5.

Sustainability and Life Cycle study of Lighting systems

BCA Academy (GMP) Programme Module: Efficient Eco-lighting systems (indoor & Outdoor)
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Lighting level and energy consumption

Our eye is used to Recommended office lighting level El t i l load Electrical l d for f this thi illuminance ill i Average space per office staff So, the Lighting load per staff For 10 hrs per day, energy consumed @S$ 0.25 0 25 / KwHr KwHr, the cost of energy / day How much does a cup of coffee cost ? How many cups would we drink everyday?
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= 100,000 lux = 500 lux = 10 W Watts/m tt / 2 = 8 m2 = 80 Watts = 80 x 10 WHr = 0.80 Kw Hr = $0.20! $0 20!

How our Brain takes Light

6 5
melatonin secretion

4 2 1

visual pathway photobiological pathway

1. retina 2. optic nerve 3.visual cortex 4. RetinoHypothalamicTract (RHT) 5 SupraChiasmaticNucleus (SCN) 5. 6.pineal gland (melatonin secretion) 7. spinal cord 8. superior cervical ganglion (sympathic nervous system)

7
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Lighting and Productivity

Productivity and Task Illuminance

500

2000

Lux

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Lighting and Errors

Errors and T k Task Illuminance

Lux
500 2000

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Lighting and Fatigue

Fatigue and Task Ill Illuminance i

Lux
500 2000

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Recommended Illuminance For various Areas and Activities

Illuminance (lux)
100 300

Area of Activity
Circulation Areas, Simple Orientation Visually Simple Tasks Offices, Average Tasks in Industries Visually demanding Tasks, Electronic and P i i I Precision Industry,Drawing d t D i offices ffi Graphic Reproduction Task Lighting in Operating Theatre (example)

500
750 1000 30,000

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How the Brain takes Light

6 5
melatonin secretion

4 2 1

visual pathway photobiological pathway

1. retina 2. optic nerve 3.visual cortex 4. RetinoHypothalamicTract (RHT) 5 SupraChiasmaticNucleus (SCN) 5. 6.pineal gland (melatonin secretion) 7. spinal cord 8. superior cervical ganglion (sympathic nervous system)

7
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Photo biological Effects

mood

performance well being biological clock immune system direct stimulation therapies

communication

+ = vision

performance comfort safety

The Body Clock and Light Located in the SCN Entrained E t i d by b light li ht th through h th the eye Controls body rhythms - ultradian (min./hour cycles) - circadian (daily) - circalunar (monthly) - circannual (seasonal)

Circadian Rythms Mood, performance, alertness

Body temperature Hormone production by pineal gland (melatonin, seratonin) Hormone production by pituitary gland (prolactine, growth hormone) Hormone production by adrenaline cortex (cortisol) Structure of EEG Urination and composition Sleep/wake pattern

Relationship between Lamp and Energy Consumption!

Lamp Ballast B ll t Loss Total Watts Life Energy E consumed C t of Cost f Energy @ SS$0.25 kWHr $ 18. 75 $ 157.50 Price P i of f Lamp (approx)

Bulb 75W TLD 36W

Nil 9W

75W 45W

1000 hrs

75 kW Hrs

$ 1.00 $ 3.50

14000 hrs 630 kW Hrs

A Lamp consumes about 15-45 times more Energy than its own price !

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Energy saving the Sense & Simplicity

CFL replacing the GLS incandescent lamp (retro-fit) Masterline 35W Halogen replacing standard 50W Halogen (retro-fit) CDM lamp replacing the Halogen lamp itself (new points) Super 80 replacing the Cool Daylight tube (retro-fit) Use of TL5 super 80 tubes for new installations (new points) Electronic Ballast replacing Magnetic ballast (new points) Lighting Control & Daylight-linking (new points) LED White light for special applications (new points)

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Integrated CFL

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Equivalent CFL for GLS (example)

CFL 11W CFL 15W

= =

GLS 60W GLS 75W

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Savings with CFL Energy-saver

Load reduction per point (60W - 11W) Saving for 8000hrs life = 8000 x 49 Watt Hrs At S$ 0.25 / kW Hr, money saved = 49W

= 392 kw Hrs = $ 98.0

Avoiding 8 X GLS lamps @$ 1.0 each = $ 8.0

Total savings by each Lamp CFL price

= $ 106.0 = ?

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CFL Environmental Benefit

1) A 100W bulb consumes for 1000 hours 2) CFL 20W consumes for 1000 hours 3) Energy saved per year 4) Energy saved for 1 Mln CFL 20W 5) CO2 Reduction = 100 Kwhrs = 20 Kwhrs = 80 Kwhrs = 80 Mln Kwhrs ! = 33, 600 Tonnes!

One KWHr of energy is known to produce 0.50 Kg of CO2 in thermal generation

Some countries S t i have h announced d plans l t to phase h out t th the Incandescent lamp from 2010. But some caution is advisable !

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Halogen Technology with Masterline 35W

Traditional

Double ended support

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Energy Saving with Masterline 35W Halogen

Load reduction per point(50W - 35W) = 15W Saving for 5000hrs life = 5000 x 15 Watt Hrs At S$ 0.25 / kW Hr, money saved Avoiding 2 X Std Halogen lamp

= 75 kw Hrs = $ 18.75 = $ 6.00

Total savings by each Lamp Masterline Halogen price

= $ 24 24.00 00 = $ 5.00

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Energy Saving with Masterline Halogen

Direct energy saving Air Con load saving Less Heat in Interior and more comfort Longer lifetime
Benefit to User : Happier Customers & Staff

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CDM Lamp
High beam intensities, high light output High efficiency Choice in 3000-4200K Long life Colour stability High CRI UV-block

Best substitute for halogen !

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The CDM Family

CDM-R PAR20/30L CDM-T -TC

CDM-TD CDM-TT

CDM-TP

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CDM Vs Halogen at a Department Store

New Number Total load Lamps including Ballast loss Halogen 50W points replaced Total Halogen load including Gear loss 180 KW 210 KW Load reduction Due to CDM Energy saved for 4000 hrs per year KW Hrs

CDM- 1500 R 35W CDMR 70W 1000

67.5 KW 80.0 KW

3000 3500

112.5 KW 450,000 130.0 KW 242.5 KW

520,000 970,000
KW Hrs !

2500

147.5 KW

6500

390 KW

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Energy Saving with Super 840

instead of Cool Daylight tube
30 % increase in illuminance ( Lux) ) ! Visual satisfaction and Colour appreciation will be superior You can use 30 % less luminaires Electrical reduction, air-con air con reduction and savings in capital and energy costs

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Advantages of TL5 28W

Instead of 36W tube

Longer life Environment-friendly Compact luminaires

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Advantages of TL5 tube

T12 - 40 W T8 36W T5 28W
9 Fully recyclable fluorescent lamp (with no loss of quality) 9 Lowest mercury content in the market 9 Maximum of 10% light-output loss over entire lifespan 9 Useful life: 18,000 hours with electronic ballast
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Why Electronic ballast ?

Saves energy & running cost Easy to dim for flexible lighting level Visual comfort with less eye-fatigue eye fatigue Cooler operation of lamp & ballast Less Air-conditioning load Longer lamp life

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Ballast Energy Efficiency

Also referred to as CELMA rating Present Status on the banning of Electromagnetic ballast:

A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 C D

Di Dimmable bl electronic l t i Low loss electronic Standard electronic Extra low loss magnetic Low loss magnetic Normal loss magnetic High loss magnetic Phase 2a (< Nov 2005) Ban C-class EM ballasts Phase 1 (< May 2002) Ban D-class EM ballasts
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Phase 2b (<2006) Joint declaration: 55% of ballasts sold should be electronic !

Daylight linking : a green tool

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LED & White light

Red Peak Blue Peak Green Peak Phosphor Emission Combined Spectrum Blue LED Spectrum

470

525 590 630

(nm)

470

525 590 630

(nm)

By mixing Red, Green and Blue (RGB) sources any colour light, including White, can be made

Blue emission is converted to yellow by the phosphor coating over the chip and reflector cup. The mixture of blue and yellow light appears white

Above methods are quite expensive at present and individual lamp power is limited to 1-5 W only !
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SS 530: 2006 Power densities allowed

No Type of usage Maximum lighting power budget Watts/M2 15 15 15 10 25

1 2 3 4 5

Offices Class rooms Lecture theatres Auditoriums / Concert halls Sh Shops / Supermarkets S k t / Departmental Stores (including general, accent & display lighting Restaurants

15
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SS 530: 2006 Power densities allowed

(Continued)
No Type of usage Maximum lighting g g power budget Watts/M2 10 10 5 20 15 10

7 8 9 10 11 12

Lobbies / Atriums / Concourse Stairs / Corridors Car parks Electronic manufacturing and fine detail / Assembly industries Medium and heavy industries Warehouses / Storage areas

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Total Cost Of Ownership (TCOO)

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Why TCOO?
A Customers decision when based only on the initial price, can lead to: Long term high energy expenditure Frequent lamp replacements & Defects & Maintenance ! TCOO is one way of highlighting such costs to p understand the most economic and most help durable solution Financial Decision-makers often prefer to know what is the long term costs (=TCOO) !
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What is Total Cost-of-Ownership

= THE ANNUALISED COST OF (INVESTMENT +

MAINTENANCE)

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Total Cost-Of-Ownership
Annualised Investment = Taken at 10% of initial investment to create the Light points. Eg. for Office lighting, g g the investment for each point p will include the following:

A.Cost of Transformer,switch gear, Miniature Circuit breakers and their installation B.Cabling up to each luminaire point + installation C L i i itself C.Luminaire it lf Usually, (A+B) would be S$ 500 per point ! C. is usually about S$ 100 for 2x 36W TL fitting
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Total Cost-of-Ownership Annual Maintenance =

9 Energy / yr = (Load KW x Burning hrs per year) 9 Lamp cost = Pro-rated for each year = ( No.of lamps x price per lamp x Burning hrs per year) Lamp life in hours 9 cleaning charges

BCA-GMP-Sesh-2009

Total Cost-of-Ownership
How to reduce other Maintenance costs? lamp with long life and low early failure rate ballast with low loss & long life luminaire with correct IP rating luminaire which is easy to maintain -- Group replacement of lamps

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Life Cycle study of same luminaire with EM or EL ballast

2 X EM ballast 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. No. of luminaires (say) Price of Luminaire Luminaire cost 10% depreciation / yr Two lamps load Two lamps p Ballast loss Total luminaire load Load for 100 lums 100 S$ 80 S$ 8000 S$ 800 72W 18W 90W 9.0 KW 1 X EL (Twin) ballast 100 S$ 100 S$ 10000 S$ 1000 64W 8W 72W 7.2 KW

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Life Cycle study of same luminaire with EM or EL ballast

2 X EM ballast Energy for 4000 hrs / yr @ 25 cents / KW hr Lamp life Lamp replacements / yr Price of spare lamp p replacement p cost Lamp TCOO (4 + 10 + 14) Annual savings with EL Initial Lums extra cost Time to recover it 36000 KW hrs S$ 9000 12000 hrs 67 S$ 4 S$ 268 S$ 10068 ------1 X EL (Twin) ballast 28800 KW hrs S$ 7200 15000 hrs 53 S$ 4 S$212 S$ 8412 S$ 1656 S$ 2000 1Yr 2 Months !
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