POLYNOMIALS

A. Look at the algebra form below :

1. 3X 4
+5 X 3 −2
2. 2X 3
−7 X +4
3. 6X 5
−X 4 + 3 X 3 − 6 X 2
+10 X −1

Algebra form above are called POLYNOMIALS

Degree of polynomials is the index of the highest power. Thus in the expression ( 1 )
above the polynomial is of degree 4 while in ( 2 ) the polynomial is of degree 3 and in ( 3 ) the
polynomial is of degree 5.

In a polynomial the power of variable is always a positive integer.

an X n +a( n −1) X n −1 +a( n −2 ) X n −2 + . . . + a2 X 2 + a1 X +ao , an ≠ 0 is called the

polynomials in X of degree n

Exercise 1

Find the degree , variable , coefficient of polynomials below :

1. 6 X 4 + X 3 +3 X 2 −6 X −1
2. 7 Y 7 +5Y 6 + 3Y 3 − Y 2 +3 Y −1
3. 3 a 8 −a 4 + 3a 2 − a +1
4. b 6 +2b 4 − 3b 3 − 6 b 2 +13b −1
5. 4 X 5 −1
6. 6 z 15 −z 14 + 3 z 10 − 6 z 4 +10 z −1
7. 6 +b −b 4 + 3b 5 − 11b 7 +10 b 9
8. 2 X 4Y 3 + 5 X 3Y 2 +3 X 2Y −6 X −1
9. 6a 5 b 6 + a 3 b 4 +2 a 2 b −7 a −14
10. 2a 4 b 4 −2 a 3 b 3 +4 ab 2 −5 b +11

B. Value of polynomials

If a polynomial is stated by f(x) and X is replaced by a number ( a ) thus f ( a ) is value of f(x)

If f ( x ) = 3 X 2 +7 X +1 , so value of f ( 1 ) = 3 (1) 2 +7 (1) +1 = 11

Exercise 1
 Find out value of each polynomials below

1. f ( x ) = 2 X 4 + X 3 +−3 X 2 −6 X −1 , if x = 2
2. f ( x ) = −3 X 5 + 7 X 3 −4 X 2 + X −5 , if x = - 1
3. f ( x ) = 5 X 2 −6 X + 2 , if x = 4
4. f ( X ) = X 6 −2 X 4 +3 X 2 − X +2 , if x = 3
5. f ( a ) = 5a 4 −2a 3 +4a 2 −6a −5 , if a = -2
6. f ( b ) = 3b 5 + b 3 −2b 2 −5 b −4 , if b = - 1
7. f ( x , y ) = 2 X 4Y 3 + 5 X 3Y 2 +3 X 2Y −6 X −1 , if x = -1 , y = 1
8. f ( a, b ) = 6a 5 b 6 + a 3 b 4 +2 a 2 b −7 a −14 , if a = 2, b = - 1

C. Operation on Polynomials
1. Addition
2. Subtraction
3. Multiplication

Addition
n −1
If f ( x ) = a n X +a ( n −1) X
n
+a ( n −2 ) X n −2 +. . . +a 0 , a n ≠ 0 and
m −1 m −2
h ( x ) = bm X
m
+b( m −1) X +b( m −2 ) X +. . . +b0 , bm ≠ 0 and m > n thus
f ( x ) + g ( x ) = bm X
m
+ . . . + ( a 2 + b2 ) X 2 + ( a1 +b1 ) X +( a 0 + b0 )

Example

Add ( 6X 4
+X 3
+3 X 2
−6 X −1 ) and ( 5 X 4
− 3 X 3 +6 X 2
+ 7 X +14 )

Solution

6 X 4 + X 3 +3 X 2 −6 X −1
5 X 4 −3 X 3 +6 X 2 + 7 X +14 +
11X 4 − 2 X 3 +9 X 2 + X +13

Subtraction
n −1
If f ( x ) = a n X +a ( n −1) X
n
+a ( n −2 ) X n −2 +. . . +a 0 , a n ≠ 0 and
m −1 m −2
h ( x ) = bm X
m
+b( m −1) X +b( m −2 ) X +. . . +b0 , bm ≠ 0 and m > n thus
f ( x ) - g ( x ) = − bm X + . . . + ( a 2 − b2 ) X 2 + ( a1 −b1 ) X +( a0 − b0 )
m

Example

If p ( x) = 6 X 4 + X 3 +3 X 2 −6 X −1 ) and q ( x ) = 5 X 4
− X 3 +6 X 2 + 7 X +14
find p ( x ) −q ( x )

Solution
6X 4
+X 3
+3 X 2
−6 X −1
5 X 4 − 3 X 3 +6 X 2 + 7 X +14 -
X 4 + 4 X 3 −3 X 2 −13 X −15

Find q ( x ) −p ( x )

Solution

5 X 4 − 3 X 3 +6 X 2 + 7 X +14
6 X 4 + X 3 +3 X 2 −6 X −1 -
− X 4 − 4 X 3 +3 X 2 +13 X +15

Multiplication

To multiply two polynomials, P ( x ) , Q ( x ) , each term of P ( x ) is multiplied by each term of

Q(X)
Examine followings

1. Given p ( x) = a x n and q ( x) =b x m we have) p ( x ) . q (x) = a x n b x m . = ab x m +n

m −1
2. Given p ( x) = a x n and q ( x ) = bm X +b( m −1) X
m
+b( m−2 ) X m −2 +. . . +b0
m −1
We have p ( x) . q (x) = a x ( bm x + b( m−1) x +. . . + b0 )
n m

n −1
3. given p ( x ) = a n X +a( n−1) X
n
+a( n −2 ) X n −2 +. . . +a0 and
q ( x ) =bm X m +b( m−1) X m −1 +b( m−2 ) X m −2 +. . . +b0 we have
Example

1. p ( x ) =2 X 3 , q ( x ) = 4 x 5 , thus
p ( x ).q ( x ) =2 x3 . 4 x 5
= 8 x8
2. p ( x ) =6 X 2 , q ( x ) = 5 X 4 + 7 X + 8 , thus
p ( x ) . q ( x ) = 6 X 2 . ( 5 X 4 + 7 X + 8)
= 30 x 6 +42 x 3 +48 x 2
3. p ( x) = 3 X 2 −6 X −1 , q ( x ) = 7 X +14 , thus
p ( x ) . q ( x ) = ( 3 X 2 −6 X −1) . ( 7 X +14 )
= 21 x 3 + 42 x 2 −42 x 2 −84 x −14
= 21 x 3 −84 x −14

Exercise 2

If p ( x ) =1 +2 x −4 x 2 , q ( x ) =3 x −1 , r ( x ) =3 −2 x 2 , perform the followings

1. p ( x ) +q ( x ) −r ( x ) 6. p ( x ). r ( x )
2. p ( x ) +q ( x ) +r ( x ) 7. [ p ( x ) ] 2 +q ( x )
3. p ( x ) −q ( x ) −r ( x ) 8. p ( x ) .2 q ( x )
4. 3 p ( x ) +q ( x ) 9. 2 p ( x ) +( q ( x ) . r ( x) )
5. p ( x ) . q ( x ) . r ( x ) 10. p ( x ) . ( q ( x ) + r ( x ) )
 Exercise 3
State the matter below into an X n +a( n −1) X n −1 +a( n −2 ) X n −2 +. . . +a0

1. ( x −1 ) 2 ( x +4 )
2. ( x −5 ) 2 − ( 3 x 2 + x −1 )
3. ( x 2 +2 ) 2 + ( x −4 ) 3
4. ( x 3 +2 ) 2 ( x −4 )
5. ( x +2 ) ( x 2 +3 x −4 )
6. ( x +1) 3 − ( x 2 −4)
7. ( 2 x 2 −x −5 ) −( x +2 ) 3

D. Equality of Polynomials
f ( x ) = a n X n +a( n −1) X n −1 +a( n −2 ) X n −2 +. . . +a0
g ( x ) = bm X m +b( m−1) X m −1 +b( m −2 ) X m −2 +. . . +b0
f ( x ) ≡g ( x ) if m = n, an = bm , a( n −1 ) = b ( m −1) , ........., a0 = b 0

Example
1. Find out the value of a if ( x 2 −3 x +14 ) ≡( x −1 )( x −2) +3a
Solution
( x 2 −3 x +14 ) ≡( x −1 )( x −2) +3a
( x 2 −3 x +14 ) ≡( x 2 −3 x +2 +3a )
( x 2 −3 x +14 ) ≡ x 2 −3 x +( 2 +3a )
Look at the formula above
Thus 14 = 2 + 3a
12 = 3a
4 =a
Thus value of a on ( x 2 −3 x +14 ) ≡( x −1 )( x −2) +3a is a = 4
2. Find out value of m and n
3x + 4 m n
≡ +
x − x −2
2
x +1 x −2
Solution
3x + 4 m n
≡ +
x − x −2
2
x +1 x −2
3x + 4 m ( x −2 ) n ( x +1)
⇔ ≡ +
x − x − 2 ( x +1)( x − 2)
2
( x −1)( x − 2)

3x + 4 m ( x − 2 ) + n ( x +1)
⇔ ≡
x −x −2
2
( x +1)( x − 2)

3x + 4 m x − 2m + n x + n
⇔ ≡
x −x −2
2
( x +1)( x − 2)
3x + 4 ( m + n ) x + ( − 2m + n )
⇔ ≡
x2 − x − 2 ( x +1)( x − 2)
 so m + n =3
−2m +n = 4

−1 1
Use elimination or substitute is got m = and n = 3
3 3
Exercise 4
Find out the value of a

1. ( x +1 )( x +3) −2a ≡x 2 +4 x −1
2. ( x 2 +1 ) ( x −5 ) +3a ≡x 3 −5 x 2 +x +16
3. x 4 +2 x 3 + x 2 +4 x −3 ≡ ( x 2 +2)( x 2 +2 x −1) + a

Find out the value of m , n

1. 2 − nx −mx 2 −x 3 ≡( 1 −x )( x 2 −3 x +2)
2. 10 −18 x +7 x 2 −x 3 ≡( 3 −x ) 2 (1 − x ) +mx +n

Find out the value of a, b or c

a b 4x
1. x −2 + x +2 ≡ x 2 −4
3 x +4 a b
2. x 2 − x −2 ≡ x − 2 + x +1
2 x 2 +x +2 a bx +c
3. ≡ − 2
1 −x 3
1 −x x +x +1

E. Division on Polynomials
If f(x) and g (x ) are polynomials and the degree of f(x) > the degree g (x ) > 1. There are
polynomial h(x) and s(x) are fulfill f (x ) = g(x) . h ( x ) + s(x)

f (x ) = g(x) . h ( x ) + s(x)
f(x) , g( X), h(x),s(x) are called dividend , divisor, quotient, remainder

Example
E . 1 Polynomials by ( x – a )

1. Divide f ( x ) =x 2 +4 x −8 by h( x ) =x −1
Solution
x +
5
2
x −
1 x +
4x −
8
x2 −
x
5x −
8
5x − 5
− 3

Hence x 2 +4 x −8 =( x −1)( x +5) −3

x 2 +4 x −8 is called dividend

x −1 is called divisor

x +5 is called quotient
 -3 is remainder

2. Divide f ( x ) = x 3 +2 x 2 + 3 x −5 by h( x ) =x −2
Solution
x 2 +4x +11
x −2 x 3
+
2x 2 +3x −5
x3 −
2x 2
−
4x2 +
3x
4x2 − 8x
−
1 1x −5
11 x − 22
−
17

Hence x 3 + 2 x 2 + 3 x −5 ≡ ( x − 2)( x 2 +4 x +11) +17

x 3
+2 x 2 +3 x −5 is called dividend

x −2 is called divisor

x 2 +4 x +11 is called quotient

17 is remainder

Exercise 5
Find out the quotient and remainder at division of polynomials below :
1. 3 x 2 −2 x +1 : x + 3
2. 2 x 3 −5 x 2 +4 x +3 : x +1
3. x 4 +3 x 3 +4 x 2 −x +1 : x −1
4. 4 x 4 −1 : 2 x −1
5. 3 x 3 − 2 x 2 + 6 : x − 2
6. 5 x 5 − 2 x 3 + 4 x −1 : x 3 + 2 x −1
7. x 5 −3 x 3 +4 x 2 −1 : x 2 − x +3
8. − 2 x 5 + 6 x 4 − 3 x 3 + 6 : x 2 − 2 x + 3
9. 4 x 3 −3 x 2 −6 x −5 : x 2 +x

Find p (x ) in each equation below :

1. 3 x 3 −x 2 +6 ≡ ( x −2 ) . p ( x ) +26
 2. 2 x 5 − x 3 +3 x +4 ≡(16 x +64) +( x 2 − x +4). p ( x )
3. ( x −1 ). p ( x ) +7 ≡ x 3 +4 x 2 − 2 x +4
4. x 4 −2 x 3 +x 2 −5 x +10 ≡ ( x −1) . p ( x ) +5

F. Horner’s Method

F . 1 Polynomial is divided by ( x – a )

1. a. f ( x) = ( x 3 +6 x 2 +3 x −15 ) divided by ( x +3 )
Solution

Method 1
x 2 + 3x − 6
x + 3 x3 + 6 x 2 + 3 x −15
x3 + 3 x2
−
3 x2 + 3 x
3x 2 + 9 x
−
− 6 x − 15
− 6 x −18
−
3

x 3
+6 x 2 +3 x −15 is called dividend

x −3 is called divisor

x 2 +3 x −6 is called quotient

3 is remainder

Method 2

Horner method

b. f ( x) = ( x 3 +6 x 2 +3 x −15 ) divided by ( x – 3 )

3 1 6 3 -15

-3 -9 18

1 3 -6 3 = remainder
 x 3
+6 x 2 +3 x −15 is called dividend

x −3 is called divisor

x 2 +3 x −6 is called quotient
3 is remainder

2. f ( x) = (2 x 4 −5 x 2 +2 x −2) divided by ( x −1 )

Method 1
2x 3 + 2 x 2 − 3 x −1
x −1 2 x 4 − 5 x 2 +2 x −2
2 x 4 −2 x 3
−
2 x 3 −5 x 2
2 x3 − 2 x2
−
− 3x 2 + 2x
− 3x 2 +3 x
−
− x −2
−x +1
−
−3

2x 4
−5 x 2 +2 x − 2 is called dividend

x −1 is called divisor

2 x 3 +2 x 2 −3 x −1 is called quotient

-3 is remainder

Method 2

1 2 0 -5 2 -2

2 2 -3 -1

2 2 -3 -1 -3

2x 4
−5 x 2 +2 x − 2 is called dividend

x −1 is called divisor
 2 x 3 +2 x 2 −3 x −1 is called quotient

-3 is remainder

F . 2 Polynomial is divided by ( ax – b)

Polynomials f(x) divided by ( ax – b )

b
Thus f ( x ) = h( x )( x − ) + s ( x )
a
h ( x) = quotient
s ( x) =remainders

Example : divide 2 x 3 + 9 x 2 −6 x +4 by 2 x +1

x 2 + 4x − 5
2x +1 2x 3 + 9 x 2 − 6x + 4
2x 3 + x 2
−
8x 2 − 6x
8x 2 + 4x
−
− 10 x + 4
− 10 x 2 − 5
−
9

Horner’s Method

-½ 2 9 -6 4

-1 -4 5

2 8 - 10 9

2x 3
+9 x 2 −6 x +2 is called dividend

2 x +1 is called divisor

2 x 2 +8 x 2 −10 is called quotient

= x 2 +4 x 2 −5
2
9 is remainder

F . 3 Polynomial is divided by ( x – a)( x – b )

Example

Find the quotient and remainders when 2 x 4 + 6 x 3 − 5 x 2 + 3 x − 7 is divided by ( x – 1 )( x +

3)
Solution 1
2 x2 + 2 x − 3
x 2 + 2 x − 3 2x 4 + 6 x 3 − 5x 2 + 3x − 7
2x 4 + 4 x 3 − 6x 2
−
2 x3 + x2 + 3 x
2 x3 + 4 x 2 − 6 x
−
− 3x 2 + 9 x − 7
− 3x 2 − 6x + 9
15 x −16

Solution 2

Horner ‘s Method

1 2 6 -5 3 -7

2 8 3 6

2 8 3 6 -1 = S1

-3 -6 -6 9

2 2 -3 15 = s 2

S(x) = ( x – 1 ) s 2 + S1
= ( x – 1 ) 15 + ( - 1 )
= (15 x – 15 – 1 )
=15 x – 16

Or

-3 2 6 -5 3 -7

-6 0 15 -54

2 0 -5 18 - 61 = S1

1 2 2 -3

2 2 -3 15 = S 2

S ( x ) = ( x + 3 ) S 2 + S1
= ( x +3 ) .15 – 61
= 15x + 45 – 61
= 15 x – 16

Exercise 6
Find the remainders and quotient P (x) divided by q ( x ) using Horner ‘s Method
1. x 4 +3 x 3 +4 x 2 −x +1 : x −1
2. 2 x 4 +6 x 3 4 x 2 −6 x +1 : x −3
 3. x 4 −2 x 3 +5 x 2 + 4 x +3 : x + 2
4. 4 x 4 + x 2 −3 x − 7 : x +1
5. x 4 +4 x 3 +8 x 2 −4 x +1 : 2 x −1
6. 3 x 5 −4 x 4 +4 x 3 −7 x 2 +1 : 3 x −1
7. 2 x 4 +4 x 3 +8 x 2 −4 x +1 : x 2 −x −2
8. 2 x 4 − 3 x 3 − 5 x 2 + 6 x + 4 : ( x 2 + 3 x + 2)
9. x 5 +3x 3 −6 x 2 + x −3 : ( x 2 −2 x −8)
10. x 6 −4 x 2 −x +3 : ( x 2 +3 x −4 )

If f(x) and g(x) are polynomials and degree of f( x ) > g(x) than :

1. Degree of g(x) is 1 ,the remainders of f(x) divided by g(x) is s(x), and degree
of s(x) is zero
2. Degree of g(x) is 2 ,the remainders of f(x) divided by g(x) is s(x), and degree
of s(x) is one
3. Degree of g(x) is 3 ,the remainders of f(x) divided by g(x) is s(x), and degree
of s(x) is two
4.

G. The Remainder Theorem

Theorem : If polynomial p(x) is divided by ( x – a ) the remainder is S = P ( a )
p ( x ) =( x −a ) . h ( x ) + s
( x −a ) =0 ⇒x =a Substitute a for p ( x ) =( x −a ) . h ( x ) + s
p ( a ) =( a −a ) . h ( a ) + s ⇒ p(a)= s

Corollaries
1. If p(x) is divisible by x – a , then the remainders is 0, that is P ( a ) = 0
2. If p (x) is divisible by ( x – a ), ( x – b ), ( x – c ) than is divisible by ( x – a ), ( x – b ),
( x – c ) separately
3. If p ( x ) is divisible (x – a ) then ( x – a ) is factor of p ( x ) and x = a is root of p ( x )

Example

1. Find the remainders if p ( x ) = 2 x 4 − 2 x 3 +5 x 2 −4 x +5 divided by ( x – 1 )

Solution

1 2 -2 5 -4 5
 2 0 5 1

2 0 5 1 6 =S=p(1)

2. Find a if p ( x ) = x 4 −x 2 + ax +2 divisible by ( x + 2 )
Solution

-2 1 0 -1 a 2

-2 4 -6 12 – 2a

1 -2 3 - 6 +a 14 – 2a = S = 0

So 12 – 2a = 0
a =6

3. If the remainders is 3x – 5, when p ( x ) = x 3 −mx 2 +2 x +4 is divided by x 2 −1 . Find of m.

Solution

If p ( x ) = x 3 −mx 2 +2 x +4 is divided by x 2 −1 . so
1. x 3 −mx 2 +2 x +4 = ( x −1)( x +1) h( x) +3x −5
13 −m(1) 2 +2.1 +4 =(1 −1 )(1 +1) h(1) + 3.1 − 5
7 −m = −2
m =9

Or

2. x 3 −mx 2 +2 x +4 = ( x −1)( x +1) h( x ) +3 x −5

( −1) 3 −m( −1) 2 +2.( −1) +4 =( −1 −1 )( −1 +1) h( −1) + 3.( −1 ) − 5
1 −m = −8
m =9

So value of m is 9

4. f(x) is polynomials, 5 is remainder if f(x) divided by ( x – 2).and – 10 is remainders if f(x)

divided by ( x + 3). Find remainder if f(x) divided by ( x 2 +x −6 )
Solution

f(x) = ( x 2 +x −6 ) h(x) + s(x)

f(x) = ( x 2 +x −6 ) h(x) + ( ax + b )
f(x) = ( x +3)( x −2 ) h(x) + (ax + b )
f(2) = ( 2 +3)(2 −2 ) h(2) + (2a + b )
5 = 0 + (2a + b )
5 = 2a + b ……………… ⇒ ( i )

f(-3) = ( −3 +3)(−3 −2 ) h(-3) + (-3a + b )

f(-3) = 0 + (-3a + b )

- 10 = - 3a + b …………………. ⇒ ( ii )

( i ) and ( ii )

5 = 2a + b
- 10 = - 3a + b thus a = 3 , b = - 1

Thus the remainders of f(x) when divided by ( x +x −6 ) is 3 x - 1

2

Exercise 6

Solve the following problems below

1. When p ( x) =x 3 +3 x 2 − mx +n is divided by ( x – 1 ) and ( x – 2 ) the remainders are
3 and 9 respectively. Find value of m and n
2. When p ( x ) =3 x 3 +2 x 2 − 4 x +n is divided by ( x + 1 ) the remainder is 7. find the
value of n
3. x 3 − 4 x 2 + m x + n ≡ ( x 2 − 3x + 2)h( x) + ( 6 − 2 x) . Find the value of m and n
4. If the remainders are 3 and 21 when p(x) is divided by x – 1 and x + 2 respectively,
Find the remainders when p(x) is divided by ( x 2 +x −2 )
5. f(x) is polynomials. When f(x) divided by ( x 2 − x ) has the remainders 4 – 3x and
when f(x) divided by ( x 2 + x ) has the remainders (4 – x ). Find the remainders if f(x)
divided by ( x 2 −1 )
6. If the remainders are – 1, - 12 , 31 when p(x) divided by ( x – 1 ), (x – 2 ), ( x – 3 )
respectively, Find the remainders when p(x) id divided by ( x – 1 ). (x – 2 ). ( x – 3 ).
7. When p ( x ) =ax 5 −2 x 4 + 3 x 3 +4 x 2 +bx −6 divided by ( x – 2 ) , ( x- 3 ) has
remainders 12 and 159. Find the remainders when p(x) divided by ( x – 1 )(x – 2 )(x –
3)
8. If f ( x) =19( x 21 −x 8 +2) −15( x17 −4 x 3 + 3 ) find remainder if f(x) divided by
a. ( x – 1 )
b. ( x + 1)
c.
d.
9. fff
10. fff
11. fff
12.
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L. kkk
M. kkk
N. kkk
O. ;;;
P. ;;;
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S. ;;;
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U. ;;;
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W.

Value of polynomial