BANKING SYSTEM

A cheque (or check in American English) is a document that orders a payment of money from a bank account. The person writing the cheque, the drawer, usually has a current account (most English speaking countries) or checking account (US) where their money was previously deposited. The drawer writes the various details including the monetary amount, date, and a payee on the cheque, and signs it, ordering their bank, known as the drawee, to pay that person or company the amount of money stated. Cheques are a type of bill of exchange and were developed as a way to make payments without the need to carry large amounts of money. While paper money evolved from promissory notes, another form of negotiable instrument, similar to cheques in that they were originally a written order to pay the given amount to whoever had it in their possession (the "bearer"). Technically, a cheque is a negotiable instrument instructing a financial institution to pay a specific amount of a specific currencyfrom a specified transactional account held in the drawer's name with that institution. Both the drawer and payee may be natural personsor legal entities. Specifically, cheques are order instruments, and are not in general payable simply to the bearer (as bearer instrumentsare) but must be paid to the payee. In some countries, such as the US, the payee may endorse the cheque, allowing them to specify a third party to whom it should be paid. Although forms of cheques have been in use since ancient times and at least since the 9th century, it was during the 20th century that cheques became a highly popular non-cash method for making payments and the usage of cheques peaked. By the second half of the 20th century, as cheque processing became automated, billions of cheques were issued annually; these volumes peaked in or [1] around the early 1990s. Since then cheque usage has fallen, being partly replaced by electronic payment systems. In some countries like Poland cheques have become a marginal payment system or have been phased out completely.
[nb 2] [nb 1]

Hospital
A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment by specialized staff and equipment. Hospitals are usually funded by the public sector, by health organizations (for profit or nonprofit), health insurance companies, orcharities, including direct charitable donations. Historically, hospitals were often founded and funded by religious orders or charitable individuals and leaders. Today, hospitals are largely staffed by professional physicians, surgeons, and nurses, whereas in the past, this work was usually performed by the founding religious orders or by volunteers. However, there are various Catholic religious orders, such as the Alexians and the Bon Secours Sisters, which still focus on hospital ministry today. In accord with the original meaning of the word, hospitals were originally "places of hospitality", and this meaning is still preserved in the names of some institutions such as the Royal Hospital Chelsea, established in 1681 as a retirement and nursing home for veteran soldiers.

PAYROLL PERSONAL RECORDS

In a company, payroll is the sum of all financial records of salaries for an employee, wages, bonuses and deductions. In accounting, payroll refers to the amount paid to employees for services they provided during a certain period of time. Payroll plays a major role in a company for several reasons. From an accounting perspective, payroll is crucial because payroll and payroll taxes considerably affect the net income of most companies and they are subject to laws and regulations (e.g. in the US payroll is subject to federal and state regulations). From an ethics in business viewpoint payroll is a critical department as employees are responsive to payroll errors and irregularities: good employee morale requires payroll to be paid timely and accurately. The primary mission of the payroll department is to ensure that all employees are paid accurately and timely with the correct withholdings and deductions, and to ensure the withholdings and deductions are remitted in a timely manner. This includes salary payments, tax withholdings, and deductions from a paycheck.

AUTOMATIC STOCK CONTROL AND ORDER PROCESSING

A barcode is an optical machine-readable representation of data relating to the object to which it is attached. Originally barcodes systematically represented data by varying the widths and spacings of parallel lines, and may be referred to as linear or one-dimensional (1D). Later they evolved into rectangles, dots, hexagons and other geometric patterns in two dimensions (2D). Although 2D systems use a variety of symbols, they are generally referred to as barcodes as well. Barcodes originally were scanned by special optical scannerscalled barcode readers; later, scanners and interpretive software became available on devices including desktop printers andsmartphones. The first use of barcodes was to label railroad cars, but they were not commercially successful until they were used to automatesupermarket checkout systems, a task for which they have become almost universal. Their use has spread to many other tasks that are generically referred to as automatic identification and data capture (AIDC). The very first scanning of the now ubiquitous Universal Product [1] Code (UPC) barcode was on a pack of Wrigley Company chewing gum in June 1974.

COMPUTER
Commonly Operating Machine Particularly Use dfor Trade, Education & Research
A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. Computer can access & process data millions of times faster than humans can. A computer can store data & information in its memory, process them & produce the desired results. Computer can do a lot of different tasks such as playing games, railway reservation etc.

STRENTGHS & WEAKNESSES OF A COMPUTER

SPEED: Computers are much faster as compared to human beings. HIGH STORAGE CAPACITY: Computers can store a large amount of information in very small space. ACCURACY: Computers can perform all the calculation & comparisons accurately provided the hardware does not malfunction. VERSATILITY: Computers can perform

repetitive jobs efficiently.

TYPES OF COMPUTER
The computers have been classified into three categories. Digital Computers The digital computer work upon discontinuous data. They convert the data into digits & all operations are carried out on these digits at extremely fast rates. Digital Computers are much faster than analog computers. Computers used for business & scientific applications are digital computers. Analog Computers - In analog computers continuous quantities are used. The main advantage of analog computer is that all calculations take place in parallel & hence these are faster. Analog computers are mostly used in engineering & scientific applications.

Hybrid Computers - In these computers some calculations take place in analog manner & rest of them take place in digital manner. Hybrid computers are used in hospitals where analog part is responsible for measurement of heart beat. They are also used Part of the inhumanity of the computer is that, once it is competently programmed in weather forecasting. and working smoothly, it is completely honest.

Welcome to the

WORLD OF TECHNOLOGY

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes

FEATURES OF FIRST GENERATION

1. Use of vacuum tubes 2. Big & Clumsy 3. High Electricity Consumption 4. Programming in Mechanical Language 5. Larger AC were needed 6. Lot of electricity failure occured

Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors

FEATURES OF SECOND GENERATION

1. Transistors were used 2. Core Memory was developed 3. Faster than First Generation computers 4. First Operating System was developed 5. Programming was in Machine Language & Aseembly Language 6. Magnetic tapes & discs were used 7. Computers became smaller in size than the First Generation computers 8. Computers consumed less heat & consumed less electricity

Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits

THIRD GENERATION FEATURES

1. Integrated circuits developed 2. Power consumption was low 3. SSI & MSI Technology was used 4. High level languages were used

Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors

FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTERS

1. LSI & VLSI Technology used 2. Development of Portable Computers 3. RAID Technology of data storage 4. Used in virtual reality, multimedia, simulation 5. Computers started in use for Data Communication 6. Different types of memories with very high accessing speed & storage capacity

Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence

FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS

1. Used in parallel processing 2. Used superconductors 3. Used in speech recognition 4. Used in intelligent robots 5. Used in artificial intelligence

CPU
Central Processing Unit
(The Brain of Computer)
The CPU is the control center for a computer. It guides, directs & governs its performance. It is the brain of the computer.

CPU CONTAINS :
1. Arithmetic & Logical Unit 2. Control Unit

ARITHMETIC & LOGICAL UNIT

An Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU) is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a fundamental building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. ALU is a combination of Arithmetic Unit & Logical Unit.

ARITHMETIC UNIT
Arithmetic Unit performs all the arithmetic operations like addition , subtraction , multiplication & division performed on the operands. For example : a+b a-b a*B a/b

CONTROL UNIT
Control Unit is most important part which controls all the internal as well as external functions in the computer.

THE MAIN FUNCTIONS PERFORMED BY THE CONTROL UNIT ARE :

1. It controls & guides the interpretation , flow information. & manipulation of all data &

2. It sends control signals until the required operations are done properly by ALU & memory. 3. It gets program instructions from memory & executes them one after another. 4. It controls the flow of data from input device to memory & from memory to output devices.

SPEAKERS

SOFTWARE

Software represents the set of programs that govern the operation of a computer system and make the hardware run. Software can be classified into three categories: 1. Operating System 2. Language Processors 3. Application Software

OPERATING SYSTEM
An operating system is a program which acts as an interface between a user & the hardware (i.e., all computer resources). An operating system is an important component of a computer system which controls all other components of the computer system. The operating system perform the following function: 1. Provide the instruction to prepare user- interface. 2. Loads necessary program which are required for proper computer functioning. 3. Manages the way information is stored on & retrieved from disks.

LANGUAGE PROCESSORS
ASSEMBLER: This language processor converts the program written in assembly language into machine language. INTERPRETER: This language processor converts a HLL program into machine language by converting it line- by- line. If there is any error in any line, it reports it at the same time & program execution can not resume until the error is rectified. COMPILER: It also converts the HLL program into machine language. It converts the entire HLL program in one go, & reports all the errors of the program along with the line numbers. After all the errors are removed, the program is recompiled, & after that the compiler is not needed in the memory as the object program is available. APPLICATION SOFTWARE An application software is the set of programs necessary to carry out operations for a specified application.

CUSTOMIZED APPLICATION SOFTWARE This type of software is tailor- made software. The software is developed to meet all the requirements specified by the user.

GENERAL APPLICATION SOFTWARE This type of software is developed keeping in mind the general requirements for carrying out a specific task. Many users can use it simultaneously as it fulfills the general requirements.

Batch processing is execution of a series of programs ("jobs") on a computer without manual intervention.

An interrupt is a signal from a device attached to a computer or from a program within the computer that causes the main program that operates the computer (the operating system ) to stop and figure out what to do next. Basically, a single computer can perform only one computer instruction at a time. But, because it can be interrupted, it can take turns in which programs or sets of instructions that it performs. This is known as multitasking. advantages of online shopping Convenience, better prices, variety, sends gifts.
In computer science, a buffer is a region of a physical memory storage used to temporarily enable data from continuing while it is being moved from one place to another. Validation a product or service meets the needs of its users. Advantages: High level language (HLLs) over low level language(LLLs) 1. Easy to understand 2. Easy to write modify & debug 3. Machine dependent 4. Standardized 5. Portability.

How is it possible to prevent unauthorized access to student records?

Operating system and software patches and updates. Passwords Get a hardware or software firewall Hardware firewall - A hardware firewall is a hardware device that is connected to your network. Software firewall - A software firewall is a software program that you install on your computer.

Name two methods of implementing a new computer system

The old system is stopped completely, and the new system is started. All of the data that used to be input into the old system now goes into the new one.

This is have its advantages... Takes the minimal time and effort The new system is up and running immediately

But there are also disadvantages... If the new system fails, there is no back-up system, so data can be lost