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2. Verification of Thevenin and Norton Theorems. 3. Verification of superposition Theorem. 4. Frequency response of series and parallel resonance circuits 5. Verification of Maximum power transfer and reciprocity theorems. 6. Characteristics of PN and Zener diode
Siruganur, Trichy-621105
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB MANUAL Subject Code: EC2155 Subject Name: CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LAB Year/Sem: I/II ECE
7. Characteristics of CE configuration 8. Characteristics of CB configuration 9. Characteristics of UJT and SCR 10. Characteristics of JFET and MOSFET 11. Characteristics of DIAC and TRIAC. 12. Characteristics of Photodiode and Phototransistor.
1.VERIFICATION OF KVL & KCL AIM: To verify (i) kirchoffs current law (ii) kirchoffs voltage law (i) KIRCHOFFS CURRENT LAW:
store destroy (or) generate charge. Hence the current must sum to zero. A hydraulic analog sum is zero. For example consider three water pipes joined pn the shape of Y. we defined free currents as following into each of 3 pipes. If we insists that what is always
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: 1. Kirchhoffs current law:
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Sl.No components
Range
Quantity
1.0k
3.3k
1 2 3 4 5
1
5V 4.7 K
3 3 1 few
1.0k
Practical measurement:
(0-20)mA + (0-10)mA
3.3k
4.7 K +
5V
THEORY: krichoffs current law: The algebraic sum of the currents entering in any node is Zero. The law represents the mathematical statement of the fact change cannot accumulate at a node. A node is not a circuit element and it certainly cannot
[Type text] EC2155-CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LAB
A
-
(0-10)mA
ii) KIRCHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW: TABULATION: COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Voltage Total current I(mA) I1(mA) I2(mA) Sl.No components Range Quantity
1 2 3 4 5
1 Each 1 3 1 few
PROCEDURE:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Check your connections before switch on the supply. Vary the regulated supply. Measure the current using ammeter. Note the readings in the tabulation. Compare the observation reading to theoretical value.
THEORY:
(i) Kirchhoffs voltage law The algebraic sum of the voltage around any closed path is zero. The law represents the mathematical statement of the fact change cannot accumulate at a node. A node is not a circuit element and it certainly cannot store destroy (or) generate charge. Hence the current must sum to zero. A hydraulic analog sum is zero. For example consider three water pipes joined pn the shape of Y. we defined free currents as following into each of 3 pipes. If we insists that what is always
TABULATION:
Voltage (V)
V1 (volts)
V2 (volts)
V3 (volts)
V1 5V
V2
V3
Practical measurement:
Practical measurement
1.0k 3.3k 2.7k
PROCEDURE:
-
+ 5V
V (0-5)V
(0-5)V
(0-5)V
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Check your connections before switch on the supply. 3. Vary the regulated supply. 4. Measure the voltage using voltmeter. 5. Note the readings in the tabulation. 6. Compare the observation reading to theoretical value.
RESULT:
Thus the Kirchhoffs current law and voltage law were verified.
[Type text] EC2155-CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LAB
2.VERIFICATION OF THEVENINS THEOREM AIM: To verify Thevenins theorem and to find the current flowing through the load resistance. COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Thevenin`s voltage. It is the voltage between the terminals on open circuit condition, Hence it is called open circuit voltage denoted by V oc. Zth is called Thevennin`s impedance. It is the driving point impedance at the terminals when all internal sources are set to zero too. If a load impedance ZL is connected across output terminals, we can find the current through it IL = Vth/ (Zth + ZL).
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Sl.No
components
Range
Quantity
1 2
RPS Resistor
1 Each 1
3 4 5 6 THEORY:
1 1 1 few
Thevenin`s theorem:
Any linear active network with output terminals can be replaced by a single voltage source Vth in series with a single impedance Zth. Vth is the
[Type text] EC2155-CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LAB
EQUVALENT CIRCUIT:
PROCEDURE:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
TABULATION:
Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Check your connections before switch on the supply. Find the Thevenins voltage (or) open circuit voltage. Replace voltage source by internal resistor. Determine the Thevenins resistance. Find IL by using Thevenins formula. Compare the observation reading to theoretical value. switch off the supply Disconnect the circuit.
Vth
Rth
IL(mA)
Thus the Thevenins theorem was verified. Theoretical: Vth = Rth = IL = Practical: Vth = Rth = IL =
Nortons theorem:
AIM:
To verify Nortons theorem and to determine the current flow through the load resistance.
Any linear active network with output terminals can be replaced by a single current source. Isc in parallel with a single impedance Zth. Isc is the current through the terminals of the active network when shorted. Zth is called Thevennin`s impedance. Current through RL= Isc Zth/( Zth+ZL)
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
Components
Range
Quantity
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Norton
10K 8K To find I sc 10K 8K I
+ sc
5V 4.7K 5.6K 5V 4.7K
1 2
RPS Resistor
(0-15)V 10K,5.6K,8.2K 6K
1 Each 1
XMM1 To find R th 10K 8K R th 5V 4.7K To find IL 10K 8K
(0-500)mA
Ammeter
(0-10)mA,mc (0-5)mc,mc
1 1 1 few
5.6K
4.7K
(0-500)mA
4 5
[Type text]
-----------
RL =5.6K I sc Rth
A -
(0-500)mA
TABULATION:
PROCEDURE:
Theoretical
Practical
Isc
Rth
Isc
Rth
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Check your connections before switch on the supply. Find the Nortons current (or) short circuit current in load resistance. Replace voltage source by internal resistor. Determine the equivalents resistance. Find IL by using Nortons formula. Compare the observation reading to theoretical value. switch off the supply 9. Disconnect the circuit .
RESULT:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
To find I 1 when 12V source is acting alone 220 ohm 470 ohm 220 ohm 470 ohm
To verify superposition theorem and determine the current following through the load resistance.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
12V
1K
10 V
12V
1K
Sl.No
Components
Range
Quantity
(0-20)mA
1 2 3
1 Each 1 1 1 1 few
TO find I 2 When 10V source is acting alone 220 ohm 470 ohm
To find I when two sources are acting 220 ohm 470 ohm
10 V
1K
12V
10 V
1K
4 5
-----------
+
(0-20)mA
(0-20)mA
Superposition theorem In a linear circuit containing more than one source, the current that flows at any point or the voltage that exists between any two points is the algebraic sum of the currents or the voltages that would have been produced by each source taken separately with all other sources removed.
[Type text] EC2155-CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LAB
TABULATION:
V(volt)
I1(mA)
I2(mA)
I(mA)
V 1
V 2
theoretic al
practic al
theoretic al
practic al
theoretic al
practic al
2. Check your connections before switch on the supply. 3. Determine the current through the load resistance. 4. Now one of the sources is shorted and the current flowing through the resistance IL measured by ammeter. 5. Similarly, the other source is shorted and the current flowing through the resistance IL measured by ammeter. 6. Compare the value obtained with the sum of I 1&I2 should equal to I 7. Compare the observation reading to theoretical value. 8. switch off the supply 9. Disconnect the circuit.
RESULT:
PROCEDURE:
AIM: To obtain the resonance frequency of the given RLC series electrical network.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Series resonance
1.0uF
50 mH L R 1.0k (0-5)V
C Fn. gen
Sl.No
Components
Range
Quantity
TABULATION: FREQUENCY (HZ) VR(VOLT)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Function generator Resistor Voltmeter capacitor Bread board Connecting wires Decade inductance box
1 1 1 1 1 Few 1
FORMULA USED:Series resonance frequency F=1/ (2 (LC)) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: [Type text] EC2155-CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LAB
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Parallel resonance
Fn. gen
(0-5)V
C
1.0uF
1.0k
L 50 mH
2. Vary the frequency of the function generator from 50 Hz to 20 KHz. 3. Measure the corresponding value of voltage across the resistor R for series RLC circuit. 4. Repeat the same procedure for different values of frequency. 5. Tabulate your observation. 6. Note down the resonance frequency from the graph.
RESULT:
Thus the resonance frequency of series RLC circuit is obtained. Practical value =
Theoretical value = Thus the resonance frequency of Parallel RLC circuit is obtained. Practical value =
Theoretical value =
PROCEDURE:
To find the value of resistance RL in which maximum power is transferred to the load resistance.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Maximum power transfer to the load resistor occurs when it has a value equal to the resistance of the network looking back at it from the load terminals.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Sl.No
Components
Range
Quantity
(0-10)mA
1.0k
Theoretical calculation
To find R th
1.0k
1 2 3 4 5 6
1
5V
2.2k
RL
2.2k
R th
Reading. 3. Calculate the power and plot the power Vs resistance graph. 4. Note the maximum power point corresponding resistance from the graph.
RESULT:
Thus the value of unknown resistance in which the maximum power is transferred to the load was found.
= = =
To verify Reciprocity theorem and to determine the current flow through the load resistance.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
In a linear, bilateral network a voltage source V volt in a branch gives rise to a current I, in another branch. If V is applied in the second branch the current in the first branch will be I. This V/I are called transfer impedance or resistance. On changing the voltage source from 1 to branch 2, the current in branch 2 appears in branch 1.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Sl.No
Components
Range
Quantity
1 2
RPS Resistor
1 Each 1
3 4 5
1 1 few
THEORY:
TABULATION:
Reciprocity theorem
[Type text] EC2155-CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LAB
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram. V(volt) I(mA) Z=V/I 2. Switch on the supply and note down the corresponding ammeter readings. 3. Find ratio of input voltage to output current. 4. Interchange the position of the ammeter and power supply. Note down the Corresponding ammeter readings 5. Verify the reciprocity theorem by equating the voltage to current ratio.
V(volt)
I(mA)
Z=V/I
AIM:
PROCEDURE: [Type text] EC2155-CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LAB
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
Components
Range
Quantity
FORWARD BIAS:
1K
1 2 3 4 Diode RPS Resistor Ammeter IN 4001 (0-30)V 1K, (0-50)mA (0-500)A 5 voltmeter (0-1)V (0-30)V 6 7 Bread board Connecting wires --------1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 few
REVERSE BIAS: FORMULA USED:
(0-50)mA
1K
(0-500)microamps
TABULATION:
Forward bias:
Voltage(VF) Current IF (mA) Voltage (VR) Current IR(mA)
1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram 2. Vary the power supply voltage such a way that readings are taken in steps of .1 V in the voltmeter. 3. Note down the corresponding ammeter readings. 4. Plot the graph current Vs voltage. 5. Same steps are followed by reverse bias. 6. calculate dynamic resistance r=(V/I)
RESULT:
(ii)Reverse resistance=
AIM:
To draw the V-I characteristic of Zener diode and find the parameter.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
Components
Range
Quantity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Zener Diode RPS Resistor Ammeter voltmeter Bread board Connecting wires (0-30)V 1K, (0-50)mA (0-1)V ---------
1 1 1 1 1 1 few
REVERSE BIAS:
S.No
Forward bias characteristic: 1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram 2. Keep the RPS connected in a minimum value and switch ON the power supply gradually increase voltage in step of .1V . 3. Note down the corresponding ammeter and voltmeter readings. 4. Plot the forward V-I curve . 5. calculate forward resistance Rf=(V/I)
MODEL GRAPH
[Type text] EC2155-CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LAB
Reverse bias characteristic: 1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the RPS connected in a minimum value and switch ON the power supply. 3. Gradually increase voltage in step of .1V. 4. Vary the power supply in step by 1 V. 5. Note down corresponding reverse voltage and current. 6. Plot the graph current Vs voltage. 7. Plot the reverse V-I curve.
RESULT:
AIM:
To draw input and output characteristics of BJT in CE configuration and to determine its parameter.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
Components
Range
Quantity
Thus the characteristic of Zener diode was studied and their characteristic was drawn. (i)Forward resistance= (ii)Reverse resistance=
1 2 3 4
1 2 2 1
voltmeter
(0-1)V,mc (0-30)V,mc
1 1 1 few
6 7
---------
FORMULA USED:
1. Input impedance (hie) =VBE/IB at VCE constant 2. Forward current gain (hfe) = IC/IB at VCE constant 3. Output conductance (hoe) = IC/VCE at IB constant 4. Reverse voltage gain (hre) = VBE/VCE at IB constant
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1K
RPS(0-30)V
IC(mA)
IE
VCB (V) TABULATION: MODEL GRAPH: [Type text] EC2155-CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LAB
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram 2. To draw the input characteristics VCE is kept constant
VBE(v)
IB(A)
VBE(v)
IB(A)
VBE(v)
IB(A)
3. Input RPS is varied and the corresponding values of I B and VBE Voltage are noted 4. To draw the output characteristics IB is kept constant 5. output RPS is varied and the corresponding values of IC and VCE are Noted. 6. Corresponding input and output characteristics curves are drawn.
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS: IB= (A) IB= (A) IB= (A)
RESULT: Thus the static characteristics of CE mode configuration is drawn from the output graph the h - parameter are determined.
VCE(v)
IC(mA)
VCE(v)
IC(mA)
VCE(v)
IC(mA)
(i)Input impedance (ii)Forward current gain (iii)Output conductance (iv)Reverse voltage gain
= = = =
AIM:
1. Input impedance (hie) =VBE/IE at VCB constant 2. Forward current gain (hfe) = IC/IE at VCB constant 3. Output conductance (hoe) = IC/VCB at IE constant 4. Reverse voltage gain (hre) = VBE/VCB at IE constant
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
To draw input and output characteristics of BJT in CB configuration and to determine its parameter.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
Components
Range
Quantity
1k (0-100)mA
(0-50)mA 1k
1 2 3 4
1 2
(0-30)v
2 1 1 1 1 1 Few
voltmeter
6 7
(0-30)V,mc -----
MODEL GRAPH:
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS: VCB= VBE(v) (v) IE(mA) VCB= VBE(v) (v) IE(mA) VCB= VBE(v) (v) IE(mA)
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
IE=
(mA)
IE=
(mA)
IE=
(mA)
1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram 2. To draw the input characteristics VCB is kept constant 3. VBE is varied and the corresponding values of IE are noted 4. To draw the output characteristics IE is kept constant 5. VCB is varied and the corresponding values of IC are noted 6. Corresponding input and output characteristics curves are drawn
AIM:
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Components
RESULT:
3 4 5 = 6 7
Thus the static characteristics of transistor under the CB mode Was determined. (i)Input impedance (hib)
(ii)Forward current gain (hfb) = (iii)Output conductance (hob) = (iv)Reverse voltage gain (hrb) =
-----------
FORMULA USED:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULATION:
VB1B2= IE(mA)
R1 1k
I1
V2
1. Circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. The voltage VB1B2 is kept constant and VBE is varied. 3. The corresponding values of IE are noted. 4. For different constant values of VB1B2 the values of VBE & IE are noted. 5. The input side RPS is varied slowly from zero and the voltmeter readings are noted.
[Type text] EC2155-CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LAB
6. At one point, the needle deflects back and currents starts increasing. 7. The currents must not increase beyond 25mA. 8. Graph is plotted. 9. The current must not increase beyond .25mA.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED
Sl.No
APPLICATION:
Components
Range
Quantity
1. Square or Saw tooth wave generator. 2. over voltage detector. 3. Switching, timing phase control circuit etc. 1 2 3
RESULT:
1 2 Each 1 1 1 1 1 Few
Thus the parameter of UJT was determined from its characteristics. 1. negative resistance = 2. intrinsic stand off ratio = 5 6 7
CHARATERISTICS OF SCR AIM: [Type text] EC2155-CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LAB
(0-30)V,mc ---------
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Iak
Vak(V)
TABULATION:
I G= VAK (V)
I G= VAK(V)
(A) IAK(mA)
PROCEDURE:
1. Circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Set the gate current IG equal to firing current vary anode to cathode Voltage, VAK in steps of 0.5V and note down the corresponding anode current IAK 3. VBO is the point where voltages suddenly drops & there is sudden increase in anode current IA. 4. Note down the current at that point called latching current. 5. Increase VAK insteps of N till its maximum. 6. Open the gate terminal & decrease the VAK. 7. Holding current is the current, flow in which the deflection in both Voltmeter VAK & ammeter suddenly reduces to zero.
RESULT: AIM:
To determine the drain & transfer characteristics of given JFET & to find its parameters.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
Components
Range
Quantity
1 2 3
1 2 2 1 1 1 1 few
Thus the characteristic of SCR was determined. Latching current = Holding current = VBO current =
Voltmeter
5 6
---------
10. CHARACTERISTICS OF JFET FORMULA USED: [Type text] EC2155-CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LAB
= VDS/ID
MODEL GRAPH: Drain Characteristics
MODEL GRAPH:
2. Set gate voltage VGS=-1, vary the drain voltage VDS instep of 1V & note down the corresponding drain current ID. 3. Repeat the above procedure for VGS=0V,-2V. 4. Plot the graph for a constant VDS Vs ID 5. Find the drain resistance (rd) = VDS/ID
Id
Vgs(v)
TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS: 2. Set gate voltage VDS=1V, vary the gate voltage VGS in step of 1V and VDS= VGS(V) ID(mA) VDS= VGS(V) ID(mA) VDS= note down the corresponding drain current ID VGS(V) ID(mA) 3. Repeat the above procedure for VDS=5V, 10V. 4. Plot the graph for VGS Vs ID. 5. Find the Trans conductance (gm) gm = ID/VGS
[Type text] EC2155-CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LAB
Thus the drain and transfer characteristics of JFET is drawn and the parameters were determined. 1. Drain resistance (rd) 2. Trans conductance (gm) 3. Amplification factor () = = =...
To draw the static characteristics of the given MOSFET and to find its parameter.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
Components
Range
Quantity
1 2 3 4 5
1 Each 1 1
1 1 1 1 few
6 7
-----------
FORMULA USED:
TABULATION: DRAIN CHARACTERISTICS: VGS= VDS(V) ID(mA) VDS(V) VGS= ID (mA) VDS(V) VGS= ID(mA)
Drain resistance rd =VDS/ ID Trans conductance (gm) = ID/VGS Amplification factor (M) = rd* gm
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS: VDS= VGS(V) ID(mA) VGS(V) VDS= ID(mA) VGS(V) VDS= ID(mA)
PROCEDURE:
Transfer characteristics: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Set VDS some constant voltage. vary the input side RPS measure the corresponding VGS and ID measure the VGS in which ammeter shows deflection and VDS Plot the graph voltage against current.
To draw the VI characteristics of the given DIAC and determine cut in voltage.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Drain characteristics: 1. Set the input above the threshold voltage. 2. Vary the input side RPS and measure the corresponding VDS and ID
3. Plot the graph voltage against current.
Sl.No
Components
Range
Quantity
1 2 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 few
RESULT:
4 5
Thus the characteristics of MOSFET were drawn. Drain resistance rd =VDS/ ID Trans conductance (gm)= ID/VGS Amplification factor (M) = rd* gm
= =
6 7
Sl.NO
MT1 (-ve) with respect to MT2
(0-30)mA
1.0k
Voltage(V)
Current(mA)
+ +
MT2 (+)
(0-60)V RPS
V1
12 V
V_
(0-50)V MT1(-)
+ +
MT1 (+)
(0-60)V RPS
V2
12 V
V_
(0-50)V MT2(-)
Sl.NO
Voltage(V)
Current(mA)
PROCEDURE:
1. MT1 is positive w.r.t MT2. 2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 3. Vary the power supply. 4. Note down the corresponding ammeter and voltmeter reading. 5. Plot the graph V against I. 6. MT1 is negative w.r.t. MT2. 7. Repeat the step 3 to 5.
To draw the characteristics of the given TRIAC and determine break over voltage.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
Sl.No
Components
Range
Quantity
RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of DIAC were drawn and the cut in voltage was determined.
1 2 3 4 5
(0-30)V 1 K/5w, 1 K
2 2 1
2 1 1 1 few
6 7
-----------
THEORY:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
It is a three terminal semiconductor switching device which can control alternating current in a load. Its three terminals are MT 1 and MT2 and the gate. Triac is equivalent to two SCRs connected in parallel but in the
(0-30)mA
A + + V _
1K/5W
reverse direction. So triac will act as a switch for both directions. Like an SCR, a triac also starts conducting only when the breakover voltage is reached. Earlier to that the leakage current which is very small in magnitude flows through the device and therefore remains in the OFF state. The device, when starts conducting, allows very heavy amount of current to flow through it. The high inrush of current must be limited using external resistance, or it may otherwise damage the device. During the positive half cycle, MT1 is positive w.r.t MT2, whereas MT2 is positive w.r.t MT1 during negative half cycle. A Triac is a bidirectional device and can be triggered either by a positive or by a negative gate signal. By applying proper signal at the gate, the breakover voltage of the device can be changed: thus phase control process can be achieved. Triac is used for illumination control, temperature control, liquid level control, motor speed control and as static switch to turn a.c power ON and OFF.
[Type text] EC2155-CIRCUITS AND DEVICES LAB
(0-30)V RPS (0-30)V RPS
+ A
_
(0-15)V (0-30)V RPS
(0-30)mA
A + + V _
1K/5W
+ A
_
(0-15)V (0-30)V RPS
TABULATION:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram. 2. To set gate current (Ig),VMT1,VMT2
I G=
I G=
3. Vary Vg till VAK suddenly drops. 4. Note down the corresponding IG,set gate current equal firing current. 5. Vary anode to cathode Vge. 6. Vary VAK supply voltage in steps 7 note down the corresponding ammeter readings. 7. Open the gate terminal & decrease VAK.
RESULT:
VMT2
IMT2
VMT2
IMT2
Thus the characteristic of TRIAC was drawn. MT2 is positive with respect to MT1 MT1 break over voltage (VBO) = MT1 break over current (IBO) I G= I G= =
MT2 break over voltage (-VBO) = MT2 break over current (-IBO) =
VMT2
IMT2
VMT2
IMT2
12.CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTODIODE
AND PHOTOTRANSISTOR
Aim: To study of photo-detectors characteristics. 1. Photo-diode. 2. Photo-transistor APPARATUS REQUIRED: S. No. 1 2 3 Apparatus Required Power supply Ammeter Voltmeter Range Quantity TABULATION (0-30) V (0-10) mA (0-10) V (0-30) V 4 Resistor 680 1 K 5 6 7 Breadboard Connecting wires Photo diode Phototransistor 2 1 1 1 1 1 PHOTO TRANSISTOR 1 10 1 1
TABULATION
RESULT
Current
Distance(cm)
Thus the following characteristics of Photo diode & PhotoTransistor were obtained and graph was drawn.
PROCEDURE 1) Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram. 2) Set the voltage of the bulb (Say 2V), vary the Voltage of the diode in stepsof 1Vand note down The corresponding diode value Ir 3) Repeat the above Procedure for Vd=4V, 6V,etc 4) Plot the graph.