Petroleum Experts

REVEAL
PLATFORMFORSPECIALISED RESERVOIRSTUDIES

CopyrightNotice The copyright in this manual are the property of Petroleum Experts Ltd. Petroleum Experts Ltd. All rights reserved. IPM suite, GAP , PROSPER, MBAL, PVTP , REVEAL, RESOLVE, IFM, ModelCatalogue and OpenServer are trademarks of Petroleum Experts Ltd. Microsoft (Windows), Windows (XP) and Windows (Vista) are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation. Eclipse and Petrel are registered trademarks of the Schlumberger Corporation VIP is a registered trademark of the Landmark Corporation

PlatformforSpecialisedReservoirStudies

THEREVEAL CONCEPT REVEAL,likethewhole IPM suite,hasbeencreatedtointegratethosedisciplinesusuallyisolated by separate tools, in order to better understand the field. REVEAL allows integration at the reservoirlevel. Mostoilandgascompaniescarryouttwotypesofreservoirstudy: Full field numerical simulation studies,usingtoolssuchasEclipse,VIP,etc. Specialist studies such as -Thermalandmobilitystudiestoassesswellinjectivityandproductivity -Productionchemistrystudies-scalingandsouring -Sandingandsolidsdepositionandtransport-waxandasphaltenes -Thermalandhydraulicfracturing -Enhancedoilrecoverymethods-steamandgelinjection These two types of study are often carried out in isolation. REVEAL, however, enables users to bridgethegapbetweennumericalsimulationstudiesandspecialistreservoirstudies. REVEAL is a component part of the Integrated Production Modelling (IPM) suite of technical softwarecreatedbyPetroleumExperts.

REVEAL Platformforspecialisedreservoirstudies
SSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSS Numerical Simulation History Matching Geology Geophysics
Water Chemistry Studies Souring Studies Heavy Oil Recovery

SSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSS SSSSSSS

Surface Network Connectivity Hydraulic and Thermal Fracturing

Eclipse

VIP

Petrel

SSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSS SSSSS Common Modelling Platform

SSSSSSSSSSS SSSSSSS

REVEAL
REVEAL BRIdGES THE GaP BETWEEN RESERVOIR SIMulaTION STudIES aNd
SPECIalIST RESERVOIR STudIES
It Integrates Workflows from diverse Reservoir disciplines

REVEAL

REVEAL ITSROLEANDPURPOSE REVEAL allowsreservoirengineers,productiontechnologistsandreservoirspecialiststointegrate alltheirstudies.Theadvantagesofthisaremanifold: A global understanding of field behaviour from a combination of dynamic, thermal and geomechanicaldata. The ability to use the corporate numerical simulation model to understand how results of previouslyisolatedspecialiststudieswillimpactacrossthewholereservoir. Managementofthereservoironadailyandlongtermbasisinresponsetoitsactualphysical behaviour. The capacity to share information across disciplinesthroughouttheorganisation. REVEAL can be linked to surface network models (i.e. GAP) using the IPM controller software RESOLVE. As a result one can perform system-wide optimisations which may integrate additional reservoir models (whether modelled in MBAL, REVEAL or anotherreservoirsimulator),aswellasprocess and/oreconomiccalculations. AREVEAL CASEEXAMPLE What will be the impact of injecting water at sea temperature into a 90 to 100 C reservoir? Intheexamplecase,aninjectivitytest hasshowngoodinjectivitypotential. However, with the injection system tiedintheabilitytoinjectwaterhas deteriorated. It could be assumed that the well is being plugged. In realitytheinjectedwaterhascooled down the reservoir, increasing the water viscosity and thus decreasing the water's mobility. (At a pressure of 5000 psig, for example, the viscosityofa75,000ppmwaterwill increase by a factor of four when passing from 100 C to 20 C.) The amountofwaterinjectedforaspecificwellheadpressurewillbelessthanpredictedifthemodel isisothermal(assumedtobeatconstanttemperature),affectingthepressuremaintenanceofthe fieldandthereforeitsrecovery.Byutilisingthecorporatenumericalsimulationmodelin REVEAL itispossibletoaccuratelyevaluatetheimpactonpressureandregulatewaterinjectioninthefield accordingly.

Steaminjectioninhorizontalwellbore

PlatformforSpecialisedReservoirStudies

REVEAL:TECHNICALCAPABILITIES As well as the standard reservoir simulator models, REVEAL has the following advanced technical models:Model Thermal Fracturing Hydraulic Fracturing Water Chemistry Souring Chemical adsorption Polymer and Gel Surfactant Filter Cake Solid Transport Well-Bore Heating Steam asphaltene and Wax Wellbore Flow Attributes Integratesthermoandporo-elasticeffectsonreservoirstresswithinjection profileandfracturemechanics Productionfractures Chemicalequilibriumofmixedwaters,predictingprecipitation,dissolution andscaleinhibition GrowthandrespirationeffectofsulphatereducingbacteriacausingH2S formationinthereservoir,basedoncarbonsourceandbacteriaactivity Retardationandpermeabilityreductioneffects Mobility changes for aqueous phase, including shear thinning, gelation reactionsandcationexchange 4thphasemicro-emulsionmodelusingternarydiagrams Filtercakeformationlinkedtosolidinjectionsinwellsandfractures Sand transport, trapping and generation: permeability reduction due to particletrapping Microwaveandelectricalheatingofheavyviscousoils Steaminjectionmodelforhuff&puff,SAGD Flocculationandtrappingmodelleadingtopermeabilityreduction Heatandmasstransportinsidemultipletubingsinasinglewell,including ICDs,GravelpackandCounterflow

CONNECTIONTOOTHERSOFTWARE Software Eclipse Import VIP Import Petrel Import IPM Integration OpenServer Attributes AutomaticimportfacilityallowinguseofexistingEclipsedeckswithinREVEAL Importedmodelshavebeentestedanddemonstratedtogiveidenticalresults AutomaticimportfacilityallowinguseofexistingVIPdeckswithinREVEAL Automaticimport/exportfacilityenablinguseofPetrelformatswithinREVEAL PROSPER liftcurves,PetroleumExpertsPVTmatchingandGAP optimisation usingRESOLVE Built-in,fullOpenServerfunctionality,forautomaticorbatchprocessingof runsand/orconnectiontothirdpartysoftware

USERINTERFACE Wizard data input 2d and 3d graphics OPERATINgSySTEM REVEAL runsonaPCrunningWindowsXPorVista-32Bit.A64Bitversionwillbereleasedin2011. Simplifieddataentry,verificationandvisualisationpriortocalculation Canbeviewedduringsimulations

REVEAL

REVEAL SPECIALISEDRESERVOIRENgINEERINgMODELS:FURTHERDETAILS Thermal and Hydraulic Fracturing Anumericalfinite-elementmodelforfractureinitiationandpropagationisdirectlycoupledtothe finite-difference3Dsimulator. Whereasthermalfracturingincreasesinjectivity,lowerinjectiontemperaturesmaydecreaseit,as aresultofthereducedmobilityofthereservoiroilandwater.Thismayalsocausefloodingproblems.

The model is based on the pressure balance within the fracture and the reservoir stress field, including poro-elastic and thermo-elastic stress reduction effects. The elasticity of the rock determinestheinternalshapeofthefracture.Theshapeofthefracturenearitstipaffectsitsability toovercomethecriticalstressintensity(i.e.strength)oftherockandpropagate.Flowwithinthe fractureandleak-offlevelsarealsocalculated,providingafullyconsistentdynamicmodel. Thermal fracture calculation within rened region (pressure on full reservoir and temperature)

Steam Injection Afullyimplicitsteaminjectionmodelcanbeusedtomodelsteaminjectionstrategiessuchas'huff &puff'(cyclicsteaminjection),andSAGD.

Thermal profile between and injector and produced of a steam injection system. Solids REVEAL candefinesolubilitycharacteristicsandpluggingeffectswithinareservoir,enablingthe usertomodelwaxandasphalteneprecipitationandanyconsequentreductioninpermeability. Acompressionfilterscakemodel(showingthereductioninfiltercakeporosityandpermeability asthepressuredropacrossitincreases)modelsinjectiondamageresultingfromparticulateswithin aninjector.Thiscanbeusedtoassessbothunfracturedandthermallyfracturedwells. Asolidtransport,trappingandpermeabilityreductionmodelisalsoavailablewithin REVEAL,of valuetobothproducersandinjectors.
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PlatformforSpecialisedReservoirStudies

MOBILITyCONTROL Thermalviscosityeffectsimpactbothonwaterinjectivityandtheconsequentrelativemobilityof cooledwaterandoil. Gel,polymer,chelatingagent,cross-linkerandfoammobilitycontroloftheaqueousphasecanall bemodelledtoenableuserstominimisefloodingandreducewaterbreakthrough. Non-Newtonianoilscanalsobemodelledforsituationswheretheapparentviscosityreduceswith appliedshearstress. Phasedesaturation,resultingfromchanges ininterfacialtension,canbemodelledasa function of capillary number, either when surfactantsorawettingagentisadded,or whenthefluidinterfacialtensionisaffected bytemperature,pressureorRs. Injection cycle strategies can be appraised bymodellingrelativepermeabilityhysteresis. Dispersionanddiffusionmodelsareavailable totracktracecomponents. Awell-boreheatingmodelisalsoavailable tomodelincreasesinproductivitynearawell heatedelectricallyorbymicrowave. Phase Emulsification Ifasurfactantisinjected,theinterfacialtensionbetweenthewaterandoleicphaseswillreduceand anintermediate(u-emulsion)maybegenerated.Thismayfavourablyincreasethemobilityofheavyoils. The effect can be modelled in REVEAL by calculating an effective salinity from concentrations of surfactant, polymer, and alcohols, and the temperature and equivalent alkane number (EACN). A ternary diagram can then be used to calculate the phase saturations. Water Viscosity (cp) for thermal water injection

REVEAL

WaTER CHEMISTRy Mixingofincompatiblewatersduetoaparticularinjectionstrategycanresultinscaleorsouring.REVEAL hasacomprehensivewaterchemistrycapability,andalargedatabaseofreactionspeciesandpathways. Models can be used to predict solid precipitation and dissolution as the chemical species are transportedthroughthereservoir. Scaleinhibitorandreversible/irreversibleadsorptionmodelsinREVEAL canmodelthebehaviourof theprecipitates. Souring catalysed by bacterial action, and partitioning of H2S between the aqueous and oleic phases,canalsobemodelled.

Multiple thermal fracturing Polymer injection in horizontal wellbores

Water streamlines in a waterflood scheme study

PlatformforSpecialisedReservoirStudies

WELLMODELLINg DevelopmentofDeep-WaterandEORprojectsleadtotheusageofcomplexwellgeometries Tooptimisethedesignofthesewells,itisrequiredtounderstandtheeffectsofthefollowing elements: - Multilateral -FlowwithinthelateralsUnderstandingoftheX-Flow

Multilaterals model inclined reservoir with multiple contacts - Smart Wells - Downhole control valves Understanding of the effects of the valves optimisingtheirsizeandlocation - Heat exchange betweenthereservoirandthedifferentcomponentsofthewell(i.e.casing flow,tubingflow...)Behaviourofsteamcirculationwellsandassociatedheatexchange steamquality -Counterflow -Fluidcirculation,ICVmodelling... -Transient behaviour -Gravel Pack Modelling -ICd and ICV control -Bare pipe, annular flow, dual tubing and Coiled tubing

Well Modelling This type of modelling compliments and extends what can be achieved with analytical models.

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ROCkMECHANICS&FRACTUREMODELLINg ProductionOptimisationismajortopicincurrentoilfielddevelopments. Partofthisoptimisationcanbeachievedbybetterunderstanding: -Injectivitybehaviour -Reservoirintegrity -Whenwillthereservoirfracture,whenwillweproducesand? RockMechanicsandFractureModellingarerequiredtogainanunderstandingofthesephenomenas. Addingthesestudiestoastandardreservoirmodellingapproachwillbeessentialinprojectssuchas: -EORprocessessuchaspolymer,whichrelyheavilyoninjectivity. Willrequireagooddescriptionofthereservoirrockmechanics. Assisttoanswer: -Whatisthemaximumpressureatwhichwecaninjectwithoutfracturing? -Iffracturesarecreated,howwillthisaffectthepolymerfloodpattern? -CO2injectionprocessesPotentialdissolutionofthematrixweakenstherock. WilltheCO2injectionleadtorockfailure,compaction? - Water flooding processes Formation of fracture will modify the water injectivity and waterflood. Temperaturevariationswillaffectthewatermobilitybutalsothestressfieldaround theinjector.

Explicit of Overburden -Withoutanexplicitoranalyticalmodelforoverburden,compactiononthe reservoirsurfaceisover-estimated

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PlatformforSpecialisedReservoirStudies

EORPROjECTS ThehighoilpriceandtechnologyimprovementshaveleadtoalargenumberofEORprojects/ EORstudiesbeingcarriedout Essentialtechnicalaspectstounderstandandoptimisethebehaviourofthesesystems: -DetailedPVTdescription ComplexHCfluidssuchasretrogradecondensates Non-HCfluidssuchasCO2,N2 -Reservoirfluidandfluid/formationchemistry Reactionsbetweentheformationandinjectedfluids Adsorptionofsolidsontotheformationandassociatedpermeabilityreduction Reactionsbetweendifferentinjectedfluids -Sheardependantfluidrheologymodels Non-NewtonianHCandinjectedfluids -Thermalmodels-Detailedwelldescriptions Modellingtheseelementsrequireintegrationbetweenspecialiststudiesandglobalreservoirstudies Fullfieldnumericalmodelscombiningchemical,thermal,rockmechanicsandflowcapabilities arerequiredtogainanunderstandingoftheseprojects. CO2injection:GasreservoirdepletionfollowedbyCO2injection -CompositionalModellingoffluids -WaterChemistryIllustratesthematrixdissolution - Rock Mechanics Study the risk of rock failure - Understand the reservoir integrity for presentandfutureconditions -DiffusionModelling -Couplingto RESOLVE, GAP and PROSPER tomodeltheimportantthermaldependenceof CO2(densephaseinjection) ChemicalFlooding-EOR -Polymer-Improvestheoilsweepefficiency by reducing the ratio between water and oilviscosities

Polymer Injection Model - Alkali - Create a surfactant soap within thereservoirfromreactionwithacidicoil

Modelling the alkali -Surfactant-Mobiliseresidualoilbyreducing interfacialtension

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REVEAL

WaTER FlOOd MaNaGEMENT WecanoptimiseproducerstomaximiseproductivityusingRESOLVE/GAP Canweoptimisewhereweinjectthewatertohelpmaximiseproductivityandrecovery? REVEAL mayusestreamlinecalculateddrainageregionstoidentifyandweightinjectorsaccording tothemarginalsupporttheyprovideforproducers Watercutbreakthroughtimespredictedandmaybeusedtocontrolproductiontodelaywater production Case1: No water flood management oroptimisation Case2: Withwaterfloodmanagement, nooptimisation Case3: Productionoptimisationwithout waterfloodmanagement Case4: Optimisationofproductionand waterfloodsimultaneously

Water Flood Optimisation while also optimising production with IPM

RESOLVE Model

Reservoir Water Flood Model

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PlatformforSpecialisedReservoirStudies

Whatwillbetheimpactofthethermalinjectionofnon-reservoirwater? Isitpossibletoestimatetheimpactofthermalandchemicaleffectsonthereservoir?

Fullythermalsimulation (Viscosityimpactonfluidmobility,steam,wellboreheating) Coupledrockmechanics (Thermalandhydraulicfracturing) Polymer,gel,Surfactant,Foamermobilitycontrol Sandproduction,transportandplugging Scaleandsouringchemistrymodels EclipseandVipModelImport

Specialised Reservoir Studies Platform

Thermal Injection& Fracturing

Scaling: Reservoir& Tubing

Surface Network Connectivity

HeavyOils Recovery

Souring

Complex Wellbore Flow

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REVEAL

Howdoesthetemperatureofinjectedwateraffectinjectivity? Whatisthepotentialforfractureinitiation/propogation?

Fracturegeometrydescription Effectsofmobilitychanges Fullythermalreservoirmodelling Fractureinitiationandpropagationmodel Effectofreservoirtemperatureevolution

Specialised Reservoir Studies Platform

Thermal Injection & Fracturing

Scaling: Reservoir& Tubing

Surface Network Connectivity

HeavyOils Recovery

Souring

Complex Wellbore Flow

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PlatformforSpecialisedReservoirStudies

Istheinjectedwatercompatiblewiththereservoir'swater? Wherewillscaleform?Willitbetransportedtotheproducers? Willitbeadsorbedontherocksurface?Willitaffectpermeability?

AdsorptionIsotherms Scaleinhibitormodelling Fullthermalchemicalequilibriumcalculated Water/Oil/gaspartitioningforH2S,CO2andN2 Preandpostsimulationchemicalcalculatorsforresultsanalysis

Specialised Reservoir Studies Platform

Thermal Injection& Fracturing

Scaling: Reservoir & Tubing

Surface Network Connectivity

HeavyOils Recovery

Souring

Complex Wellbore Flow

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REVEAL

Howwillthesurfacenetworkresponseaffectproductivity? Canafieldmodelencompassbothreservoirandeconomicfactors?

Multiplesimulationsdynamicallyconnectedtosurfacenetworksolverand optimiser AdvancedIPRcalculationandwellcontrolmethodsaidstableconnection Dynamiclinktoreservoir,processandeconomicsmodels Eventdrivenschedulingoptions globalnon-linearoptimisation Scenariomanagerandcomputerclustering capabilitiesoutofthebox

Specialised Reservoir Studies Platform

Thermal Injection& Fracturing

Scaling: Reservoir& Tubing

Surface Network Connectivity

HeavyOils Recovery

Souring

Complex Wellbore Flow

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PlatformforSpecialisedReservoirStudies

Whatisthemosteconomicalmethodtorecoverheavyoils? Whatthermalprocessesshouldbeused? Canoilrecoverybeincreased?

Fourphasesurfactantmodel Polymer,gelationReactionViscosityModels SteamModel:HuffandPuffandSAgDcapabilities Fullthermalcouplingofwellboreandreservoirheattransport AdvancedthermalPVTcorrelationsandmatchingdevelopedforheavyoils

Specialised Reservoir Studies Platform

Thermal Injection& Fracturing

Scaling: Reservoir& Tubing

Surface Network Connectivity

Heavy Oils Recovery

Souring

Complex Wellbore Flow

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REVEAL

Willtherebeaproblemwithsouring?Howcanitbequantified? WhereisitlikelythatH2Swillbecreated?Whenwillitreachtheproducers?

Specialised Reservoir Studies Platform

Thermal Injection& Fracturing

Scaling: Reservoir& Tubing

Surface Network Connectivity

HeavyOils Recovery

Souring

Complex Wellbore Flow

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PlatformforSpecialisedReservoirStudies

Formorecomplexwellcompletions,howcanwemodeltheheatandmasstransfer inside multipletubings?

Specialised Reservoir Studies Platform

Thermal Injection& Fracturing

Scaling: Reservoir& Tubing

Surface Network Connectivity

HeavyOils Recovery

Souring

Complex Wellbore Flow

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Petroleum Experts

Headoffice PetroleumExpertsLtd. PetexHouse 10LogieMill Edinburgh,EH74HG Scotland,UK Tel:+44(0)1314747030 Fax:+44(0)1314747031 e-mail:edinburgh@petex.com RegionalOffice PetroleumExpertsInc. 757N.EldridgePkwy. Suite510 Houston,Texas,77079 USA Tel:+12815311121 Fax:+12815310810 e-mail:houston@petex.com PetroleumExpertsLtd. c/oGNTInternationalGroup. 6thFloorABlock,JunfenghuatingBuilding, No.69,BeiChenXiRoad,ChaoyangDistrict,100029 Beijing,China. Tel:+861058772166 Fax:+861058772168 e-mail:beijing@petex.com

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2010 (R2)