Tape Recorder Trainer ST2656

Operating Manual Ver 1.1

An ISO 9001 : 2000 company

94-101, Electronic Complex Pardesipura, Indore- 452010, India Tel : 91-731- 2570301/02, 4211100 Fax: 91- 731- 2555643 e mail : info@scientech.bz Website : www.scientech.bz Toll free : 1800-103-5050

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Tape Recorder Trainer ST2656 Table of Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Introduction Features Technical Specifications Safety Precaution Trainer Controls Experiment 1 7. 8. Study of basic introduction of Tape Recorder Principles of Magnetic Recording and Reproduction Tape and Tape Material Characteristics of Good Quality Tape Construction of Recording and Play Back Head The Magnetic Coating of the Tape Playback Amplifier Record Amplifier 14 16 Study of Tape Transport Mechanism Study of thorough working principles of each section Condenser mic Playback Head Erase Head Pre-amplifier Bass/ Treble Driver Output Section Equalization Circuit Output Level Indicator Section Power Supply Section 5 6 7 8 8 10

Experiment 2 Experiment 3

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9.

Experiment 4 Study of the flow of signal in Tape Recorder Trainer Circuit Play Function Erase Function Head Function Function of 16 Toggle Switches On Play Position Principle of Recording Recording Position Left Channel

19

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Experiment 5 Study of various types of Fault Simulated in the Trainer Experiment 6 Study of the Faults related to the Tape Mechanism Test Point Actual Jumper Position Warranty List of Accessories

26 28 29 30 31 31

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Introduction Scientech Tape Recorder Trainer ST2656 is an ideal training equipment to teach the operation of Tape Recorder Trainer. It is demonstrator cum trainer specifically designed for the study of working of tape recorder. The controls are placed actually at the place as they are in the circuit schematic and thus trainee can look at any section, and may able to study it thoroughly. One of the main features of this trainer is fault simulation to train on actual fault finding, by simulating faults in the trainer. The faults created in the trainer are in no way affect or damage the trainer. The instructor can introduce faults of his/her own choice from the standard 15 faults and ask trainee students to probe into it and to find out the cause of the fault. This way trainee gets complete insight of trainer of fault in the electronic circuit Test point details with typical voltages and waveforms are provided in the manual. In addition the trainer will be of immense value to students engaged in study of tape recorder. Thus trainer has been designed with a view to provide practical experiment knowledge of a general circuit of IC 810 based stereo cassette player. It will also meet the comprehensive practical study on technical institute. The trainer has been so presented that any student with a basic knowledge of the various electronic building blocks and fundamentals of basic electronic systems, will have no difficulty in understanding the trainer. We hope our attempt will help the user to understand the working of tape recorder trainer.

RoHS Compliance Scientech Products are RoHS Complied. RoHS Directive concerns with the restrictive use of Hazardous substances (Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, Br compounds) in electric and electronic equipments. Scientech products are Lead Free and Environment Friendly. It is mandatory that service engineers use lead free solder wire and use the soldering irons upto (25 W) that reach a temperature of 450C at the tip as the melting temperature of the unleaded solder is higher than the leaded solder.

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Features Most compact design. Fault creation and diagnosis. 42 Test Points. About more than 15 faults can be demonstrated on this trainer. No soldering and de-soldering is required to simulate faults. The main ICs are provided on socket to provide a facility to check similar ICs and also to create the faults by inserting faulty ICs in the sockets. The complete circuit diagram is given in the manual. Test points detail with typical voltage and wave forms are provided in the manual. In built power supply. Two identical mono channels clubbed together to obtain stereo effect through a stereo head. Both internal and external recording facility available. The speaker is available with accessories. Recording process understood through LED indicator present in equalization section. 8P-2W R/P switch mechanism planed widely through 16 nos 1P-2W toggle switches. Separate bass/treble section is to understand the effect of low frequency as well as high frequency signal.

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Technical Specifications Amplifier Type Audio Power Output Frequency Response Tape Speed Erase Head RP Head Mechanism Motor Circuit Block : : : : : : : : : Class B amplifier 14 W (7 W x 2 channels) 100 Hz to 8 KHz 4.75 cms/ sec Fix magnet YBBT 62 (Stereo) RX 39 CCW 12V DC Pre amplifier CH-L & CH-R Bass - Treble CH-L & CH-R Output amplifier CH-L & CH-R Equalization CH-L & CH-R Output level indicator section Power supply section Volume CH-L & CH-R Bass CH-L & CH-R Treble CH-L & CH-R Mechanism Control Recording Facility PCB Size (mm) No. of faults No. of Test point Power Supply Power Consumption Fuse Dimension (mm) Weight : : : : : : : : : : Record, Play, Reverse, Forward, Stop, Pause Condenser Mic and EP socket for feeding external signal 260 x 230 15 in numbers 42 in numbers 230V 10 %, 50 Hz 8.17 Watts 1A W420 H250 D95 3 Kgs (approximately)

Panel Control

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Safety Precautions Avoid pressing more than one button at the same time except for recording purpose. Do not put oil or any such type of liquid into the pinch roller and rubber which may lead to malfunctioning of mechanism unit. When toggle switches are placed in recording position avoid pressing the play button which may lead to recording in wanted signal. Before proceeding to record notice that locking strip is present in the outer side of the cassette. Avoid inserting tight cassette inside the cassette player in the trainer. Trainer Controls On Mimic Board Power On/Off Recording/Play Volume L/R Bass L/R Treble L/R Speaker L/R : : : : : : Press the rocker main switch to On position. Toggle switch should be either in recording position or play position. Volume of the trainer will vary by rotating the potentiometer indicated as volume L/R. Bass of the trainer will vary by rotating the potentiometer indicated as bass L/R. Treble of the trainer will vary by rotating the potentiometer indicated as treble L/R Left/Right speaker comes in the function whenever the audio pin is inserted in the respective L/R position of the trainer. Audio signal given to Mic L/R for recording is being recorded effectively by the trainer. Whenever audio signal is given to the ext. rec. (EP socket) from any source, the trainer is able to record the signal successfully. The LEDs in output level indicator of both channel glows according to variation of sound. The recording LED placed in equalization section (L&R) glows whenever an external audio signal is given through the mic. It indicates the level of signal passed which is recorded by trainer.

Mic External Rec

: :

Output Level Indicator Recording LED L/R

: :

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On Mechanism Unit Rec / Play : Insert the cassette inside the player and press the Rec / Play button of the mechanism unit at the same time. After inserting the cassette in side the player press the play button of the mechanism unit to start the cassette playing. Put the cassette inside the player, press the forward button of mechanism unit whenever any one want to hear any thing a head of tape present in it. Put the cassette inside the player, press the reverse button of mechanism unit whenever any one want to hear any thing reverse of the tape present in it. Whenever user want to exit from any of the above function going on press stop button of mechanism unit. Whenever user wants to hold the cassette from playing press pause button of the mechanism unit to do so.

PLAY

FWD

REW

STOP

PAUSE

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Experiment 1 Objective : Study of the basic introduction of tape recorder 1. Principles of magnetic recording and reproduction : Magnetic recording is based on the principle (shown in figure 1) that certain materials (like iron oxide) when brought in a magnetic field, get magnetized and retain that magnetism permanently until altered. The various steps involved in magnetic recording are described below.

Magnetic Recording on Tape Figure 1 Sound pressure variations are converted into electrical variations (audio signal) by a microphone. The audio output of the microphone is amplified and fed to the coil of an electromagnet. The electromagnet (called 'record head') has a minute air gap through which magnetic lines of force cannot pass easily due to high reluctance of air. When a tape with a coating of a magnetic material (like iron oxide) is made to pass across the gap, the lines of force get an easy path through the iron oxide which is formed into elementary magnets.

Magnetization of Tape by Three Audio Cycle of Different frequency Figure 2

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The magnetic strength of electromagnet, through the gap covered by the iron oxide tape, depends on the current. Thus, the coating of iron oxide on the tape is magnetized in accordance with the audio current and hence, in accordance with the sound pressure variations. The magnetism in the iron oxide is retained for long time. This means that sound has been recorded in the form of varying magnetic field. In reproducing the recorded sound, the tape is again made to pass through a similar head with a gap, causing changes of lines of force through the coil. This induces e.m.f. (audio signal) in the coil, which is in accordance with the rate of change of magnetic flux in the tape. The induced e.m.f. is amplified and is fed to a loudspeaker which converts the audio signal into sound. Figure 2 shows a magnetized tape for 3 cycles of audio signal. The figure shows that wavelength decreases, the length of bar magnets formed on the tape decreases. Each cycle gives rise to two bar magnets. 2. Tape and Tape Material : Tape consists of a tough un-stretchable non-magnetic base or backing material coated with fine particles of a magnetic material, such as ferric oxide or cobalt doped ferric oxide (Fe2O3) or chromium di-oxide (CrO2). Fe203 is prone to self demagnetization, but chrome type has high coercively and hence selfdestruction is very much reduced resulting in good high audio frequency response. However, chrome type needs stronger magnetic fields and is costly. Also chrome tapes require 40% more bias than iron oxide tape. Some good quality tapes use iron-alloy rather than an oxide of iron or chrome. Iron alloy has a very high coercively hence its high frequency response is the best of all. The tapes come in various standard widths, like 6.3, 12.7, 25.4 and 50.8 mm (or quarter inch, half inch, 1 inch and 2 inches). The standard quarter inch wide tape can accommodate two tracks each 2.5mm wide with a guard band of 1.3 mm in between. The thickness of the standard tape is about 38 micron. The thinner the tape, greater will be the length of tape in a spool. 3. Characteristics of good quality tape : a. c. e. f. g. Should not be stretchable. Tape base material should be tough. Base thickness should be uniform. Foreign particles should not be present. Should be well polished and impregnated with compounds that act as lubricants to reduce the friction between tape and head. b. Coercively of magnetic material should be high. d. Coating of magnetic material on the base material should be uniform.

h. The tape must press the head properly.

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4.

Construction of Recording and Play Back Head : The comparison of record and playback head shows that both are compatible recording head can also be used as a play back head. Head consists of laminated metal core wounded with a coil in specified way. The construction can easily be understood by figure 3 for mono recording as well as play back it has two terminals while for stereophonic recording and playback four terminals.

Record and Playback Head Figure 3 5. The Magnetic Coating of the Tape : It should be remembered that the base material for the magnetic layer and the magnetisable layer that plays the vital role in magnetic recording. In fact it can safely be predicted that the major advance in magnetic medium. The earliest tapes were made of black (Fe3O4) ferric oxide. Within few years this was replaced with the red (Fe2Os) gamma iron oxide. This material is synthetically manufactured and oxidized by the reaction of ferrous sulphate, ammonia, and ammonium nitrate, which is subsequently crystallized out of solution. The black (Fe3O4) ferric oxide is no longer popular. This oxide with its larger coercively was little more difficult to erase and has, therefore given way to the popular red gamma iron oxide. 6. Playback Amplifier : The electric energy generated by a magnetic tape, passing over the head gap, is extremely small. It is a few mille volts for loud passages and drops to micro volts for quiet passages. This weak signal must be carefully amplified, without introduction of additional noise, special low noise amplifiers are developed for this purpose and they provide around 20dB of voltage gain. Since output of a replay head is proportional to the rate of change of flux on the tape, the output voltage will rise at the rate of 6dB /octave. Therefore, an
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integrator with a 6dB /octave falling response is used in playback amplifier to make the head output proportional to the sensed flux. A low frequency cut circuit is utilized in some recording standards to decrease low frequency playback noise below 100Hz. This stage is followed by the replay equalization circuit. The purpose of this stage is to provide equalized replay amplifier output from a changing recorded flux level. Normally, equalization is brought about by frequency sensitive impedance network in feedback path of amplifier 7. Record Amplifier : The primary task of the record amplifier is to convert the input audio signal voltage into a proportional amount of current flowing in the winding of record head. To do this, the rise in head impedance with frequency due to inductance of head must be overcome. An extremely simple technique to achieve flat current response is to have an active current feedback through a small sampling resistor. Due to high gain of the driver amplifier, only a small feedback signal is required. . However, while driving the record amplifier high frequency bias is also to be added to the current in record head. A practical discrete component version of the record amplifier is shown in figure a switching facility can be provided for recording on chromium as well as ferrous tapes. The bias trap stops bias frequencies from interfering with amplifier.

Audio and HF bias coupling to record head Figure 4

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Experiment 2 Objective : Study of the Tape Transport Mechanism Tape needs to be moved steadily across the head-gap for recording and playback. The standard direction of travel is from left to right as seen opposite of tape heads. In the studio type, separate motors are used to drive the capstan, supply spool and take-up spool. But in the domestic type only a single motor serves the purposes as shown in figure 4. It drives the capstan and then with the help of pulleys and belts spools are driven. The tape transport mechanism consists of the following components 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Motor Capstan and press roller (pinch roller) Flywheel Tape guides and Spools

Transport Mechanism for Cassette recorder Figure 5

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Motor : The motor used in good quality tape transport mechanism is synchronous type. A synchronous motor has its speed locked to the frequency of the supply voltage and therefore, maintains constant speed irrespective of variation of supply voltage or load. This steadiness results in reduction of wow and flutter distortion. In good tape machines, wow and flutter are not more than 0.2%. In popular tape recorders DC motors with electronic speed control are used. Motor rotations are transferred to the capstan flywheel assembly by means of a rubber belt. It prevents motor vibrations from reaching the capstan and thus reduces the thrumble noise. Capstan and press (or pinch) roller : Capstan is a spindle, machined accurately, and pulls the tape past the heads. The tape is pressed against the capstan by means of a rubber covered by pinch roller. Flywheel : It is a very heavy wheel made of metal and is fitted to the capstan shaft. This damps minor variations in the speed. It should be free from any tendency to vibrate, because any vibration here will cause rumbling problem. Tape guides : These provide the desired tension in the tape and keep it in the correct position. The angle round which the tape should turn at any point in the transport should not be excessive. All the bearings over which the tape passes must be of high quality. Spools : There are two spools. While in use, one spool feeds tape to the other spool, and hence, the spools are known as: 1. 2. Feed spool or supply spool, and Take up spool.

Indication of the position of any recorded signal is achieved by fitting a rotation counter to the take-up spools spindle.

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Experiment 3 Objective : Study of the thorough working principles of each section

Block Diagram of Stereo Cassette Tape Trainer Figure 6 1. Condenser mic Condenser microphones use electrostatic principles rather then the electromagnetic principles used by dynamic and ribbon mic. The head or capsule, of mic consists of two very thin plates, one movable and one fixed. These two plates from a capacitor (formerly called condensers and hence the name condenser mic) A capacitor is an electrical device which is capable of storing and electric charge. The amount of charge a capacitor can store is determined by its value of capacitance and the applied voltage. The capacitance of the capsule is determined by the composition and surface area of the plates (which are fixed), the dielectric or substance between the plates (which varies with sound pressure).The plates of mic capsule form a sound-pressure sensitive capacitor.

In a condenser microphone capsule the sound pressure varies distanced between plates Figure 7
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2.

Playback Head : In domestic low priced recorders, the record head itself acts as a playback head. The varying magnetic fields of the tape cuts the coil winding and induces e.m.f. due to electromagnetic induction. This e.m.f is processed, amplified and then fed to the loudspeaker. However, the professional recorders use a separate head for playback. The playback head has narrower gap (about 4 microns) for better high frequency response. The inductance of the playback head is about 10 times that of record head. The wire is thin as only small current is to be handled by it. Except these three variations (i.e. gap size, inductance and conductor size), the playback head is similar to the record-head.

3.

Erase Head : It also has a core of high permeability with a gap. A coil is wound round the core, giving inductance of about 40 to 80 mH. The gap-width in erase head is much wider than the record-head and covers bar magnets of the tape for demagnetization. High frequency current is passed through the coil, and it demagnetizes the tape. The erase field should be such that the magnetic recording is reduced in amplitude by at least 75 dB. The erasing frequency is 5 times or more the highest audio frequency. Thus, it is about 100 KHz for Hi-Fi tapes and about 40 KHz for other tapes. power of 2 to 4 watts is required for erasing. The head is adequately screened from the other heads.

4.

Pre-amplifier : The pre-amplifier employs high level of AC and DC feed back ensuring a very low distortion level and variations from the nominal tolerances are negligible. The pre-amplifier provides an out put signal of <0.35mV /1KR for tape recording. The pre-amplifier may be used in mono applications and for such purposes the audio output is taken from the collector of the output transistor. For stereo applications two pre-amplifiers are used as the collector of the output transistor being joined by series network comprising of capacitor & resistor.

5.

Bass/treble : The purpose of base and treble control is to allow the listener some control of the balance of high and low tones. They may be used to help compensate for the acoustical short comings of loudspeaker, or perhaps solely to compensate for personal taste. The controls must provide for signal boost as well as cut. Typically, bass and treble circuits are realized with parallel inverting amplifiers. In essence, the feed back network will change with frequency.

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6.

Driver : The driver stage further amplifies the signal obtained from the bass/treble and gives these to the output stage through volume control.

7.

Output section : The main function of the output section is to amplify the week signal without introduction of additional noise.

8.

Equalization Circuit : During recording operation the signal produced by the microphone is amplified by pre-amplifier and amplifier circuit. This circuit is unable to amplify all the frequencies from 15Hz to 15 KHz range to same level. If the loud speaker output is heard without recording, the amplifier outputs difference can be easily made that output audio signal produced is different from the input audio. To culminate this sound difference between the input and output audio signal, the equalization circuit is being used. The equalization circuit is connected between pre-amplifier and amplifier. The feed back signal is obtained from the output of amplifier section, some frequencies are grounded while other are sent back to the input of the preamplifier circuit, by this action it restricts all the signals to be amplified at equal level. One more importance is there for the equalization circuit, during recording time the strength of the small temporary magnets produced on the tape differs in ratio of current that reaches the coil of the tape head. When such a tape is being played the different frequencies produced current at the coil of the tape head differs in the ratio of recording current. Equalization circuit improves the current ratio obtained from head. This action is done in the pre-amplifier section.

9. 10.

Output level indicator section : Series of LED s connected for both the channel driven by a single IC KA2281. Power supply section : +12VDC is required for both the channels to be operated. If the internal resistance of the supply is high, the regulation will be poor and the output voltage may vary along with the signal. This may give rise to instability.

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Experiment 4 Objective : Study of the flow of signal in tape recorder trainer circuit

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Pre Amplifier /Equalization/Output Amplifier Section R

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Bass Treble Section L/R

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Output Level Indication Section

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1.

Play function : During play operation, no current is supplied from outside source. The small temporary magnets present on the moving head create a change in magnetic flux by which current is produced within the coil of the head by the induction process. This current after amplifying through pre-amplifier and amplifier circuits is to the loud speaker. Similar sound is obtained at output from speaker, which was being recorded.

2.

Erase function : The temporary magnets of different lengths and strengths are present over the recorded tape. The removing process of these magnets is termed as erasing. For these in some circuits DC current is applied and is some other circuits high frequency AC current of 40 KHz is applied. The applied AC current is obtained from an oscillator. Thus DC current or high frequency AC current is applied to erase head which touches the moving tape.

3.

Head function : To record new program on the tape it is necessary to erase the present program which is already recorded on the cassette. Otherwise both the program will be recorded at the same time one overlapping the other. Thus when it is played both the program gets mixed and unwanted noise comes out from loud speaker. In a tape recorder 2 nos. of head is being used. One tape head is used only for erasing purpose. The other head is used for recording as well as for play purpose i.e. the second head can be termed either as record head or play head.

4.

Function of 16 toggle switches : For recording as well as play operation the head can be used through the help of switches. During recording, microphone should be connected to the input of the amplifier circuit; the output of the amplifier circuit should be connected to the tape head. At the same time erase head should be connected either of the DC supply or AC supply. At the time of changing from record to play mode and vice versa, some other important connections needs to be changed. For these operation 16 toggle switches (1P-2W) is being used.

5.

On play position : Audio signals from RP head travel through 2 wires to channel L (TP20) and channel R (TP20). This signal available at TP20 and TP40 becomes grounded. When all toggle switched are in the play position. When all the toggle switches are in the play position TP20 and TP40 becomes grounded. The signal from the RP head flows through another wire to TP5 and TP25 respectively of CH-L and CH-R. Now same signal is also available at TP6. The toggle switches are in play position; same signal is obtained in TP6 and TP26 of CH-L and CH-R. The signal now travels through capacitor C103 and C53 of CH-L and CH-R (4.7MFD/63V) and it passes to the base of transistor Q101 and Q51 of CH-L & CH-R respectively. The collector of the

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above mentioned transistor is fed with 9V DC and the emitter is grounded. The signal coming out from collector goes to C102 & C52 (4.7MFD/63V) and is obtained at TP7 and TP27. To make the sound pleasant and harmonic bass and treble section is provided along with a pre amplifier block, connect the signal available at TP7 and TP27 from AA and BB by held of 2mm patch cord. The controlled signal is now available at TP8 and TP28 of the trainer which goes to the input pin of the volume control potentiometer In the bass/ treble section the mid of the bass potentiometer is TP13 and TP33 and for treble potentiometer it is TP14 and TP34. The input signal which is present at pin no 1 is taken from pin no 2 of the same potentiometer the other point of the potentiometer remains grounded. The signal coming out from the potentiometer travels through TP10, TP30 and TP9, TP29 goes to pin no 8 of IC101 and IC51 (TBA 810). This pin 8 is the input pin of the amplifier IC. The pin no 12 of the same IC is the output pin of the amplifier. The signal obtained at TP9 and TP29 after amplification is available on pin no 12. The amplified signal now flows through capacitor C111 and C61 are now available at TP11, TP31, and TP18 & TP38. As SW-7 and SW-15 is in play position the same signal also reaches TP12 and TP32 respectively which enable to hear the sound by connecting the speaker(L/R) in E.P. socket or indicate by glowing LEDs in the output level indication block. 6. Principle of Recording : The figure indicates the different part present in the tape recorder mechanism unit. The reel, two pulleys along with long tape is present. The reel is attached to one end of the tape and after that full reel is wound on it. The other end of the tape after passing through two pulleys is attached to the other reel. The tape present in the cassette is made up of thin plastic material. Magnetic material is present in the above portion of the tape. If any electric current is passed near to this magnetic material of the tape, due to the magnetic property of electric current, that particular portion of tape gets converted to small temporary magnets. The distance between North Pole and South Pole of these small temporary magnets depends on the speed of the tape as well as the direction of current. This process of conversion into magnetic property of the rotating tape is termed as recording. The required current for recording to feed to the tape head situated properly within the gap of the tape head. This gap of the tape head keeps on touching the rotating tape and thus recording takes place over the tape. The sound which is recorded is converted into the audio signal by the help of microphone. The low level signals are amplified by pre amplifier and amplifier circuit thus converting into high level audio current. This current is further provided to the tape head for recording purpose.

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7.

Recording Position Left Channel : During recording operation signal flows from microphone passes through C54 & C104 and is obtained at TP16&36 as switch SW2&SW10 are in recording position, signal passes through C103 & C53 (4.7F/ 63V) reaches the base of pre-amplifier transistor. The emitter of this transistor is grounded & positive voltage is obtained at the collector terminal. The amplified signal from the collector terminal passes through the capacitor C102 & C52 (4.7 F/ 63V) and comes to TP14 & TP24.As switch SW5 & SW13 are in Recording position signal is obtained at TP10 & TP30 .The signal of TP9 & TP29 goes to the input of IC101 (TDA810) at pin no.8 .The signal after amplification is obtained at pin no.12 of the IC .This signal passes through capacitor C111 & C61 (330V/ 35V) and is obtained at TP11, 31 & TP18, TP38 respectively .As switch SW8 & SW16 are in recording position so the signal are obtained at TP19 & TP39 which is further indicated by the glowing of LED by this LED it is conformed that the signal is getting recorded properly. This recording signal passes through resistance R106 & R56 (22K) and can be viewed at TP20 & TP40 respectively .This signal is given to the head through wire connection as switch SW1 & SW9 are in recording position TP5 & TP25 get grounded. By this process signal reaches the head. Now it play/record switch are pressed at the same time, the tape first touches the erase head. (In this particular tape recorder trainer magnets are present along with the erase head as result AC voltage are required to get it erase). By this process the program which is recorded on the tape gets erased, after this the tape touches the R/P head on which signal is present. This signal now gets recorded easily over the tape.

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Experiment 5 Objective : Study of various types of fault simulated in the trainer Fault 1 Symptoms Reason Fault 2 Symptoms Reason Fault 3 Symptoms : : : : : : : : This fault is inserted by placing jumper J1 on pin 1&2. Due to this motor will not move hence cassettes also will not move. This fault disconnects +12V supply at the pin 1of IC 101 (7812). This fault is inserted by placing jumper J2 on pin 1&2. Due to this fault both the channels will not work but motor will move. This fault disconnects the operating +12V supply of the circuit. This fault is inserted by placing jumper J3 on pin 1&2. Due to this fault, though the cassette will move we will not listen any recorded audio signal at TP9. If we click any metallic item then we can listen audio signal on speaker it means output amplifier section is OK. This fault stop the audio output signal of pre-amplifier to reach TP7 The same kind of fault is inserted with jumper J9 for right channel. This fault is inserted by placing jumper J4 on pin 2 & 3. Due to this fault, at the time of recording (according to the recording procedure) the LED do not glow and audio signals are not recorded on the magnetic tape. Due to this fault, connection between microphone and preamplifier is cut hence output will not come at TP16. The same kind of fault is inserted with jumper J10 for right channel. This fault is inserted by placing jumper J5 on pin 1 & 2. Cassette will be played but the recorded audio signals will not be converted to sound by speaker. This fault disconnects one track of R/P head. Due to this R/P Head do not reproduce the recorded sound. The same kind of fault is inserted with jumper J11 for right channel. This fault is inserted by placing jumper J6 on pin 1 & 2. Cassette will be played but the recorded audio signals will not be converted to sound by speaker.

Reason Note Fault 4 Symptoms

: : : :

Reason Note Fault 5 Symptoms Reason Note Fault 6 Symptoms

: : : : : : : :

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Reason Note Fault 7 Symptoms Reason Note Fault 8 Symptoms Reason Note Fault 9 Symptoms Reason

: : : : : : : : : : : : :

This fault stops reproduced sound signal to reach to the preamplifier section by disconnecting the track. The same kind of fault is inserted with jumper J12 for right channel. This fault is inserted by placing jumper J7 on pin 1&2. Due to this fault right channel will work properly but left channel will stop functioning completely. This fault disconnects operating power supply +12V of left channel. The same kind of fault is inserted with jumper J13 for right channel. This fault is inserted by placing jumper J8 on pin 1&2. Though IC 810 amplifies the audio signal but loud speaker does not reproduce sound signals. This fault stops the amplified audio signal to be fed to loud speaker. The same kind of fault is inserted with jumper J14 for right channel. This fault is inserted by placing jumper J16 on pin 1&2. Bass and treble will not work at all. This fault cut the operating power supply voltage +9V approximately given to the bass/treble section.

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Experiment 6 Objective : Study of the fault related to tape mechanism. 1. Tape does not move in the playback position : a. b. c. d. e. 2. a. b. c. d. e. f. 3. a. b. c. d. 4. a. b. c. d. e. 5. a. b. Belt loose, broken or has come off Defective motor Supply not reaching the motor Pinch-roller is not pressing the capstan. Insufficient pressure of the Pinch-roller Layer of dirt or tape material deposited on capstan Worn hardened or dented pinch roller. Insufficient pressure capstan Worn. Dented or bent capstan. Defective motor Worn or loose bell. Pinch-roller not pressing the Plastic side is contacting the Head. Tape has got twisted and the Plastic side is connecting Plastic side is connecting the Head. Due to sticking of tape on the supply spool tape guides or heads. Excessive pressure of the spring on the Head Take up shaft not pressing Oily or greasy take-up back, reel base. If a separate belt has been used for take-up the same may be lost or broken. Insufficient pressure of the clutch Defense Cassette tape. The reminding idler is not pressing proper on the idler and base of takeup reel. The driven wheel not pressing properly on the fly wheel

Tape motion is irregular Resulting in wow or flutter :

Some whistling sound is Heard playback :

Tape is not wound on the take up reel while recording or playing :

No rewinding :

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c. d. 6. a. b. c. 7.

Oily or greasy idler wheel or supply reel base. If a separate belt has been used for rewinding it may be loose or broken. The driven wheels not pressing the take-up reel base Oily or greasy idler wheel or take-up reel If a separate bell has been used for fast forward winding (and rewinding) it may have becomes loose or broken. Pinch-roller arm is bent The pressure-pad used for pressing the recording head missing the spring is loose. Test Points

No fast forward winding :

The tape moves up or down on the capstan and the edges are wrapped. : a. b.

Test Point No. TP1 TP2 TP3 TP23 TP4 TP24 TP5 TP25 TP6 TP26 TP7 TP27 TP8 TP28 TP9 TP29 TP10 TP30 TP11

Section Power supply section Power supply section Output amplifier section Pre-amplifier section

Voltages for Play Position 13V approximately 12V approximately 13V approximately 2.8V approximately Audio Signal 30mVpp (Voltage depend on audio tape) Audio Signal 30mVpp (Voltage depend on audio tape) Audio Signal 0.1Vpp (Voltage depend on audio tape) Audio Signal 0.1Vpp (Voltage depend on audio tape) Audio Signal 0.1Vpp (Voltage depend on volume control) Audio Signal 0.1Vpp (Voltage depend on volume control) Audio Signal 12Vpp (Voltage
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Pre-amplifier section

Pre-amplifier section

Pre-amplifier section Bass/treble section Pre-amplifier section Pre-amplifier section Output amplifier section

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

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Test Point No. TP31 TP12 TP32 TP13 TP33 TP14 TP34 TP15 TP35 TP16 TP36 TP17 TP37

Section

Voltages for Play Position depend on volume control)

Output amplifier section

Audio Signal 12Vpp (Voltage depends on volume control) Audio Signal 20mVpp (approximately) Audio Signal 0.1Vpp (approximately) +ve or -ve 0.1Vpp depends on signal variation Audio Signal 1mVpp depends on volume control Audio Signal 0.1Vpp (approximately)

Bass/treble section Bass/treble section Pre-amplifier section Pre-amplifier section Pre-amplifier section

Actual Jumper Position

Figure 9

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Warranty 1) We guarantee the product against all manufacturing defects for 24 months from the date of sale by us or through our dealers. Consumables like dry cell etc. are not covered under warranty. The guarantee will become void, if a) b) c) d) 3) The product is not operated as per the instruction given in the operating manual. The agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed. The customer resells the instrument to another party. Any attempt is made to service and modify the instrument.

2)

The non-working of the product is to be communicated to us immediately giving full details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically mentioning the type, serial number of the product and date of purchase etc. The repair work will be carried out, provided the product is dispatched securely packed and insured. The transportation charges shall be borne by the customer.

4)

List of Accessories 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Patch Cord (2 mm) 16 ........................................................................... 2 Nos. Speaker box 1 Pair ....................................................................................1 No. Mains Cord ...............................................................................................1 No. Jumpers ................................................................................................ 10 Nos. Audio Cassette..........................................................................................1 No. e-Manual ..................................................................................................1 No.
Updated 19-08-2008

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