[DIGITAL-ELECTRONICS IN

BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING,
CH-1:ELECTRONICSANALOG-AND-DIGITAL, ]
TEXT-BOOK: INTRODUCTORY-DIGITAL-ELECTRONICS BY
NIGEL P.COOK.
5/31/2013
Bio-Medical-Engineering Guide .Inc
BY MOHAMMAD-SIKANDAR-KHAN-LODHI.

MY BLOG: www.medical-image-processing.blogspot.ca
NOTE: WELL I AM BUILDING MY PERSONAL NOTES FOR BIO-MEDICAL ENGINEERING COURSES
PREPARATIONS ON PDF FILES SINCE 2008 AND PUBLISHED IT ON MY BLOG , AND I ALSO DISPLAY MY
NOTES IN MY BLOG, BUT THIS CHAPTER I WILL NOT DISPLAY OR PUBLISHED TO PUBLIC ON MY BLOG
AND SCRIBD ACCOUNTS BECAUSE THIS DOCUMENT [ OR MY PERSONAL NOES ] CONTAIN THE
FIGURES [OR COPY-RIGHT MATERIAL] OF THIS CHAPTER FROM DIRECTLY THE TEXT-BOOK DUE TO
COPY-RIGHT LAWS , , I ALWAYS TRY TO BUILD MY NOTES ON PDF DOCUMENTS IN SUCH A WAYS IN
WHICH I TRY TO NOT USED ANY COPY-RIGHT MATERIALS ON MY PERSONAL NOTES IN PDF , BUT DUE
TO LACK OF TIMING AND IN ORDER TO QUICKLY COMPLETE MY PREPARATIONS OVER BIO-MEDICAL
ENGINEERING COURSE I TAKE THIS STEPS IN WHICH I AM JUST TRY TO SAVING MY TIME IN AVOIDING
TO DRAW THE PICTURES BY MY HANDS ON A PAPER OR ON THE PRINT WHICH CONSUME A LOT OF
TIME , SO I TRY TO GO FAST AND AT LEAST TOOK FIGURES FROM BOOK DIRECTLY AND PLACED ON MY
THIS NOTES, AND THIS DOCUMENT IS NOT FOR SALE , ITS ONLY FOR HELPING ME TO GET HIGHER
MARKS IN THIS COURSE, THIS STATEMENT APPLY ON NEXT DOCUMENTS BUT NOT ON THIS
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Table of Contents
Ch-1: Electronics Analog and Digital :- .......................................................................................................... 2
1-1)

REVIEW-ANALOG-AND-DIGITAL:- ..................................................................................................... 2

(1-1-2) ANALOG-AND-DIGITAL:-.................................................................................................................... 4
1.

ANALOG-SIGNALS,COMPONENTS,AND CIRCUITS:-.......................................................................... 4

DIGITAL-SIGNALS,COMPONENTS,AND CIRCUITS:-...................................................................................... 7
THE-ANALOG-AND-DIGITAL-ELECTRICAL-CIRCUIT:-...................................................................................... 7

Ch-1: Electronics Analog and Digital :Introduction:1. Digital-electronics is so widely used today that its almost impossible to
find an electronic-system that does not make use of digital electronics .
2. In fact, a recent statistic stated that on average 85-percent of circuitry
within electronic-systems is digital and only 15-percent is analog.
3. Future predictions indicate that more and more , electronic-information
will be digitized because information in digital-form is easier to process and
is more accurate because its less sensitive to noise-signal.
4. In this chapter, we will first define the differences between analog and
digital & then examine the applications and advantages of digitalelectronics.
1-1) REVIEW-ANALOG-AND-DIGITAL:THE TREE OF ELECTRICITY-AND-ELECTRONICS:STEP-1: [ BASIC-OF-ELECTRICITY]:a. Voltage .
b. Current.
c. Resistance.

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d. Power.
STEP-2:-[ELECTRICAL-&-ELECTRONIC-COMPONENTS]:a) DC/AC DEVICES:-Resistors,pressure-transducers,thermocouples
photoresistor, batteries,fuses,circuit-breakers, capacitors, electromagnet,
relays, inductors, transformers, wires, cables, connectors, printed-circuits.
b) SEMI-CONDUCTOR-DIVICES:- diodes, BJTS, FETS, SCRS, TRIACS, DIACS,
UJTS,OPTO-ELECTRONICS-DEVICES, THERMISTORS, VARISTORS, HALLEFFECT-SENSORS, PIE-ZO ELECTRIC SENSORS.
STEP-3 [ ELECTRICAL-AND-ELECTRONICS-CIRCUITS]:a). ANALOG(LINEAR)-CIRCUITS:RECTIFIER,REGULATOR,MULTIPLIER,CLIPPER,CLAMPER,AMPLIFIER,OSCILLATOR,O
PERATIONAL-AMPLIFIERS[OP-AMPs], FUNCTION-GENERATORS,TIMERS , PHASELOCKED-LOOP[PLL], COMMUNICATION, PULSES.
b). DIGITAL (TWO-STATE [1/0] ) CIRCUITS:LOGIC-GATES, DECODERS, ENCODERS, COMPARATORS, REGISTERS, COUNTERS,
MULTIPLEXERS[MUX], DE- MULTIPLEXERS[DE-MUX], FLIP-FLOPS, TIMERS,
ARITHMETICS-CIRCUITS, MEMORY-CIRCUITS, PLD [PROGRAMMABLE-LOGICDIVICESS], ANALOG-AND-DIGITAL-CONVERSIONS, MICRO-COMPUTER,
INTERFACING, PERIPHERALS.
STEP-4 [ELECTRONIC-AND-ELECTRICAL-SYSTEM]:a). COMMUNICATIONS,
b). INDUSTRIAL ,
c). DATA-PROCESSING ,
d). TEST-AND-MEASUREMENT ,
e). BIO-MEDICAL-ENGINEERING ;

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---------------------- Working from the bottom-up , you can see that every things rests on the
four basic electrical-roots that is [ current, voltage, resistors and power] .
Electrical and electronics components were developed to generate and
control these four basic electrical phenomena.
CIRCUIT:- when a group of components or devices are interconnected they
form a circuit and just as components or devices are building blocks for
circuits.
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT OR SYSTEMS:- the circuits are in turn the
building block for electronic equipment or system.
--------------------(1-1-2) ANALOG-AND-DIGITAL:The two terms analog and digital need to be further explained since all of the
electrical and electronics circuits listed in step-3 of section (1-1) are classified in
one of these two categories.
To begin, let us examine analog signal, components & circuits, and digital signal ,
components & circuits individually.
1. ANALOG-SIGNALS,COMPONENTS,AND CIRCUITS:-

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FIG # a
The above figure-a show an electronic circuit designed to amplify speech
information detected by a micro-phone.
One of the easiest ways to represent information is to have a voltage
change in direction proportion to the information it[voltage-signal]
represent.
In the above fig# a , the pitch & loudness of the sound waves applied to
the microphone should control the frequency and amplitude of the
voltage signal from the micro-phone.
The output voltage signal from the microphone is said to be an analog of
the input speech signal , the word analog mean similar to and in above
fig # a the electronic signal produced by microphone is an analog [ or
similar to ] to the speech signal , since a change in speech loudness or
pitch will cause a corresponding change in signal voltage Amplitude or
frequency.
ANALOG [ SIMILAR TO ]:The representation of physical properties by a
proportionally varying signal.
Ac-analog-signal: An analog signal that alternates positive and negative .

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AC-AMPLIFIER:-an amplifiers designed to increase the magnitude of an AC-signal.
-----------

fig # b
In fig # b a light detector or solar-cell converts light energy into an
electronic-signal [ Analog [AC]-electronic-signal ].
This information signal represents the amount of light present , since a
change in voltage amplitude result in a change in intensity level of light.
Once again , the output [O/P] electronic signal is an analog [ or similar
] to the sensed light input.
-------DC-ANALOG-SIGNAL:- An analog signal that is always either positive or negative.
DC-AMPLIFIERS :- An amplifiers designed to increase the magnitude of a
DC-signal.
Microphones or light-detector = Analog device or component.

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-----------------DIGITAL-SIGNALS,COMPONENTS,AND CIRCUITS:{: -> High-voltage = 1s (ones) ; -> Low-Voltage = 0s (zeros) }
The key-board is a ASCII code generator device in a computer
system.
ASCII (pronounced as askey ) = American standard code for
Information Interchange [ASCII ].
Computer key boards are one of many devices that make use of
digital ASCII code.
Digital-system=two-state [1/0] system=easy-system.
Decimal-Number-system=ten-state (0to---9) system=complexsystem.
Using a two state or two-digit system, you can generate codes for
any number,letter,or symbol, as we have seen in ASCII table.
The electronic circuits that manage these two[1/0] state codes are
less complex since they only have to generate and sense either a
high or low voltage.
In addition, two-state circuits are much more accurate.
Two-state-system=two-digit-system=binary-system.
Using the combination of binary digits (abbreviated as bits) we can
represent information as a binary-code.
This code [binary-code] is called a digital-signal because its an
information-signal that makes use of binary digits [bits].
DIGITIZE:- to convert an analog signal to a digital-signal.
DIGITAL-SIGNAL:- An electronic signal made up of binary digits ( or
bits ).
THE-ANALOG-AND-DIGITAL-ELECTRICAL-CIRCUIT: To review , both electrical and electronic components, circuits and system
control electron flow; however, their applications are distinctly different.

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The key difference in the applications of electrical and electronic
components, circuits and system is that , a). Electrical components, circuits,
and system manage the flow of power, b). while electronic components,
circuits and system manage the flow of information.
ANALOG-ELECTRICAL (POWER) CIRCUIT:-> An analog circuit designed to
manage power.
DIGITAL-ELECTRICAL(POWER)-CIRCUIT:-> A digital circuit designed to
manage power.
ANALOG-CIRCUITS-ARE-LINEAR:-> Analog circuits are often called linearcircuit , since linear by definition occurs when an output varies in direct
proportion to the input.
------------------------------CH-1, FINISHED-HERE ON DIGITAL-ELECTRONICS [ DLD-1 ] -----------

X
MOHAMMAD SIKANDAR KHAN LODHI
OWNER OF MY UNIVERSITY EDUCATIONAL N...

5/31/2013

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