COUNTERFORT RETAINING WAL DESIGN

Given: fck = 20 fy = 415 N/mm2 N/mm2 25 kN/m

3

Desity of concrete, gconcrete = Height of wall above ground level, H1 = Depth of footing below ground level, d = Weight of earth = Coeff. of friction between concrete and soil = Bearing capacity of soil, fb = Superimposed load due to road traffic,w = 1) Design constant: Coeff. that depends on the bar type, b = Ultimate anchorage bond stress, fbu = fbu = b * fcu 1/2 = Tension anchorage, Ld Ld = (0.87 * fy * f) / (4 * fbu) = Angle of internal friction, f = Coefficient of active pressure, Ka = Ka = (1-sinf)/(1+sinf) = Coefficient of passive pressure, Kp = Ka = (1+sinf)/(1-sinf) = 2) Proportioning of wall components: H1 + d = Height of wall, H = Base width, 2/3* bH = Length of toe slab, btoe = 1/4 * b = Adopt length of toe slab, btoe = Take uniform thickness of stem, tstem = Take thickness of base slab, tbase = Length of heel slab, bheel = Clear spacing of counterforts,L = L = 3.5*(H/g)^(1/4) = Centre-to-centre spacing, Lc-to-c =

7.000 m 1.250 m 18 kN/m3 0.58 2 220 kN/m 20 kN/m2

0.63 2.817 N/mm 32 f 30 degrees 0.333 3.000

2

8.250 m 5.500 m 1.375 m 1.200 m 250 mm 450 mm 4.050 m 2.880 m 3.130 m 3.000 m 400 mm 2.600 m

L+tstem =

Adopt centre-to-centre spacing, Lc-to-c = Assume width of counterfort = Therefore clear spacing btw counterforts = tstem = 250 mm

H2 = #### m

btoe = A

bheel =

4.050 m

b =

5.500 m

3) Stability of wall: The stability of the wall will be checked at working load because safe bearing capacity of soil is in the working load condition. Let W1 = weight of stem W2 = weight of base slab W3 = weight of soil on heel slab W4 = total superimposed road-traffic, over heel slab The calculation are arranged in Table 1.0 Table 1.0: Moment Description Distance Force (kN) S/No. about toe of loads from toe (m) (kN-m) 1 W1 48.75 1.325 64.594 2 3 4 5 W2 W3 W4 W5 MR = 2210.705 2210.705 kN-m 61.875 568.62 0 2.75 3.475 3.475 170.156 1975.955 0.000

SW = 679.245 Therefore, Resisting moment, MR = Horizontal earth pressure,PH P H = K a * g ' * H2 / 2 = Horizontal pressure caused by live load,Pw P w = Ka * w * H =

204.188 kN 0.000 kN

tbase = 450 mm

1.20 m B

H = #### m

Total horizontal force, PTOTAL = Overturning moment, MO MO1 = PH *H/3 = MO2 = (Pw*H/2) = Total overturning moment, MO = Factor of safety against overturning = MR/MO =

204.188 kN

561.516 0.000 561.516 3.937 >

kN-m kN-m kN-m 1.50 Hence safe.

Total horizontal force tending to slide the wall, PTOTAL =

204.188 kN

393.962 kN Resisting force = m * SW = m * SW/PTOTAL = 1.9294 > 1.50 Factor of safety against sliding =

Hence safe.

Pressure distribution: Net moment SM = MR - MO = 2210.705 561.516 = 1649.189 kN Distance x from toe, of the point of application of the resultant is given by 2.428 m x = SM/SW = 2.75 Eccentricity, e = b/2 - x = b/6 = 0.9167 e b/6 , 0.322 m If <

<

2.428

0.322 m

0.9167 m Whole base is under compression,OK kN/m2 <

2 220 kN/m

Pressure p1 under the toe is given by SW/b*(1+(6e/b)) p1 = = 166.885 Pressure p2 under the heel is given by SW/b*(1-(6e/b)) p2 = = 80.114 Pressure intensity p1' under B Pressure intensity p2' under C = =

Hence safe.

kN/m2 < kN/m2 kN/m2

2 220 kN/m

Hence safe.

147.953 144.009

4) Design of heel slab: Consider a strip, 1m wide near the outer edge D. 2 80.114 kN/m ,which is at D. The forces acting near the edge are:(a) Downward load due to weight of earth = (b) Downward load due to selfweight of heel slab = (c) Downward load due to live load = (d) Upward soil pressure of intensity = Hence net downward force at D = p = Also net downward force at C =

140.400 11.250 0 80.114 71.536 7.641

kN/m2 kN/m2 kN/m2 kN/m2 kN/m2 kN/m2

Maximum negative bending moment in heel slab, at counterforts, MU =

load factor = MU = 1.5*p*L2/12 = Layer 1: Tension reinforcement size, f Reinforcement cover, c Characteristic concrete cube strength, fcu Effective depth of tension reinforcement, d Characteristic strength of reinforcement, fy BS 8110-1 Cl. 3.4.4.4 K= MU/bd2fcu = 0.020

= = = = =

1.5 60.448 20 50 20 390.00 415

kN-m mm mm 2 N/mm mm N/mm2

If K <= K', Compression reinforcement is not required z = d(0.5 + sqrt(0.25 - (K/0.9))) = 381.19 mm z = 0.95d = 370.50 mm final z = 370.50 mm As = M/0.87fyz = Minimum reinforcement,AS Provide 12 @ 150 451.88 mm2

= 0.13Ac/100 = 585.0 mm2 mm centres As = 754 mm2

check for shear: Effective depth = fyv =

BS 8110 - 1 fcu = Cl. 3.4.5.2 Design shear force, V = 139.50 kN U Equ. 3. Design shear stress, v = V /b d = 0.358 N/mm2 U v 3.58 N/mm2 Lesser of 0.8sqrt(fcu) or 5.0 N/mm2 = v < lesser 0.8sqrt(fcu) or 5N/mm2 Cl. 3.4.5.4 100As/bvd = 0.1933 Table 3.8. (100A /b d)1/3 = 0.578 s v (400/d)1/4 = 1.006 For members without shear reinforcement. 1/3 (fcu/25) = 0.928 Cl. 3.5.5.3 (1) Check if shear reinforcement is required 2 Table 3.17. vc = 0.79{100As/(bvd)}1/3(400/d)1/4/gm = 0.341 N/mm v < vc Shear reinforcement is required,go to Item No (2) below (2) Check if shear reinforcement is required 2 vc = 0.79{100As/(bvd)}1/3(400/d)1/4/gm = 0.341 N/mm v > vc Provide nominal links in areas where v > vc v < (vc + 0.4) Provide nominal links in areas where v > vc sv = 300.00 mm bar size = 8 mm 2 Nominal As = 0.4bsv/0.95fyv = 304.38 mm Provide 2 legs 8 mm links = 100.53 mm2 OK

390.00 mm b 2 N/mm As 415.0 2 20.0 N/mm

= =

1000 mm 2 754.0 mm

(3) Check if shear reinforcement is required v > (vc + 0.4) Provide nominal links in areas where v > vc, go to Item No. (2) above

v < 0.8sqrt(fcu) or 5N/mm2 Provide nominal links in areas where v > vc, go to Item No. (2) above sv = 290.00 mm bar size = 8 mm 2 As = 0.4bsv(v-vc)/0.95fyv = 4.79 mm Provide 2 legs 8 mm links = 100.53 mm2

5) Design of toe slab: Since the projectionof the toe is small, it is designed as a cantilever fixed at the stem. Intensity of pressure at B 147.953 kN/m2 = Neglecting the weight of soil above the toe slab, the forces acting on the toe slab are:11.250 kN/m2 (i) Downward force due to selfweight of toe slab = (ii) Upward soil pressure on length AB = Ultimate moment B, Load factor = 1.5 MB = 174.901 kN-m 20 mm Layer 1: Tension reinforcement size, f = 50 mm Reinforcement cover, c = 2 Characteristic concrete cube strength, fcu = 20 N/mm Effective depth of tension reinforcement, d Characteristic strength of reinforcement, fy BS 8110-1 Cl. 3.4.4.4 K= MU/bd2fcu = 0.057 = = 390.00 mm 415 N/mm2

If K <= K', Compression reinforcement is not required z = d(0.5 + sqrt(0.25 - (K/0.9))) = 363.25 mm z = 0.95d = 370.50 mm final z = 363.25 mm As = M/0.87fyz = Minimum reinforcement,AS Provide 20 @ 110 1334 mm2

= 0.13Ac/100 = 585.0 mm2 mm centres As = 2856 mm2

check for shear: Since the soil pressure induces compression in the wall the critical section for shear is taken at a distanced from theface of the stem. 390.00 mm from the face of the toe Intensity of pressure at a distance d pE = 160.73 1000 mm Effective depth = 390.00 mm b = 2 2 fyv = 415.0 N/mm As = 2856.0 mm 2 BS 8110 - 1 fcu = 20.0 N/mm Cl. 3.4.5.2 Design shear force, V = #REF! kN U Equ. 3. Design shear stress, v = V /b d = #REF! N/mm2 U v 3.58 N/mm2 Lesser of 0.8sqrt(fcu) or 5.0 N/mm2 = v < lesser 0.8sqrt(fcu) or 5N/mm2 Cl. 3.4.5.4 100As/bvd = 0.7323 Table 3.8. (100A /b d)1/3 = 0.901 s v #REF!

(400/d)1/4 = 1.006 For members without shear reinforcement. 1/3 (fcu/25) = 0.928 Cl. 3.5.5.3 (1) Check if shear reinforcement is required 2 Table 3.17. vc = 0.79{100As/(bvd)}1/3(400/d)1/4/gm = 0.532 N/mm v < vc #REF! (2) Check if shear reinforcement is required 2 vc = 0.79{100As/(bvd)}1/3(400/d)1/4/gm = 0.532 N/mm v > vc #REF! mm 2 304.38 mm 100.53 mm2 8 v < (vc + 0.4) #REF! sv = 300.00 mm bar size = Nominal As = 0.4bsv/0.95fyv = Provide 2 legs

8 mm links =

(3) Check if shear reinforcement is required v > (vc + 0.4) #REF! v < 0.8sqrt(fcu) or 5N/mm2 #REF! sv = 290.00 mm bar size = 8 As = 0.4bsv(v-vc)/0.95fyv = Provide 2 legs 8 mm links = mm 2 #REF! mm 100.53 mm2

Ka = (1-sinf)/(1+sinf) Dry or moist backfill pa = Ka * g * H Submerged backfill pa = Ka * g' * H + gw * H Uniform surcharge pa = Ka * w

Item No. (2) above