be the resolving one, then it is passed in sequence from RF to other ICARE Services. RF DEPARTMENT mainly does work of interaction with junior engineer who is present at the location of the base terminal station where malfunctioning is produced. The readings of the parameters needed are noted and justified action is taken which include passing directions to other departments.

2.4 Theme:
Customers use handsets and data cards (photon Max/photon plus) in tall towers, basements, open areas as well as highly populated. The quality of call depends on the quality of signals received. If the services are excellent customers will enjoy good services and if the signals are poor then the quality is degraded and calls are dropped. The Network sector deals with the Voice and data services. If the coverage is poor then customers face the problem of low upload and download speed as well as FTP.Under this project in case of any issue, we first get the RF parameters about the issue from the concerned JE at that site. These parameters are taken from indoor as well as outdoor which are PN (pseudo noise), RSSI (received signal strength indicator) and EC/IO (energy check to interference ratio).These parameters have some values which if exceeds results in poor quality of signals at the site and that decides the type of issue at the site concerned. The issue can be poor coverage area, loading are even Hardware check may be there, in case of Hardware issue, no fault in the network parameters. The thing is that there is need to change customers handset or data card. In the data calls post to measuring the parameters, tracing is done. From that trace, we achieve the actual upload and download speed, the carrier with which the card is latched to. So after knowing the actual issue; we decide whether to go for a new BTS installation or for a repeater. However in case of basements, the solution is IBS (in building solutions).

12

CHAPTER 3

TRAINING WORK

RF:
RF or we can say Radio frequency department comes under technology department. Network related problems come into the RF department. Or we can say network related issues that are faced by the customer are resolved into the RF department. PPA or Repeaters are required or not that all information is checked out into the RF department. Customer register their complain. Then complain is recognized that means complain is of which department. Then complain passes to the related department. Then JE visit the customer and confirm the problem. JE takes the parameter with the help of his device. He takes the parameter on both sides that is inside the house or outside also. Then JE make the call to the RF department if there is n/w problem. Then he gives the parameter to the RF executive. After that RF executive gives the site ID to the JE after checking of the parameter. Site id is the BTS ID from which the customer receiving the signal. If parameters are poor then RF executive gives the id to the JE. If the parameters are good then trace will be taken.

TRACE:
Trace is the online cross checking of the data cards as well as CDMA mobile. Trace helps in collecting the information such as the downloading speed, uploading etc. Trace helps to know that from which carrier the customer is latched. Trace is taken in the case of data card. When the parameters are good, and still the speed is slow then we take the trace. After taking the trace we get to know that how many users are present and what the actual speed is. If the speed is good then we close the case after giving the site ID. If the speed is actually slow then the BTS properties are cross checked to which the customer is latched. After taking trace we get the actual speed and by finding the site id we get the actual location of JE.

13

TIPPS:
TIPPS stands for TATA INDICOM PRE - PAID SERVICES.TIPPS is the software for the prepaid customers complain. We have to solve the complaint or give the remark with in some time limit and that time is of 4 hours. To solve the complaint firstly we have to check the mentioned location that it is in the boundary area or not. If it is in boundary then we give the remark that mentioned area is covered with BTS so there is no RF issue. Customer education is required.If the area is not present in boundary i.e. out of boundary then we give the remark that the mentioned location is out of boundary so close the complaint.

CRM:
CRM stands for customer relationship management. It is software for postpaid customers. It contains the complaints regarding walky, data cards and CDMA mobile. To solve the complaint we firstly check the parameters of indoor and outdoor. If both the parameters are good then we give the remark that as per the parameters provided by je there is no network issue. Customer education is required so kindly close the complaint. If the indoor parameters are poor and outdoor parameters are good then we give the remark that outdoor coverage is good and this is the maximum coverage we can provide to the customer. Customer education is required. If both indoor and outdoor parameters are poor then we give the remark that this is the maximum coverage we can provide to the customer. Customer education is required.

3.1 CDMA OVERVIEW:

As GSM was being standardized, an even better solution for mobile communication was found in another technology called CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access). CDMA, a digital wireless technology, was pioneered and commercially developed by Qualcomm. 14

In CDMA there is no division of the frequency band. The same frequency band is used repeatedly, and hence it is also called Spread spectrum. CDMA was commercially introduced in 1995. In 2003, CDMA became one of the fastest evolving technologies. In 1999, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) selected CDMA as the industry standard for new "third-generation" 3G; (Refer Exhibit-I for 3G) wireless systems. CDMA provides clear, reliable voice communication and good data services. Many leading wireless companies are using or are switching over to CDMA to make use of its high speed services.

IS-95 CDMA uses a unique code to spread the voice conversation across a 1.25 MHz slice of spectrum on the 800mhz and 1,900 bands. By using different codes, a number of channels can share the same spectrum simultaneously without interference. Signal is spread across the spectrum and coded to tie to a specific conversation Increases channel capacity 6 to 10 times Two Standards: W-CDMA backed by ETSI - Ericsson, Nokia CDMAOne - Qualcomm, Lucent Primary difference is chip rate CDMA handsets transmit using very low power output, which extends the life of the handset battery.

ACCESS SCHEMES: For radio systems there are two resources, frequency and time. Division by frequency, so that each pair of communicators is allocated part of the spectrum for all of the time, results in Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA). Division by time, so that each pair of communicators is allocated all (or at least a large part) of the spectrum for part of the time results in Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). In Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), every communicator will be allocated the entire spectrum all of the time. CDMA uses codes to identify connections.

15

Fig 3.1(a): ACCESS SCHEMES (FDMA, TDMA & CDMA)

CODING: CDMA uses unique spreading codes to spread the baseband data before transmission. The signal is transmitted in a channel, which is below noise level. The receiver then uses a correlator to dispread the wanted signal, which is passed through a narrow band pass filter,Unwanted signals will not be dispread and will not pass through the filter. Codes take the form of a carefully designed one/zero sequence produced at a much higher rate than that of the baseband data. The rate of a spreading code is referred to as chip rate rather than bit rate.lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllm

16

Fig3.1(b): CDMA spreading

Fig3.1(c): CDM: Code Division Multiplexing

Basics of Spreading Codes: There are two types of code sequences used in cdma one systems. These sequences are known as Orthogonal sequences (Walsh Codes) and Pseudorandom Noise (PN) sequences. Orthogonal Sequences Orthogonal signals have zero-correlation. Zero correlation is obtained

17

if the product of two signals, summed over a period of time, is zero. When the XORing of two binary sequences results in an equal number of 1s and 0s, the cross correlation is zero.

Generation of Orthogonal Codes - Orthogonal codes are generated by starting with a seed of 0, repeating the 0 horizontally and vertically, and then complementing the 0 diagonally. This process is to be continued with the newly generated block until the desired codes with proper length are generated. Sequences created in this way are referred to as Walsh codes. The orthogonal sequences used in cdmaOne systems are Walsh codes of length 64. Walsh codes are used in the forward CDMA link to separate users. In any given sector, each forward code channel is assigned a distinct Walsh code.

Pseudorandom Noise (PN) Sequences- (PN codes) mimic randomness properties. If the current state and the generating function of the PN code are known, the Future state of the code can be predicted. In cdmaOne system each base stations and all mobile in that base station use same set of three PN sequences (two short codes and one long code). PN code generation is dealt in detail later in this section.

Types of code sequences: Orthogonal Sequences (Walsh Codes) Pseudorandom Noise Sequences (PN Codes)

Orthogonal Codes:

Orthogonal functions have zero correlation Two binary sequences are orthogonal if the process of EXORing them results in an equal number of 1s and 0s

18

Example: 0000 0101 ------0101 -------

Walsh Codes: Generation of Orthogonal Codes Orthogonal codes are generated by starting with a seed of 0, repeating the 0 horizontally and vertically, and then complementing the 0 diagonally. This process is to be continued with the newly generated block until the desired codes with proper length are generated. Sequences created in this way are referred to as Walsh codes. The orthogonal sequences used in cdmaOne system are Walsh codes of length 64. Walsh codes are used in the forward CDMA link to separate users. In any given sector, each forward code channel is assigned a distinct Walsh code. The Forward channels all use Walsh Codes and 64-ary orthogonal codes for modulation. The general structure is shown in the opposite page. The pilot channel is the first Walsh code number W0. There are up to 7 Walsh codes for the Paging Channel. The First paging channel would be spread by W1 and the Sync channel takes the Walsh Code number W32 and a traffic channel, say, 38 would be spread by Walsh Code W 38 and so on .i.e. The Forward Link Channels are assigned as follows: W064 reserved for Forward Pilot Channel W3264 reserved for Sync Channel W164 through W764 reserved for Paging Channels 19

Wn64 may be used for Radio Configurations 1 and 2 Fundamental and Supplemental Channels, for 0 < n < 64, except for those channels used for Sync and Paging Channels

PN Codes: Two PN codes are used in CDMA. The short PN code is used to identify each base station and the long PN code is used to uniquely identify each mobile.

Short Codes: PN codes are generated using shift register of length 15. The length of sequence is 215 1 = 32,767 bits. Generated at the rate of 1.2288 Mcps. These codes repeat after every 26.67ms Short codes are used for quadrature spreading in both directions Each BS generates the same short code with a different offset that uniquely identify the base station or its sector.

20

Fig3.1(d) CDMA Scramblin

PN sequences, I & Q each 32768 chip long.

Generated in similar but differently Tapped15- bit shift registers The two sequence scramble the Info: on I & Q phase channels.

21

Long Codes: PN long code is generated with a register length of 42. The length of the sequence is 242-1 bits Generated at the rate of 1.2288 mcps. This code repeats in approximately 41 days The long code is used for spreading in the reverse direction (MS to BS) Each MS identify itself by altering the long code with a long code mask that is unique for each MS. Long code masks are also used in some cases fro channel separation in the reverse direction In the forward direction, the long code is used for scrambling.

22

Fig 3.1(e): Generation PN Code

Every Phone and every BTS channel element has a long code generator. Long code state register makes long code at system reference timing. A mask register holds a user specific unique pattern of bits.

Each clock pulse drives the long code state register to its next state. State register and mask register contents are added in the summer. Summer contents are modulo-2 added to produce a single bit output.

The output bits are long code, but shifted to users unique offset.

General Structure of the forward channel:

23

Fig3.1 (g):General Structure of the forward channel

Entire Walsh matrices can be built by replicating and inverting. Individual Walsh codes can also be expanded in the same way.

CDMA adds each symbol of information to one complete Walsh code

Faster symbol rates therefore require shorter Walsh codes

If a short Walsh code is chosen to carry a fast data channel, that Walsh code and all its replicate descendants are compromised and cannot be reused to carry other signals

Therefore, the supply of available Walsh codes on a sector diminishes greatly while a fast data channel is being transmitted.

24

CDMA2000 Base stations can dip into a supply of quasi-orthogonal codes if needed to permit additional channels during times of heavy loading

Fig 3.1(h): Structure of the forward channel

IS-2000 1X Forward link Channel Structure:

Forward Link: The forward link channels include one Pilot Channel, one Synchronization (SYNC) Channel, up to seven Paging channels and number of forward Traffic Channels. If multiple carriers are implemented, the pilot and sync channels do not need to be duplicated. Each forward traffic channel contains one forward fundamental code channel and may contain one to seven forward supplemental code channels. Pilot Channel: This channel helps mobile stations acquire the system. On this channel, the base stations transmit a Pseudo Random (PN) sequence over the air. The pilot channel provides MS with a timing reference, a phase reference, and a signal strength estimate Sync Channel: 25

After acquiring the system, the mobile station gets system time, PN offset, and other synchronization parameters from the base station so that it may operate in tandem with the base station. The sync channel transmits a single message containing information such as system time, long code state and PN offset. Paging Channel: System information as well as mobile specific messages are transmitted over the Paging Channel (PCH). The PCH is used by the base station to communicate with the mobile station when the MS is not on a call Fundamental Channel (Forward): This is forward traffic channel that is primarily used for voice traffic. The Fundamental Channel (FCH) carries 20ms packets and may include power control information Supplemental Code Channel (Forward): This is a forward channel that is used for data services. The IS-95B supports, up to seven, Supplemental Code Channels (SCCH) for a mobile station user. SCCHs do not carry signaling and as such must always be used in conjunction with a FCH.

Fig 3.1(i): IS-95B Forward Channels:

26

IS-2000 1X Reverse link Channel Structure:

Access Channels: Access channels (ACH) correspond to PCHs in the reverse direction. ACHs are uncoordinated, shared channels used by the mobile stations to communicate with the base station while not on a call. ACHs are typically used to originate call requests or respond to page messages received from the base stations. Fundamental Channel (Reverse): As in the forward direction, this is a reverse traffic channel that is primarily used for voice traffic. The FCH carries 20ms packets and may include power control information. The FCH can carry signalling as well as traffic. Supplemental Code Channel (Reverse): As in the forward direction, this is a reverse traffic channel that is used for data services. IS95B supports up to seven SCHs for a single mobile station user. SCCHs do not carry signalling and as such must always be used in conjunction with a FCH.

Fig 3.1(j): Reverse Channel

27

POWER: CDMA is interference limited multiple access system. Because all users transmit on the same frequency, internal interference generated by the system is the most significant factor in determining system capacity and call quality. The transmit power for each user must be reduced to limit interference, however, the power should be enough to maintain the required Ec/No (signal to noise ratio) for a satisfactory call quality. Maximum capacity is achieved when Ec/No of every user is at the minimum level needed for the acceptable channel performance. As the MS moves around, the RF environment continuously changes due to fast and slow fading, external interference, shadowing, and other factors. The aim of the dynamic power control is to limit transmitted power on both the links while maintaining link quality under all conditions. Additional advantages are longer mobile battery life and longer life span of BTS power amplifiers.

3.2 HOW CDMA WORKS:

Generating a CDMA signal: There are five steps in generating a CDMA signal: 1) Analog to digital conversion 2) Vocoding 3) Encoding and interleaving 4) Channelizing the signals 5) Conversion of the digital signal to a Radio Frequency (RF) signal 1) Analog to digital conversion: The first step of CDMA signal generation is analog to digital conversion, sometimes called A/D conversion. CDMA uses a technique called Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) to accomplish A/D conversion.

28

5) Voice Compression: The second step of CDMA signal generation is voice compression. CDMA uses a device called a vocoder to accomplish voice compression. The term "vocoder" is a contraction of the words "voice" and "code." Vocoders are located at the BSC and in the phone. How compression works

People pause between syllables and words when they talk. CDMA takes advantage of these pauses in speech activity by using a variable rate vocoder. Variable Rate Vocoder

A CDMA vocoder varies compression of the voice signal into one of four data rates based on the rate of the user's speech activity. The four rates are: Full, 1/2, 1/4 and 1/8. Thevocoderuses its full rate when a person is talking very fast. It uses the 1/8 rate when the person is silent or nearly so. 6) Encoding and interleaving: Encoders and interleavers are built into the BTS and the phones. The purpose of the encoding and interleaving is to build redundancy into the signal so that information lost in transmission can be recovered. How encoding works :

The type of encoding done at this stage is called "convolution encoding." A simplified encoding scheme is shown here.

29

Fig 3.3(a): CDMA Encoding

A digital message consists of four bits (A, B, C, D) of vocoded data. Each bit is repeated three times. These encoded bits are called symbols. The decoder at the receiver uses

majority logic rule. Thus, if an error occurs, the redundancy can help recover the lost information. Burst errors:

A burst error is a type of error in received digital telephone signals. Burst errors occur in clumps of adjacent symbols. These errors are caused by fading and interference. (When more than one bits got damaged). Encoding and interleaving reduce the effects of burst errors.

How interleaving works:

30

Interleaving is a simple but powerful method of reducing the effects of burst errors and recovering lost bits.

Fig 3.3(b): Interleaving

In the example shown here the symbols from each group are interleaved (or scrambled) in a pattern that the receiver knows. De-interleaving at the receiver unscrambles the bits, spreading any burst errors that occur during transmission.

4) Channelizing:

31

The encoded voice data is further encoded to separate it from other encoded voice data. The encoded symbols are then spread over the entire bandwidth of the CDMA channel. This process is called channelization. The receiver knows the code and uses it to recover the voice data.

Fig 3.3(c): Coding and spreading

After that the CDMA signal is transmitted.

5) Digital to analog conversion: After the CDMA signal is transmitted, the receiver must reverse the signal generation process to recover the voice, as follows: 1. Conversion of RF signal to digital signal 2. Dispreading the signal 3. Dis interleaving and decoding 32

4. Voice decompression 5. Digital toanalog conversion

3.3 Problems in a CDMA Channel:

Near-Far Problem:

If all mobiles transmitted at the same power level, signals received by the base station from mobiles further away would be weaker than those signals received from mobiles which were closer to the cell. This issue reduces, if not resolved, the capacity of a CDMA system. Solution: In CDMA systems and similar cellular phone-like networks, the problem is commonly solved by dynamic output power adjustment of the transmitters. That is, the closer transmitters use less power so that the SNR for all transmitters at the receiver is roughly the same. This sometimes can have a noticeable impact on battery life, which can be dramatically different depending on distance from the base station. In high-noise situations, however, closer transmitters may boost their output power, which forces distant transmitters to boost their output to maintain a good SNR. Other transmitters react to the rising noise floor by increasing their output. This process continues, and eventually distant transmitters lose their ability to maintain a usable SNR and drop from the network. This process is called power control runaway. This principle may be used to explain why an area with low signal is perfectly usable when the cell isn't heavily loaded, but when load is higher, service quality degrades significantly, sometimes to the point of nonusability. Other possible solutions to the near-far problem: 1. Increased receiver dynamic range - Use a higher resolution ADC. Increase the dynamic range of receiver stages that are saturating. Dynamic output power control Nearby transmitters decrease their output power so with similar signal strengths. 2. TDMA Transmitters use some scheme to avoid transmitting at the same time. that all signals arrive at the receiver

33

3. FDMA Decrease the number of users per signal bandwidth to fewer stations are required to share the same bandwidth at the same time. Path Loss:

The more distance between the cell and a phone the weaker the signal becomes Fading:

Fading occurs when more than two signals from the same transmitter are received due to multipath.

Fig 3.4(a): Reverse Link power control

34

3.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CDMA: This chapter lists many advantages and some disadvantages of CDMA. Many of these advantages and disadvantages can be also found from other multiple access schemes, like in frequency hopping TDMA.

Advantages:

Wide bandwidth: fading is less deep than in the narrowband systems. Multipath diversity: RAKE improves the performance, because individual Multipath can be combined. However the RAKE has to be able to estimate delays of these paths, which may be difficult. Also the implementation may limit the number of paths.

Narrow band interference rejection Interference averaging: The interference caused by other users is averaged by processing gain. Interference limited capacity: Discontinuous transmission is an advantage. Re-use one: Frequency management easy.No frequency planning needed when a newcell is added. Soft handover: Improves the capacity and gives more range in cellular network. Soft capacity: Because other users are seen as noise like interference, an one extra user causes only slight degradation in the performance of other users. Low peak power: Less electromagnetic interference. Also if the peak power is limited, then more range. Capacity: The capacity of CDMA has been very controversial issue. The problem has maybe to which systems CDMA is compared. For example comparing CDMA with AMPS, tenfold capacity increment can be found [4]. However this is not fair, because AMPS is first generation system and CDMA is not. When comparing GSM1900 and IS95, the results has been totally opposite, depending on who is presenting them. Third generation wideband CDMA and enhanced GSM is compared in [8] and the result is that there is no great differences in capacities. So, as a result it can be said that the capacity of CDMA is good.

35

Flexibility: Wide range of bitrates (8 kbit/s to 2 Mbit/s) with one 5 MHz carrier. Politically popular: CDMA is a candidate for global 3rd generation cellular system.

Disadvantages:

Wide bandwidth: High bitrates are difficult to achieve, because CDMA requires a lot of bandwidth.Due to intra-cell interference a single cell capacity is lower than in other cellular systems.

Near-far-problem: CDMA requires good power control, otherwise near-far problem will decrease capacity.

Soft handover: More interference and more complex network structure.

Fast power control: May cause problems like power competition.

TDD mode is difficult to support with CDMA.

36

CHAPTER 4EVALUATION OF TRAINING

RF TESTING:
It includes the following steps for finding site id

Parameters:
SR No.- Service request number Del no.- customers mobile/photon number Complain Type - data or voice Indoor/outdoor PN- Pseudo noise number RSSI- received signal strength indicator EC/IO- ratio of energy chip over the interference Fer - frame error rate(less than 3 %) Tx-transmission (negative to 10) INDOOR/OUTDOOR uploading and downloading FTP- FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL

Data problem:
Download speed may be slow.

Thats the problem of data cards Not connected

So many users latched on same site. 37

 Network problem. If the parameter of both sides are good and even then the customer is facing the problem of slow speed then the RF team member put the number on trace and checks that really there is problem or not. If there is a network problem inside the house and outside coverage is good then the PPA is provided to the customer. And if the outside coverage is also poor and so many customers facing problem in that area then repeater is established in that area.

VOICE PROBLEM:
Call drop problem Voice breaking problem Network problem Check the RSSI level or EC/IO level. If the RSSI or EC/IO level is good then the customer education is required. But if the RSSI or EC/IO level is poor then the proper solution is required. Good RSSI Level is up to 35 to 92. Good EC/IO level is up to 15. RSSI or EC/IO level is same for data also.

RSSI or EC/IO more than that is considered as poor. UPLOADING/DOWNLOADING:

If the problem is of Data card then we check the parameters and if RSSI or EC/IO level is poor then the solution is required. But if the RSSI or EC/IO level is good and even then downloads speed is less than we put the number on trace and check the speed. Sometimes speed may be slow due to the excess use of the internet.

38

 That type of problem is recovered automatically after some time. If uploading or downloading speed is more than 300 Kbps than the speed is good and if it is less than that then it is considered as poor.

HOW TO FIND OUT THE SITE ID:

Firstly we check the location where the customer is facing the problem that in which area it comes. Then we put the number in MSC. After that we copy last three digits except the last digit of cell number. And convert it into the decimal and find the site ID. We check out this BTS ID into the map so that we are going to know that the location is correct or not. If the location is correct then side id is also correct and we give it to the je so that he will be going to know that from which BTS the customer device is getting the signal. And proper action will be taken.

39

Snapshots:
Snapshot of MSC:

40

If the number is not in use or out of this MSC coverage:

41

Je helpline: This is the Microsoft excel sheet where all the parameters provided by the JE are noted down.

42

Map info: Map info helps is the pictorial representation of all the BTS installed with there sectors in the BSC with the PN number.

43

TRACING:
How to take trace: First of all open the BSC in which the place or location of customer is present. Then select the subscriber interface tracing then a small window appears. Then we fill up the MEID of JEs device. MEID is the 16 digit unique number of the device. Then we ask the JE to disconnect and then again connect the data card to internet. Then click on BTS setup and then copy the IE value. Then go to home page and type the command DSP CALL OCCUPIERS and then click enter and then paste the IE value into the space provided for it and then run the command with the help of f9. Then go into traffic monitoring and then into single user traffic monitoring. After that a small window appears in which we paste the IMSI number. After that go on chart window then we can see the uploading and downloading properly.

Subscriber Interface Tracing: Then select the subscriber interface tracing then a small window appears. Then we fill up the MEID of JEs device. MEID is the 16 digit unique number of the device.

44

Then we ask the JE to disconnect and then again connect the data card to internet. Then click on BTS setup and then copy the IE value. Then go to home page and type the command DSP CALL OCCUPIERS and then click enter and then paste the IE value into the space provided for it and then run the command with the help of f9. 45

46

This command gives the information about the cell id, sector id and the carrier id

47

48

Then go into traffic monitoring and then into single user traffic monitoring. After that a small window appears in which we paste the IMSI number.

49

50

Then go into radio monitoring and fill the cell id, sector id and carrier id into the small window and click ok. Then we can see the load on the carrier of the sector and also get the slot occupancy.

51

52

TIPPS: Snapshots:
LOGIN WINDOW:

53

There

are

two

buckets

for

TIPPS

1)RF

2)OMC

54

Go to workspace and then to worklist a new window will appear click on find.

55

These are the list of complaints that we will get

56

57

This is the procedure to change the bucket

58

CRM: SNAPSHOTS:
Login Window

We have six buckets in CRM.

59

60

After clicking on any of the bucket the navigator window will appear. Click on the TTL notifications and we will get the complaints

61

Click on find button

62

This is the list of complaints in which we have to revert back within four hours

63

Click on Task details and then we will be able to access the complaint. After giving the suitable remark we can route the complaint to the testing team

64

65

CHAPTER 5CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusions & objectives achieved:

With the completion of this training I am now aware of the MSC, BSC, MAPINFO, BTS, LMT, CRM, TIPPS, TRACING, HLR CONNECTOR and MICROSOFT OUTLOOK. I have worked almost as an employee engineer to the extent of my technical capabilities. Doing all these I have acquired a lot of knowledge about the working of my department (RF). I was the part of one of the most happening and demanding field of communication i.e. the RF technology and spending six months into it really proved very useful to me and I have gained following things out of it: I got an overview of the actual working of CDMA network. I learned inter department coordination and the qualities such as team work. Understanding the practical telecom network architecture. Exposure to various equipment and related software. LMT MSC BSC MAPINFO BTS CRM TIPPS TRACING

66

5.2 Applications:
It is used in problem solving applications which are created due to network, device malfunctioning and power failures. There are various departments for this purpose which functions in an ordered sequence. RF department send the request to care services on the basis of type of problems to other groups which then attends the problem and undertake the measures and function to be operated. However, it plays following main functions 1) RF department controls the monitoring of the problems and resolve it by sending toI care service which alerts the junior engineer. 2)Radio access network, this group receive problems related to various base stations and check the frequency control of BTS. 3)FAULTmanager control monitors and resolve alarms at respective bts. 4)SWITCH department monitors frequencies where call is switched which are in progress.

5.3 Benefits and weaknesses:

It provides a uninterrupted call to the customers with immediate problem resolving facility. Help to know the location of a cell user. It provides je present at site to resolve problem by knowing site id. WEAKNESS Training has flaws only in cases like tracker situated above the normal level of ground ie. At 16th floor due to which PN noted will be wrong and resulting delay in the process.

5.4 Level and appropriateness of the work performed:

Work performed is precise and successful in nature as it has very low number of flaws in it. However, work performed is at adequate level but having excellent accuracy.

67

REFRENCES & BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Course book on Cellular mobile communication by C.Y Lee. Daily Diary www.3gpp.org www.cdma.com. www.tataindicom.com.

68

69