Q. 6.1. Differentiate between conduction, convection and radiations. Ans.

Conduction and convection: These two modes of energy transport required the existence of a material medium. For conduction of heat, there must be temperature inequalities at adjacent points in the material medium. For convection of heat there must be a fluid free to move and transport energy with it. Radiations : For radiation no material medium is required and energy can be transported through regions of space devoid of any matter. Q. 6.2. Write the salient features and characteristics of radiation. Ans. Some salient features and characteristics of radiations are: (a) The emission of thermal radiations is associated with thermally excited conditions which depend upon the nature of surface and its absolute temperature. (b) The distinction between one form of radiation and another lies only in its frequency and wavelength which are related by: where, c = speed of light = wave length f=frequency. (c) The radiation energy in form of electromagnetic waves, is emitted at all wave length from A = 0 to A = A portion of radiation spectrum is shown in figure. At temperatures associated with most engineering applications, the bulk of thermal energy emitted by a body lies in wavelength between A = 0.1 to 100gm. For this reason, this portion of the spectrum is generally 1Jrred thermal radiation.

(d) Thermal radiations exhibit characteristics similar to those of visible light, and follow optical laws. Q. 6.3. What are Maxwells theory and Max plancks theory of radiations? Ans. Maxwells theory : According to this theory, the energy is transferred from a hot body to cold body in the form of electromagnetic waves. The electromagnetic waves possess the energy emitted by a body as a result of the change in electronic configuration of atoms or molecules. These electromagnetic waves transport energy like other waves and all electromagnetic waves travel with the speed of light.

The electromagnetic waves are characterised by their frequency (f) and wavelength Q), in a medium as

Where c is the speed of light in the medium. Max Plancks theory : According to Max Plancks theory, the propagation of thermal radiation takes place in form of discrete quanta called photons, each quantum having an energy of

Where h is plancks constant 6.6256 x 1O Js Q. 6.4. Define the following terms: (a) Absorptivity (b) Reflectivity (c) Transmissivity Ans.

(a) Absorptivity (a) The fraction of the incident radiation absorbed is called the absorptivity (cx). If C denotes the total incident radiation per unit time per unit area of a surface and Ga represent the amount of radiation absorbed then absorptivity (a) = (b) Reflectivity (p) : The fraction of the incident radiation reflected is called the ectivity (p);

where G = The amount of radiation reflected. (c) Transmissivity (r) : The fraction of incident radiation transmitted is called the transmissivity (r).

Where C.. = The amount of radiation transmitted.

Q. 6.5. Define the followings: (a) Transparent body and opaque body (b) Black body (c) White body (d) Gray body (e) Coloured body (f) Specular body Ans. (a) Transparent body and opaque body: A transparent body is one which transmit part of the radiation falling on its surface. An opaque body is one which does not transmit any radiation at all. For an opaque body, r =0 (b) Black body : A body which neither reflects nor transmits any part of the incident radiation but absorbs all of it, is called a black body. So for a black body; Thus; a +p = 1 (b) Black body : A body which neither reflects nor transmits any part of the incident radiation but absorbs all of it, is called a black body. So for a black body; Thus a=1 In reality a perfect black body (a =1) does not exist. However the concept of a black body is of great importance in radiation study, just as the concept of ideal gas is in thermodynamics. (c) White body: A white body is one which reflects all the incident radiation (the reflection is diffused) and does not absorb or transmit any part of it. For a white body; Thus p=1 (d) Gray body : If the absorptivity of a surface does not vary with temperature and wavelength of the incident radiation, it is termed grey body. For a grey body; (e) Coloured body: If the absorptivity of a surface varies with the wavelength of radiation waves it is termed coloured body. (f) Specular body : A body that reflect all the incident thermal radiation is called a specular body (if the reflection is regular) For specular body Q. 6.6. Differentiate between specular or regular or mirror like reflection and diffuse reflection. Or Explain the types of reflection. Ans. Specular or regular or mirror like reflection: If the surface is perfectly smooth and the angle 0 of incident and reflected ray is equal, then the reflection is called the specular or regular reflection.

Diffuse reflection : If the surface has some roughness, the incident radiation is scattered in all directions after reflection, such reflection is called the diffuse reflection.

Q. 6.7. Show by diagram the reflection from real surface. Ans. The reflection from real surface is neither specular nor diffuse but combination of diffuse and specular behaviour as shown in figure.

Q. 6.8. Explain the concept of black body radiations. Is the ice and snow black body? If so why? Ans. Accordingly the name black body is assigned to a perfect absorber of radiation. It has an ideal surface with the following properties (a) A black body absorb all incident radiation from all directions at all wave length. A black body neither reflect nor transmits any amount of incident radiation. (b) At a specified temperature and wavelength, no body can emit energy more than a black body (c) Although the radiation emitted by a black body depends upon wavelength and temperature, but it is independent of direction.

Ice and snow are black body because the ice and snow appear quite bright to human eye but almost black to thermal radiation at all wavelength from = 0 to = Q. 6.9. What is a mochnmat1c emissive power? State the plancks distribution law. Ans. The energy emitted by a surface in all directions at a given wavelength is called the monochromatic emissive power of the surface, E. The monochromatic emissive power of a black body is denoted by (E)b. The spectral or monochromatic emissive power for a black surface is highest at every wavelength at any given temperature and it is given by Max Piancks distribution law, based on quantum theory as

Q. 6.10. What is total emissive power ? Ste Stefan-Boltzmann law. Ans. Total emissive power (E1,): The total emissive power E of a surface is defined the total radiant energy emitted by the surface in all directions over the entire wavelength 1nge per unit surface area per unit time. The total emissive power and monochromatic emissive power are related by the equation =

Stefan-Boltzmann law : This law states that the amount of radiant energy emitted per unit time from unit area of black surface is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature. where u = stefan Boltzmarm constant

Q. 6.11. Write a note on wiens displacement law. Ans. The wiens displacement law may be stated as the product of absolute temperature and the wavelength at which the emissive power is maximum, is constant. Mathematically The law suggests that Amax is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature and accordingly the maximum spectral intensity of radiation shifts towards the shorter wavelength with rising temperature. The locus of point described by Wiens law has been plotted as the dashed curve in figure.

Fig. 6.8. Radiation of black body as a function of wavelength and temperature. Q. 6.12. What is Emissivity ? How the Emissivity can be classified? Ans. Emissivity (E) : The Emissivity, of a surface is defined as the ratio of the emissive power of the surface to the emissive power of a hypothetical black body at the same temperature. The Emissivity of a substance may depend both on temperature and wavelength. Sometimes Emissivity refer to radiation in all directions and sometimes in a given direction only. For this reason, it is convenient to define the following Emissivity; (a) Monochromatic emissivity (b) Total emissivity (c) Normal total emissivity. (a) Monochromatic emissivity (E): It is defined as the ratio of the monochromatic emissive power of a surface to the monochromatic emissive power of a black body at the same wavelength and temperature.

(b) Total emissivity (E) : It is defined as the ratio of the total emissive power of a surface to the total emissive power of a black body at the same temperature.

(c) Normal total emissivity (En) : It is defined as the ratio of the normal component of the total emissive power of a surface (En) to the normal component of the total emissive power of a black body (Eb)fl at the same temperature.

Q. 6.13. Differentiate between emissivity and absorptivity. Ans. Emissivity (a) Emissivity of a surface is a property of the surface. It depends only on the nature or characteristics of the surface and is independent of the nature or wavelength of the impinging radiation waves. (a) Absorptivity Absorptivity of a surface on the other hand, is not a. property because it is dependent on the nature of the incident radiation..

Q. 6.14. State Kirchhoffs law. Ans. This law was established in 1860. Kirchhoffs law states that at any temperature the ratio of the total emissive power E to the absorptivity a is a constant for all substances which are in thermal equilibrium with their environment Suppose we have three bodies in thermal equilibrium with each other, then

If third body is a black body:

It follows that if a body is in thermal equilibrium with its environment, Its absoptivity a is equal to its emissivity E. Q. 6.15. Write short notes on following: (a) Plane angle (a) and solid angle (w) (I) Intensity of radiation (c) radiation density.

Ans. (a) Plane angle (a) : The plane angle a is defined by a region by the rays of a circle, and is measured as the ratio of the element of arc of length I on the circle to the radius r of the circle : a = l/r

Solid angle (w) : The solid angle w is defined by a region by the rays of a sphere, and is measured as:

where A = projection of the incident surface normal to the line of propagation a = area of incident surface Q angle between the normal to the incident surface and the line of propagation r length of the line of propagation between the radiating and the incident surfaces.

The relationship between A, A and () has been illustrated in Fig. 6.10. When the incident surface is a sphere, the projection of surface normal to the line of propagation is the silhoutte disk of the sphere, which is a circle of the diameter of the sphere. The unit of measure of solid angle is the steradian (sr). (b) Intensity of radiation (I) : The intensity of radiation is defined as the rate of emission of radiation of all wavelength in a given direction from a surface, per unit solid angle and per unit projected area of the surface on a plane perpendicular to the direction of radiation. It is expressed in J/m2- steradian.

The intensity of radiation in a direction 0 from the normal to a black emitter is proportional to cosine of the angle. 0 If I denotes the normal intensity and I represents the intensity at angle 0 from the normal, then Apparently the energy radiated out decreases with increase in 0 and becomes zero at 0 900. (c) Space density of radiation or radiation density The radiant energy per unit volume in a stream of radiation is called the radiation density. Q. 6.16. Prove that the intensity of normal radiation times the emissive power Eb.

Ans. Relation between the normal intensity and emissive power To establish

relation between the normal intensity and the emissive power, we relate the differential solid angle dw to the zenith and azimuth angles by nothing that for a spherical surface:

Then the radiations leaving the emitter and striking the collector is The total energy Eb radiated by the emitter and passing through a spherical region can be worked out be integrating above equation over the limits, as follows:

Thus,

But the total emissive power of the emitter with area dA and temperature T is also given by

From I and II, we get

Thus for a unit surface, the intensity of normal radiation I, is the 1/x times the Q. 6.17. Explain Lambert Cosine Law.

Ans. Lambert Cosine Law : This law, formulated in 1860, states that for a diffuse radiating surface the total emissive power E0 in any direction is proportional to cosine of the angle of emission 0. emissive power Eb.

If is the total emissive power in the normal direction we get;

It is true only for diffuse radiating surface. For the surface, obey Laxnbert cine bw, the intensity of radiation in any direction is same, i.e.; where i0= Intensity of radiation in any direction. Numerical problems Type I: Absorptivity (a), Reflectivity (p) and transmissivity (r). Q. 6.18. Thermal radiation strikes a surface which has a reflectivity of 0.55 and a transmissivity of 0.032. The absorbed flux as measured indirectly by heating effect work out to be 95 W/m2. Determine the rate of incident flux. Solution: Given p = 0.55, r = 0.032 Ga= 95W/rn2 We know that a +p + 1

Q. 6.19. Radiant energy with an intensity of 800W/rn2 strikes a flat plate normally. The absorptivity is twice the transmissivity and thrice the reflectivity. Determine the rate of absorption, transmission and reflection of energy. Solution : Given G = 800 W/m2

we know that

Type II: Plancks distribution law, Stefan Boltzmans law and wiens displacement law. Formula used: 1. The Plancks distribution law

1. From Stefans Boltzman law, E = 3. Wien displacement law Q. 6.20. The sun emits maximum radiation at 2 0.52Mm. Assuming the sun to be a black body, calculate the surface temperature of the sun and the emissive power (emissive ability) of the suns surface at that temperature. Also determine the maximum monochromatic ernissive power of the suns surface. Solution: Given From wiens displacement law

From Stefans Boltzman law, Also we know that

Q. 6.21. Calculate the following quantities for an industrial furnace (black body) emitting radiation at 2650 C. (a) Spectral emissive power at I = 1.2 sm. (b) Wavelength at which the emissive power is maximum. (c) Maximum spectral emissive power. (d) Total emissive power. (e) Total emissive power of the furnace, if it is treated as gray and diffuse body with an emissivity of 0.9. Solution : Given T 2650C = 2923 K The Plancks distribution law is

\ From Wiens displacement law

We know that

From stefan Boltzmans law

Type III : Kirchoffs law and Intensity of radiation and Lambert cosine law. Q. 6.22. A black body of 0.2 m2 area has an effective temperature of 800K. Calculate (a) the total rate of energy emission (b) the intensity of normal radiation (c) the intensity of radiation along a direction 600 to the normal (d) the wavelength of maximum monochromatic emissive power. Solution: Given Area (A) 0.2 m2 T=800K From stefan-Boltzman law, the rate of energy emission is

we know that

From Lamberts cosine law

From Wiens displacement law

Q. 6.22(a). A body having emmissivity = 0.8, area = 5 m, temperature of body 500 K. How much energy does the body radiate in 10 minutes? Ans.

Q. 6.23. Write a short note on the followings (a) Radiosity (b) Irradiation (c) Geometric factor or radiation shape factor Reciprocity theorem of radiations. Ans. (a) Radiosity (J) : Radiosity, J, is total radiant energy leaving a surface per unit area per unit time. It comprises the original emittance from the surface plus the reflected portion of any radiation incident up it. Thus, radiosity is defined by the relation

Invoking Kirchhoffs law, the absorptivity a of the surface equal to its emissivity E. Therefore (b) Irradiation C : Irradiation, C denotes the total radiant energy incident upon a surface per unit time per unit area ; some of it may be reflected to become a part of the radiosity of the surface. We know that Or

(c) Geometric factor : It is also known as radiation view factor, shape factor, angle factor and configuration factor. It is purely a function geometry of two surfaces, the orientation of one surface with respect to their and e space between the t i radiating surfaces. It is independent of surface properties and temperature. The Geometric factor of surface i with respect to surface j is denoted by F1_1 and is defined as the ratio of the radiation energy leaving surface i and that reaches the surface j directly, to the total energy leaving the surface i. Radiation energy leaving surface i and that

Therefore, the Geometric factor F1_2 represents the fraction of radiation energy leaving surface I and strikes the surface 2 and Geometric factor F2_1 represents the fraction of radiation energy leaving surface 2 and that strikes the surface 1 directly. For a special case of j = i; F,_1 = the fraction of radiation energy leaving surface i that strikes itself directly. (d) Reciprocity theorem of radiations:

The amount of radiation leaving A1 and striking A2 may be written as Similarly the energy leaving A2 and arriving A1 is

When the surfaces are maintained at the same temperature, T1 = T2, there can be no heat exchange Since Gb and T1 are both non-zero quantities The above result is as reciprocity theorem or rule. It indicates the net radiant interchange may be evaluated by computing oiie way configuration factor from either surface to the other. Q. 6.24. Write the salient features of shape factor or Geometric factor. Ans. The salient features of shape factor are: 1. The shape factor is purely a function of geometric parameters only. 2. When two bodies are exchanging radiant energy with each other, the shape factor relation is given by:

This reciprocal relation is particularly useful when one of the shape factors is unity. 3. When all the radiation emanating from a convex surface 1 is intercepted by the enclosing surface 2, the shape factor of convex surface with respect to the enclosure F1.2 is unity. Then in conformity with reciprocity theorem, the shape factor F2...1 is merely the ratio of areas. i.e., when surface A1 is entirely convex, say a sphere, completely enclosed by A2, then according to reciprocity relation, we have

In this case, the black body radiation exchange is 4. A concave surface has a shape factor with itself because the radiant energy coming out from one part of the surface is intercepted by the another part of the same surface. The shape factor of a surface with respect to itself is F1.1. 5. For a flat or convex surface, the shape factor with respect to itself is zero (i.e.,F11 ). This is due to the fact that for any part of flat or convex surface, one cannot see/view any other part of the same surface.

6. If two surfaces A1 and A2 are parallel and large, radiation occurs across the gap between them so that A1 = A2 and all radiation emitted by one falls on the other; then 7. If one of the two surfaces (say A) is divided into sub-areas Au A12, ... Am, then Refer Fig. 6.15 (b) : Radiating surface A1 has been split up into areas A3 and A4 we have

Thus if the radiant surface is subdivided, the shape factor for that surface with respect to the receiving surface is not equal to the sum of the individual shape factors. Refer fig. 6.15 (b) : Receiving surface A2 has been divided into sub areas A3 and A4 ; we have

Obviously the shape factor from a radiating surface to a subdivided receiving surface is simply the sum of individual shape factors. 8.Let us now take the case of an enclosure in which one surface i exchanging radiation with all the other surfaces in the enclosure including itself, if it happens to be a concave surface; this is because a concave surface can see/view another part of it (the shape factor of a convex surface with its enclosure is always unity because all the heat radiated from a convex surface is intercepted by its enclosure but not vice versa.) If the enclosure comprises n surfaces, then the energy radiated from one surface is always intercepted by the other (ni) surfaces, and the surface itself if it is a concave one. This is called principle of conservation.

Q. 6.25. Calculate the shape factors for the configuration shown in figure given below: (a) long tube with cross-section of an equilateral triangle. (b) black body inside a black enclosure (c) diagonal partition within a long square duet.

Solution : The desired shape factors can be worked out by invoking the summation rule0 the reciprocity theorem and from inspection of the geometry. 1. By summation rule for radiation from surface 1.

The flat surface 1 cannot see itself and so F11 = 0. That gives Due to symmetry, the radiation from surface i is equally divided between surfaces 2 and 3, and therefore Likewise, considering radiation from surface 2

By reciprocity

1. The concave surface I can see itself and the rest of radiation falls on the enclosed surface 2. Invoking the conservation principle (summation rule) for surface 1.

By reciprocity

Further, all the radiations coming out from the black surface 2 are intercepted by the enclosing surface, Therefore F21 = I, and so

1. From summation rule : By inspection F11 = 0 as the flat surface cannot see itself Due to symmetry, the radiation from surface I is equally divided between the surfaces 2 and 3 and therefore. By reciprocity

Q. 6.26. Consider a thin hollow cylinder of a cm diameter and 10 cm length. if the radiant shape factor of the circular surface of this cylinder is 0.172, make calculations for the shape factor of the curved surface of the cylinder with respect to itself. Solution : Refer Fig. 6.18 for the nomenclature of the surfaces of the thin hollow Cylinder

For the surfaces I and 2,

Q. 6.28. Give a detailed note on radiation exchange between black bodies. Ans. Consider heat exchange between elementary areas dA1 and dA2 of two black radiating bodies having areas A1 and A2 respectively. The elementary areas are at a distance r apart and the normal to these areas make angles 01 and 02 with the line joining them. The surface dA1 is at temperature T1 and the surface dA2 is at temperature T2.

Fig. 6.19. Radiant heat exchange between two black surfaces. Thus the amount of radiation leaving A1 and striking A2 may be written as: Similarly the energy leaving A2 and arriving A1 is

and the net energy exchange from A1 to A2 is:

The above relation is applicable to black surfaces only and must not be used for surfaces having emissivities very different from unity.

Fig. 6.22. Radiation shape factor for perpendicular rectangles with a common edge. Q. 6.29. Two black discs of diameter 50 cm are placed parallel to each other concentrically at a distance of in apart. The discs are maintained at 727C and 227C respectively. Calculate the heat transfer between the discs per hour, when no other surface is present except the discs. Solution: Given

The heat flow between the two surfaces is given by According to fig. 6.21.

Q. 6.30. Two parallel plates (black) in x 2m are kept in apart. One plate is maintained at 800C while the second plate is held at 200C. Calculate the net radiant heat exchange between the two plates. Solution: Given X = 2m Y =lm L 1m T1 = 800C = 800 + 273 = 1073 K T2= 200C =473 K According to figure 6.20

Q. 6.31. Write a note on radiation heat exchange between non-black bodies. Ans. The black bodies absorb the entire incident radiation and this aspect makes calculation procedure of heat exchange between black bodies rather simple. One has only to determine shape factor i.e., how much of radiation leaving one surface is actually incident on another.

However the real (non-black) surfaces do not absorb the whole of incident radiation; a part is reflected back to the radiant surface and a part may be reflected out of the system. The back and forth reflection between surfaces may go on several times. Further, the absorptivity and emissivity are not uniform in all directions and for all wavelength; The problem is simplified to some extent if the bodies are considered gray for which the absorptivity and emissivity are constant over the entire wavelength spectrum, and according their average values would be equal irrespective of temperature, the

The radiation between black bodies is given by The radiation heat exchange between non-black bodies (gray bodies) is given by

Table. Opaque, diffuse, gray two surface enclosures Small object in large

cavity Infinitely large parallel

plates

Concentric

spheres

Q. 6.32. Differentiate between the geometric factor, shape factor and the interchange factor. Ans. The geometric factor, F12 considers the orientation and geometry of the black radiating surfaces ; how the two surfaces view each other and to what extent the two surfaces radiate solely to each other. The interchange factorf12 allows for the departure of the two surfaces from complete blackness; a function of the emissivities of the two surfaces.

Configuration 1.

Geometric factor Infinite parallel planes Body I completely enclosed by body 2; body I small.

Interchange factor, f12 1

2.

Type-VI : Radiation heat exchange between non-black bodies. Q. 6.33. Two opposed, parallel, infinite planes are maintained at 420 K and 480 K respectively. Calculate the net heat flux between these planes if one has emissivity of

0.8 and other an emissivity of 0.7. Does it matter which plate has which emissivity? How this heat flux will be affected if (a) the temperature difference is doubled by raising the temperature 480 K to 540 K. (b) The planes are assumed to black. Solution: Given

The rate of heat interchange between the two plates is given by;

For infinite long parallel planes

It is immaterial which plane has which emissivity since the emissivity are independent of temperature.

Q. 6.34. Determine the radiation heat flux between two closely spaced, black parallel plates radiating only to each other if their temperatures are .850 K and 425 K respectively. Recalculate the heat flux persuming that each of the parallel plates has an emissivity of 0.5. In each case, the plates have an area of 4m2. Solution : Given

For black surfaces

For gray surfaces

For the given configuration of parallel plates

It may be noted that if the emissivity of each plate is one-half of a black body1 heat x is reduced by a factor of 3. Q. 6.35. A thermos flask has double walled bottle and the space between the walls is evacuated so as to reduce the heat flow. The bottle surfaces are silver plated and the emissivity of each surface is 0.025. If the contents of the bottle are at 375 K, find the rate of heat loss from the thermos bottle to the ambient air at 300 K. What thickness of cork (k = 0.03 W/m-deg) would be required if the same insulating effect is to be achieved by the use of cork? Solution: The rate of heat interchange between the two bottle surfaces is given by

For infinite long parallel planes which see each other and nothing else F12 = I and A1 = A2

(b) Let 6 be the required thickness of cork. Then

Q. 6.36. An electric heating system is installed in the ceiling of a room that measures 5 m x 5 m with a height of 2.5 m. The temperature of the ceiling is maintained at 320 K whereas under equilibrium conditions, the walls are at 300 K. Workout the radiant heat loss from the ceiling to the walls. The floor is non-sensitive to radiations and the emissivities of the ceiling and wall are 0.7 and 0.6 respectively. Solution The rate of radiant interchange between the ceiling (suffix 1) and a single wall (suffix 2) is given by

In the given problem

The ceiling and the wall are perpendicular surfaces with common edge for which

0.15. Corresponding to these parameters, the shape factor F12 as read from fig. 6.22 equals

Q. 6.37. A 250 x 250 mm ingot casting, 1.5 m high and at 1225 K temperature, is stripped from its mold. The casting is made to stand on end on the floor of a large foundry whose wall, floor and roof can be assumed to be at 300 K temperature. Make calculation for the rate of radiant heat interchange between the casting and the nai. The casting material has an emissivity of 0.85. Take Stefan Boltzman co = 5.67 10-8 W/m2 K4 Solution The rate interchange between the ingot and the room is given by: The configuration corresponds to a completely enclosed body, and small compared with the enclosing body,

Area A1 of the ingot radiating energy,

Q. 6.38. A domestic hot water tank, 0.5 m diameter and 1 m high, is located in large space effectively forming black surrounding. The surface emissivity and temperature are 0.8 and 350 K, and the temperature of surroundings is 295 K. Estimate the heat loss by radiation from the tank, and suggest a possibility to reduce this heat loss. Solution : The rate of radiant interchange between the tank and enclosure is given by where the suffix I and 2 denote the conditions at the tank and the enclosure respectively me configuration corresponds to a completely enclosed body, and small compared

Area A1 of the tank radiating energy,

Some aluminium paints have an emissivity of about 0.3 and a coating of this paint on the tank would reduce the heat loss to

Percentage reduction in heat loss

Q. 6.39. An enclosure measures 1.5 m X 1.75 m with a height of 2m. Under steady state equilibrium conditions, the walls and ceiling are maintained at 525 K and floor at 400 K. Determine the net radiation to floor. E1 (emissivity of ceiling and wall) = 0.85 E2 (emissivity of floor) = 0.75 Solution : The rate of radiant heat exchange between the ceiling and walls (suffix 1) and the floor (suffix 2) is given by: The gray body factor (Fg)12 is equal to,

As per given data: A1 = total area of four walls and ceiling = 2 (1.75 x 2) + 2 (1.5 x 2) + (1.5 x 1.75) = 15.625 m2 A2 = area of floor = 1.5 x 1.75 = 2.625 m2 The floor is completely enclosed by the walls and ceiling. From reciprocity theorem;

=5488W =5.488kW Q. 6.40. The flat floor of a hemispherical furance is at 800 K and has an emissivity of 0.5. The corresponding values for the hemispherical roof are 1200 K and 0.25. Determine the net radiation heat transfer from the floor to roof. Solution: Refer fig. 6.26 for the configuration of hemispherical furnace and its nomenclature. The net radiative heat transfer from floor to roof is given by where the suffix 1 and 2 denote the conditions at the floor and roof respectively, and

All the radiations from the floor (suffix 1) reach the roof (suffix 2) and hence F12 I That gives

For the given configuration

= 26984 W/m2

Q. 6.41. Determine the radiant heat exchanger in W/m2 between two large parallel steel plates of emissivities 0.8 and 0.5 held at temperatures of 1000K and 500 K respectively, if a thin copper plate of emissivity 0.1 is introduced as a radiation shield between the two plates. Take Gb 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 K4 Solution : Given T1 = 1000 K; T2 = 500 K

We know that

Q. 6.42. A pipe carrying steam having an outside diameter of 20 cm runs in a large room and is exposed to air at a temperature of 30C. The pipe surface temperature is 400C. Calculate the heat loss to the surroundings per metre length of pipe due to thermal radiation. The emissivity of the pipe surface is 0.8. 1. What would be the loss of heat due to radiation, if the pipe is enclosed in a 50 cm diameter brick conduit of emissivity of 0.9? 2. What would be the radiation heat transfer from the pipe, if it is enclosed within a square conduit of 0.5 m side of emissivity of 0.9? Solution: Given: A pipe carrying steam with

2. Square conduit of side 1. Brick conduit, D2 =50 cm = 0.5 m = 0.9 w = 0.5 m,ca = 0.9 Tofind: 1. Net radiation heat transfer from pipe surface. 2. The radiation heat exchange when pipe is enclosed within a 50 cm diameter brick conduit. 3. The radiation heat exchange, when pipe is enclosed within a square conduit. Assumptions 1. Surfaces are opaque, diffuse and grey. 2. Space between two concentric pipes is evacuated. 3. No conduction and convection heat transfer. Analysis : 1. The net radiation heat exchange from pipe surface to room can be expressed as:

5606.5 W/m. Ans. 1. The radiation heat exchange between pipe and a conduit can be calculated as;

When pipe is enclosed within brick conduit:

= 5414 W/m The reduction in heat radiation 5606.5 - 5414 = 192.5 W/m Ans When pipe is enclosed within a square conduit:

5454.2 W/m The reduction in heat radiation = 5606.5 - 5454.2 = 152.3 W/m Ans. Q. 6.43 Two facing parallel plates radiating only from their facing sides see only each other but two rectangular plates meeting at right angles do not radiate solely to each other. How do you account for the variation in the shape factor? Ans. Radiation shape factor,F12 = Radiation energy leaving surface I and reaching surface 2 Total energy leaving surface 1 For 2 facing parallel plates F12= l which means all the radiation energy emitted by surface I reaches surface 2. For 2 rectangular plates meeting at right angle all the radiations emitted by surface I do not reach surface 2 i.e. F12 1. Some of the radiations emitted by surface 1 may be absorbed in the atmosphere or may fall on some other objects. Parallel plates Rectangular plates t right angle