Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
99-01
When using the pipe span chart, allowance must be made for deviations from the conditions given on the chart. In special cases (such as special pipe materials like plastic pipes), see stress engineer for allowable span information. Approved vendor catalogs may be used if available.
= eL
Where: e=linear thermal expansion which varies with material type and temperature (Reference 000.250.9823, ASME codes) L=original pipe length =Greek letter Delta representing change in length Sample calculation: 6-CS pipe @ T=350F e=0.0226 in/ft, L=100 ft = eL = (0.0226)(100) = 2.26 inches
that for uniform load in a simply supported span, the formula for load calculation is W = wl W
W 2
W 2
Where: W= Total weight between supports (lbs) W= weight per foot of pipe (include water for test loads and include commodity and insulation for operating loads). Reference 000.250.9822 l= Distance between supports (in feet)
.
Hanger rods Hanger rods are used to support lines from above if it is not possible to support the line from the bottom of the pipe. More often than not, hanger rods require the approval of a stress engineer. In choosing hanger rods, support clearance is being considered between the pipe to be supported and the structure that the hanger rod is to be attached.
.that the American Petroleum Institute (API) was established in 1919 as the first National Trade Association in the United States to encompass all branches of the petroleum industry. This organization has produced numerous standards applicable to all sectors of the petroleum industry, from the drilling of oil wells to the storage and distribution of an end product. Piping specifications published by API are the recognized standards in the oil industry.
By computer
analysis
By manual calculations
.that Engineered supports such as spring hangers, spring can base supports, snubbers, rigid struts and constant support spring hangers are designed by Stress Engineers for a specific purpose and location. The Piping Designer should inform the stress engineer for any changes made to piping design.
What is Cryogenic?
Cryogenics is the science of cold being derived from the Greek word kryos meaning icy cold. A cryogenic process utilizes low temperature to produce a physical change in liquid, solid or gas such as to liquefy gases such as oxygen, nitrogen and helium Some examples of cryogenic fluids:: Boiling Point Freezing Point Acetylene (C2H2) -114 oF -119 oF o Ethane (C2H6) -127.5 F -277.6oF o Nitrogen ( N2 ) -320.5 F -345.8oF
What is the difference between low temp service and a cryogenic service?
The arbitrary design temperature separating a low temp service and a cryogenic service: Design Temperature (oF) Cryogenic Service -425 to 151 Low Temp Service - 150 to 32
Piping Material
Corrosion is not usually the factor in material selection. The decrease in ductility at about 50oF for plain carbon steel requires special carbon steels for use at low temperature. The ductility transition temperature is that temperature below which brittle fracture may take place. The following materials are generally used:
that a fraction of exposed square inch of uninsulated cryogenic pipe can produce a massive block of ice enough to interfere and hinder engineered items to function properly as designed.
Design Temp.
Cryogenic Low Temp -425 -320 -150 -75 -50 -20 5 to 321 to 151 to 76 to 51 to 21 to 4 to 32
Matl
S.S. 9 Nickel 3 Nickel 2 Nickel C. S. C.S. C.S.
Is configuration current? Have all branches and applicable fittings been shown. Show line size and flow direction. Check sketch against P&ID. Has equipment been identified?
Nozzle number (vendor drawing) Size and rating (vendor drawing) Orientation and location (vendor drawing) Anchor point for exchangers (location control plan)
Have all hard supports been identified/located? Show operating and design conditions. Note the following conditions:
Steam out Vacuum Regeneration Start up Upset Pulsating flow Slug flow
Insulation and tracing requirements noted. Is revision number current (note 1) Has flexibility log been updated
14.
Note 1: If sketch is being revised, revised items must be identified with a cloud and revision triangle. Revision number will be increased. Flexibility log must be updated to reflect current revision number and date.
The Initial Thermal displacement The initial thermal displacement of the equipment is acquired through the Equipment Thermal Profile. This tells us how the equipment would expand or contract when the worst thermal condition is applied. This is usually placed near the nozzle of the equipment in a stress sketch.
DX = 0 in. DY = -0.025 in. DZ = 0 in.
Stress Stamp, Signature and Revision No. This is very important to the stress sketch because it shows that the system was analyzed and checked by the stress engineer before it could be released to design. This includes the date received, Stress Engineers Initials, Checkers Initial, Date Issued to design and Revision No. Received date: 11/9/99 Stress Engr : DNonog Checked by : ALim Issued date:: 11/12/99
Shown above are two different spring hangers. Note that the constant spring on the left requires space because of its shape. Check if there would not have any clashes with adjacent pipes or structure. The spring on the right is a common spring support configuration dropping down from columns. It should be noted that the lug elevation on the pipe is different from the structure member elevation which will be given to the equipment group.
Squad checking for spring supports is very important in giving the vendor pertinent information he needs to give us the right model and type and also to avoid confusion and miscommunication between the vendor and the piping design.
Notations
A. Check the view as shown with respect to the Plant North, South, West, or East. B. Check the location/orientation of the spring scale. Check on the arrangement drawing and piping layout if the scale can be read or accessed from grade or nearby platform. C. Check that the minimum specified clearance is available. Erase the minimum length given by the stress engineer (for reference) and put the actual dimension. Dimension shall be to the nearest 16th of an inch. If the minimum clearance can not be met inform the concerned stress engineer immediately. D. Indicate the actual Reference drawing number. The reference drawing number indicated by the stress Engineer comes from the stress isometric drawing or sketch. E. Tag assembly on the specified node number on the pipe stress sketch should be indicated on the final isometric drawing. F. Check the Service Temperature and Insulation thickness from the latest revision of line list and P&ID. G. Indicate B.O.S. El. or T.O.S. El. of supporting structural member for spring hangers H. Submit the maximum load to the Structure group for the sizing of their structural members.
Above is a sample standard form to be filled out by the pipe stress engineer and to be squad checked by the designer and the structural group before it could be used for Technical Bid Analysis or direct order and purchase.
Above is a common Base Spring support. Note that actual spring dimension could easily be acquired by the stress engineer from vendor catalogs. Inform stress engineer if space is not be possible.
SPRING SUPPORTS
Spring Hangers and Supports are vertically moving components used to compensate height displacements of piping due to thermal expansion. Primarily springs are used to relieve loads on equipment nozzles. A spring will probably be Spring hangers are sized using operating conditions. Types are: Constant - spring will exert the same lifting effort as the pipe moves up or down and is used where vertical movement of the pipeline is so great that the maximum allowable variability cannot be met with a variable-load spring support. Variable - springs load carrying capacity varies considerably as the spring is compressed or extended from a fixed reference point and is used when it is necessary to carry only the working dead weight or load of a piping system while allowing the pipeline to move in both horizontal and vertical directions. The general criteria from most of the international standards is that the variation in supporting force between cold (installation) and hot (operating) position must not exceed 25% of the operating load. If variability percentages are below 12%, Consideration should be given to using the next lower spring scale, if exceeding 25%, the next higher spring scale must be used. If between the percentages mentioned, the highest percentage should be listed. Spring Variability is computed by the formula, % Variability = or = spring rate x required travel x 100% HL CL HL x 100% HL
required for top suction and discharge line when -Pump nozzle size is two or more sizes smaller than the line and valve sizes. -Pump nozzle is the same size as the line and valve ratings or 300# or more.
That the allowable vertical angulation of the spring assembly for spring hangers range from 4 to 6 degrees. This angle should be computed from the lowest pin to the highest pin in the assembly.
where:
Variability - the variation in supporting a given amount of displacement. This is the principal consideration in the selection of variable spring. spring rate - is the stiffness in force per unit displacement travel - deflection, variation of the pipes vertical position CL - cold load, the deadweight that is carried by the spring after installation HL - hot load, when system is in operation and the spring support is altered from its cold loaded position