PROJECT REPORT ON

SUMMER TRAINING

UNDERTAKEN AT

ELECTRICAL SECTION, SERVICE BLOCK KESHAV DEV MALVIYA INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM EXPLORATION ONGC LTD., DEHRADUN

ON

STUDY AND PREPARATION OF APFC SYSTEM IN 33kV SUB STATION

SUBMITTED BY SAMARTH MEHROTRA III YEAR B.TECH (ELECTRICAL) COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, G.B.P.U.A.T., PANTNAGAR

Index
S.No. 1 2 3 4 Details CERTIFICATE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OFFICE ORDER OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION (ONGC) ONGC ACADEMY KDIMPE STUDY AND MAPPING OF 33KV SUBSTATION LAYOUT SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM GENERATOR SPECIFICATIONS STUDY AND PREPARATION OF APFC SYSTEM POWER FACTOR POWER FACTOR CONTROL POWER FACTOR CONTROL EQUIPMENTS APFC GENERAL DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS CASE STUDY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Samarth Mehrotra, student of III year, B.Tech (Electrical) from College of Technology, G.B.P.U.A.T., has undergone summer training at Electrical Section, Service Block, KDIMPE, ONGC Ltd., Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun, U.K. wef 04.06.2012 to 04.07.2012 under the overall guidance of Shri S. Rana, Deputy General Manager (Electrical)- Training Coordinator. Mr. Samarth Mehrotra has successfully completed his training and has submitted the training Project Report. During the period of training he was found sincere, punctual and regular. His conduct and behaviour were very good.

(S. Rana) Deputy General Manager (Electrical) Training Coordinator Dated: 04.07.2012

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am very thankful to Shri A. Naresh Kumar, DGM (Electrical) - Head, who gave me an opportunity to undergo training at the Electrical Section, Service Block, KDMIPE, ONGC Ltd., Dehradun. I am also thankful to Shri S. Rana, Deputy General Manager (Electrical)-Training Coordinator who organized the training in a systematic manner. I would also like to acknowledge Shri S. S. Thakur, CE (E), M.C. Paul, CE (M), S. Agrawal, CE (E), D.S. Negi, SE (M), R.K. Saini, EE (E) who guided me at through the whole training programme. I would also like to thank all officers/officials who guided and helped me at each and every step I the training programme.

Oil & Natural Gas Corporation

Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) is an Indian state owned oil and gas company headquartered in Dehradun, India. It is one of the largest Asia-based oil and gas exploration and production companies, and produces around 77% of India's crude oil (equivalent to around 30% of the country's total demand) and around 81% of its natural gas. ONGC is one of the largest publicly traded companies by market capitalization in India. It is ranked 361st in the 2011 Fortune Global 500 list and is among the Top 250 Global Energy Company by Platts. ONGC was founded on 14 August 1956 by the Indian state, which currently holds a 74.14% equity stake. It is involved in exploring for and exploiting hydrocarbons in 26 sedimentary basins of India, and owns and operates over 11,000 kilometres of pipelines in the country. History During the pre-independence period, the Assam Oil Company in the north-eastern and Attock Oil company in north-western part of the undivided India were the only oil companies producing oil in the country, with minimal exploration input. The major part of Indian sedimentary basins was deemed to be unfit for development of oil and gas resources. After independence, the national Government realized the importance oil and gas for rapid industrial development and its strategic role in defence. Consequently, while framing the Industrial Policy Statement of 1948, the development of petroleum industry in the country was considered to be of utmost necessity. Until 1955, private oil companies mainly carried out exploration of hydrocarbon resources of India. In Assam, the Assam Oil Company was producing oil at Digboi (discovered in 1889) and Oil India Ltd. (a 50% joint venture between Government of India and Burmah Oil Company) was engaged in developing two newly discovered large fields Naharkatiya and Moraan in Assam. In West Bengal, the IndoStanvac Petroleum project (a joint venture between Government of India and Standard Vacuum Oil Company of USA) was engaged in exploration work. The vast sedimentary tract in other parts of India and adjoining offshore remained largely unexplored. In 1955, Government of India decided to develop the oil and natural gas resources in the various regions of the country as part of the Public Sector development. With this objective, an Oil and Natural Gas Directorate was set up towards the end of 1955, as a subordinate office under the then Ministry of Natural Resources and Scientific Research. The department was constituted with a nucleus of geoscientists from the Geological survey of India.

A delegation under the leadership of Mr. K D Malviya, the-then Minister of Natural Resources, visited several European countries to study the status of oil industry in those countries and to facilitate the training of Indian professionals for exploring potential oil and gas reserves. Experts from Romania, the Soviet Union, the United States and West Germany subsequently visited India and helped the government with their expertise. Soviet experts later drew up a detailed plan for geological and geophysical surveys and drilling operations to be carried out in the 2nd Five Year Plan (1956-57 to 1960-61). In April 1956, the Government of India adopted the Industrial Policy Resolution, which placed mineral oil industry among the schedule 'A' industries, the future development of which was to be the sole and exclusive responsibility of the state. Soon, after the formation of the Oil and Natural Gas Directorate, it became apparent that it would not be possible for the Directorate with its limited financial and administrative powers as subordinate office of the Government, to function efficiently. So in August, 1956, the Directorate was raised to the status of a commission with enhanced powers, although it continued to be under the government. In October 1959, the Commission was converted into a statutory body by an act of the Indian Parliament, which enhanced powers of the commission further. The main functions of the Oil and Natural Gas Commission subject to the provisions of the Act, were to plan, promote, organize and implement programmes for development of Petroleum Resources and the production and sale of petroleum and petroleum products produced by it, and to perform such other functions as the Central Government may, from time to time, assign to it . The act further outlined the activities and steps to be taken by ONGC in fulfilling its mandate. 1961 to 2000 Since its inception, ONGC has been instrumental in transforming the country's limited upstream sector into a large viable playing field, with its activities spread throughout India and significantly in overseas territories. In the inland areas, ONGC not only found new resources in Assam but also established new oil province in Cambay basin (Gujarat), while adding new petroliferous areas in the Assam-Arakan Fold Belt and East coast basins (both inland and offshore). ONGC went offshore in early 70's and discovered a giant oil field in the form of Bombay High, now known as Mumbai High. This discovery, along with subsequent discoveries of huge oil and gas fields in Western offshore changed the oil scenario of the country. Subsequently, over 5 billion tonnes of hydrocarbons, which were present in the country, were discovered. The most important contribution of ONGC, however, is its self-reliance and development of core competence in E&P activities at a globally competitive level.

A turning point in the history of Indias oil sector was in 1994. While the oil sector was on the backburner of India's political realm for some time, it was brought to the forefront by the privatization of India's leading oil E&P organization, the ONGC. Simultaneously, there were steps taken for the enhancement of production on the Bombay High oil fields as the result of a 150 billion development investment. One of Asia's largest oil E&P companies, ONGC became a publicly held company as of February 1994, following the Indian government's decision to privatize. Eighty percent of ONGC assets were subsequently owned by the government, the other 20% were sold to the public. At this time, ONGC employed 48,000 people and had reserves and surpluses worth 104.34 billion, in addition to its intangible assets. The corporation's net worth of 107.77 billion was the largest of any Indian company. After its initial privatization, ONGC had authorized capital of 150 billion: it also met its need to raise 35 billion to invest in viable oil and gas projects. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) had also set a deadline for privatizing and restructuring at 30 June 1994, if loans were to be granted for development of two ONGC projects. As a consequence of the successful privatization, the loans were grantedUS$267 million for development of Gandhar Field, and US$300 million for the gas flaring reduction project in the Bombay Basin. The successfully formulated and implemented privatization strategy put ONGC at par with other large multinational and domestic oil companies. 2000 to present In 2006 a commemorative coin set was issued to mark the 50th anniversary of the founding of ONGC, making it only the second Indian company (alongside State Bank of India) to have such a coin issued in its honour. In 2011, ONGC applied to purchase of 2000 acres of land at Dahanu to process offshore gas. ONGC Videsh, along with Statoil ASA (Norway) and Repsol SA (Spain), has been engaged in deepwater drilling off the northern coast of Cuba in 2012. ONGC Videsh ONGC Videsh Limited (OVL) is the international arm of ONGC. It was rechristened on 15 June 1989. It currently has 14 oil and projects across 15 countries. Its oil and gas production reached 8.87 MMT of O+oEG in 2010, up from 0.252 MMT of O+OEG in 2002/03. ONGC Tripura Power Company ONGC Tripura Power Company Ltd. is a joint venture which was formed in September 2008 between ONGC, Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services Limited and the Government of Tripura. It is developing a 726.6 MW CCGT thermal power generation

project at Palatana in Tripura which will supply electricity to the power deficit areas of the north eastern states of the country.

ONGC Academy Introduction ONGC Academy is located in the lush green environment of the Himalayas at DehraDun. Known previously as Institute of Management Development (IMD), it was form ally rechristened as O NGC Academy on Novem ber 2, 2003 by C&MD Mr. Subir Raha. It is ONGC's premier nodal agency for training and developing human resources. The Institute emerged out of SWOT analysis carried out by the organisation in 1982. Designing parameters for measuring performance of human resources, succession planning, mapping of individual relations scenario, work climate and work culture analysis and managing change are some of the areas of research related to management development. To serve this purpose, the Academy is committed to excellence in the cause of HRD and of the availability of appropriate systems and procedures with a view to ensure managerial effectiveness, quality and productivity in E&P Sector. ONGC Academy is also responsible for coordinating training/seminars for ONGC executives abroad. The academy has acquired ISO-9001 certificate through implementation of quality assurance system. Faculty, Pedagogy & Curriculum FACULTY ONGC Academy has an experienced core and visiting external faculty from in-house, industry and top national institutions who possess specialization, experience, institutional affiliation and temperament. PEDAGOGY The Pedagogy is interactive and participative and the methods include lectures, cases, seminars, group discussions, business games, role plays, simulation exercises, structured and unstructured group work and field visits. Functional areas are discussed in the context of opportunities for internationalizing business and enhancing the organizations responsiveness to the rapidly changing technology and market forces in the emerging global scenario. Eminent academicians, policy makers and senior executives deliver extensive lectures to the faculty and the participants.

CURRICULUM Training programmes are as per the specific requirements catering to the fresh graduate trainees, middle and senior level corporate executives. Refresher, awareness and exposure courses in the field of geo-science, production, and reservoir engineering, emerging technologies and managerial aspects for the national international oil companies are conducted regularly. Programme on joint ventures, negotiations, pricerisk analysis, cost reduction, advanced petroleum management etc. are added features of the training curriculum. Infrastructure Well-equipped air-conditioned auditorium, with a capacity of 220 for seminars and conferences; Lecture halls with audio-visual systems. Air-conditioned hall for conducting video sessions on wide screen video displays. Library with a vast collection of books related to the oil industry and latest managerial subjects. A fully equipped computer centre with a host of PCs connected through LAN Excellent cut models of diesel engine, motor and simulators as training aids. Physical training and yoga, squash, badminton, tennis, billiards and table tennis.

Medical facilities Furnished hostel accommodation for 160 participants and a VIP Guest house Alliances Formal alliances with reputed organizations and Institutions like ASCI, Hyderabad, MDI (Management Development Institute), Gurgaon, IMI, New Delhi, ICWAI, New Delhi, Andhra University, Roorkee University, and the Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad have helped the Institute to provide quality Dissemination of knowledge. The R&D wing of ONGC Academy is continuously engaged in updating Strategic HRD plans to improve productivity, efficiency and effectiveness of ONGC executives.

Thrust Areas Development of core faculty in new areas Marketing HRD expertise to E&P industry Trainings oriented to : Organizational restructuring and transformation Information technology

 Clients

Business process re-engineering Hi-tech exploration techniques Enhanced oil recovery Cost estimation and cost control Diversification and marketing of training services Training of trainers Generation of ONGC related case studies

Oil India Ltd. Enpro India Ltd. Essar Oil Ltd. Reliance Petroleum Ltd. Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation Ltd. Companies operating in Philippines, Malagasy, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Uganda, Tanzania, Vietnam, Kazakhstan, Yemen, Iraq and Nigeria

KDMIPE: Keshava Deva Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration Introduction Keshava Deva Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration (KDMIPE) is located in picturesque valley of Dehradun in the state of Uttranchal. It was founded in 1962 with an objective to provide geo-scientific back up to the exploratory efforts of India's National oil company, ONGC. The Institute was rechristened as Keshava Deva Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration (KDMIPE) on 19th December, 1981 by the then Prime Minister of India Late Mrs. Indira Gandhi in the memory of the Father of Indian Petroleum industry and first chairman of ONGC - Late Shri Keshava Deva Malaviya. Since its inception the Institute is continuously providing its geoscientific support towards finding more oil and gas in various basins within India and globally, wherever ONGC is seeking business. Presently the Institute is the nodal agency for multidisciplinary synergistic basin scale and domain specific research in exploration. The Institute has strength of around 300 highly experienced scientists and technical officers in the field of Geoscientific research,

Basin research, Resource and Acreages appraisal and E&P data management. It is equipped with state of the art facilities, soft wares and cutting edge technologies. The Institute caters to the needs of all the basins currently under active exploration and producing Assets, both in India as well as overseas operation by our sister company ONGC Videsh Limited. We also provide consultancy services in areas of geoscience and exploration to national and international oil companies. KDMIPE has been an ISO: 9001:2000 certified institute from 3.12.2004 to 03.12.2007. To achieve the highest standard of Quality , Health, Safety and Environment, KDMIPE has strived to get QHSE certificate and the same was awarded to KDMIPE on 13th June, 2008. Keshava Deva Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration is a sub-unit of the public sector petroleum giant Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited. The product developed at KDMIPE relates to various processes and technologies connected to exploration technology. Various innovations, problem solving measures, indigenous resourcing and applied R&D are carried out that totally caters to the requirements of the different assets/ basins of its parent company, ONGC. The parent company provides the key support required for functioning of the institute, which includes Manpower, Finance, Infrastructure, Equipments, etc and facilitates Field Validation. Our Core strengths are: * Basin evaluation and opening of new areas of exploration. * Geoscientific laboratory analysis (Sedimentology, Biostratigraphy, Geochemistry, Reservoir, Petrophysics, and Gravity-Magnetic). * Developing exploration concepts and models. * Play models and petroleum systems. * Attain breakthrough in exploration in frontier basins. * Hydrocarbon Resource Appraisal of Indian and foreign basins. * E&P data network. * Induction of appropriate technologies and related skills. With an objective to foster Applied - Basic and Fundamental research continuum in the field of G&G and petroleum exploration, the Institute has been developing academiaindustry strategic alliances in the form of R&D collaboration with various National and International universities and Institutes. Our national collaborative partners are Andhra

University, BHU, Varanasi, Calcutta University, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Indian School of Mines (ISM) Dhanbad, National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI) Hyderabad, Dibrugarh University, Presidency College, Delta Studies Institute (DSI), Visakhapatnam and WIHG. In the international arena we had collaboration with ARC, Canada, UNOCAL, Oregon State University, University of Southern California, and EGI, USA, BGR, Germany, IFP France, Cambridge University, UK and Petroleum Gas University of Ploiesti, Romania. We have recently taken new initiatives in non-conventional energy sources, and inducted Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), Sea Bed Logging (SBL), Q-Marine and GX Technology and other contemporary processing and interpretation softwares on application tools. Institute with its intellect and state of the art technology continuously strive for improving success ratio in exploration and opening up of new basins and provinces for overall energy security of the nation. PETROLEUM ECONOMICS & RESOURCE APPRAISAL CAPABILITIES * Techno commercial evaluation of blocks / acreages of Indian and Foreign sedimentary basins * Designing fiscal packages for competitive bidding in Indian (NELP) and overseas * Estimation of YTF hydrocarbon * Assess hydrocarbon resource potential of Frontier areas * Monitoring global E&P activities BASIN RESEARCH GROUP It constitutes the core discipline which generates concepts and geological models leading to an enhanced understanding required for hydrocarbon exploration in a basin. We provide: Integrated interpretation of multi-disciplinary geoscientific data for basin analysis and identification of hydrocarbon locales for future exploration Evaluation of the national and international acreages / prospects for techno -economic feasibility and risk assessment 3-D quantitative genetic modeling for better understanding of generation, migration and entrapment potential Regional understanding of the various basins including the frontier areas Integrated approach for prospect delineation through geological concepts

CAPABILITIES * 2D /3D seismic data interpretation and 3 D volume visualization * Seismic and Petroleum sequence stratigraphic studies * Regional Tectono-stratigraphy * Depositional model and play identification * Integrated basin analysis * Quantitative Genetic basin modeling * Prospect evaluation and prioritization GEOSCIENCES RESEARCH SEDIMENTOLOGY LAB CAPABILITIES Clastic, carbonate and field sedimentology Cores and outcrop megascopic description Granulometry and heavy mineral analysis Thin section petrography of carbonate and clastic reservoirs Diagenetic studies using SEM - EDX,XRD Trace element studies through XRF spectrometry, wet chemical analysis and spectrophotometry Integration of lithofacies data with wireline logs Predicting Depositional Models PALEONTOLOGY LAB CAPABILITIES High resolution multimicrofossil biostratigraphy using foraminifera, Ostracoda and nannoplanktons Dating of source, reservoir and cap facies, inter and intrabasinal correlation Reconstruction of paleobathymetry, Relative sea level changes, T/ R cycles Anoxic events

 Delineation of unconformities / hiatuses Sequence biostratigraphy Paleodepositional models PALYNOLOGY LAB CAPABILITIES * High resolution biostratigraphy using Spores-Pollen, Dinoflagellate cysts, and Acritarch * Dating ofsediments * Identification ofhiatuses * Paleoenvironmental analysis * Development of a comprehensive depositional model GE0CHR0N0L0GY LAB CAPABILITIES Dating of unfossiliferous sediments, metamorphic events, diagenetic events and intrusives. Time of gas emplacement in the reservoir Defining age boundaries and correlation of stratigraphic levels Origin and mixing of brines and tracing the injection waters Thermochronology FISSION TRACK LAB CAPABILITIES * Thermal/subsidence history * Dating ofigneous and metamorphic rocks Dating ofsedimentary rocks Provenance record * Establishing chronology and correlation within sedimentary sequences by dating marker horizons FACILITIES * Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Cathodoluminescence microscopy X-Ray Diffractometry XRF spectrometry * Discussion barstereozoom microscopes

* Biostratigraphic data management software StrataBugs v 1.8 * State ofthe art polarizing microscopes MM-1200 Noble Gas Mass Spectrometer VG354 * Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometer * Autoscan Fission TrackDating System REMOTE SENSING CAPABILITIES * Satellite Altimetry and Multi Sensor Satellite data interpretation * Digital image processing and analysis * Data management through GIS * Detection of Oil spills * SAR data interpretation * Gamma Ray Spectrometry * Thermal Infrared data analysis RESERVOIR GROUP The Group is divided into two main groups viz. Reservoir - 1 and Reservoir -2. It is further divided into different labs. RESERVOIR ANALYSIS GROUP/LAB CAPABILITIES * Permeability prediction (integrating both core & well log data) employing techniques based on Alternating Conditional Expectation (ACE) algorithm and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). * Ultimate objective is to develop basin-wise applicable permeability model (R & D work with such an objective is not being carried out at any work centers of ONGC). * Lithofacies prediction applying Artificial Neural Network and log -core correlation. * Generation of 2-D & 3-D variations of reservoir properties to characterize reservoir heterogeneity via application of Geostatistics. * Reservoir performance analysis via Material Balance, Decline Curves & Numerical Reservoir Simulation.

Facilities available Gridstat software based on Geostatistics used for making 2 D & 3 D map of properties variation. Permeability and lithofacies prediction by integrating core and log data by adapting state of the art methodologies-Alternating Conditional Expectation (ACE) Algorithm and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). FLOW ASSURANCE LAB CAPABILITIES * Mitigation of paraffin deposition problems by Chemical Methodology. * Flow Assurance studies of crude oils. * Physico chemical Characterization of Crudes including quantitative analysis of Wax, Asphaltenes andResins. * Assessment of wax deposition tendencies within the flow line system. Laboratory flow loop testing for Paraffin Inhibition and * Dispersion under field condition. * Estimation of Wax Appearance Temperature of Crudes under field condition. * Transformation of Bench Scale studies in to Field to enhance the production. SOFTWARE * Software based on (ACE&ANN) for permeability estimation * Reservoir characterization software (Grid STATPro) * Software on Material Balance and Decline Curve Analysis EQUIPMENTS / APPARATUS * Reservoir conditioned core flow apparatus (Vinci-Make-2003). Return core flow studies at reservoir simulated condition. Max Pressure: 5000 psi; Temp: 1500C * HP-HT acid corrosion cell (Chandler Make-2002) Max Pressure : 10000 psi;Temp:2600C * Cold finger apparatus * Auto cloud and pour point apparatus * Rheometer MCR -300

GEOPHYSICS GROUP Geophysics Group is active in acquisition, processing and interpretation of Gravity and Magnetic data. It acquires on land GM data with state of the art gravity meter, proton precision magnetometer, DGPS and other survey equipments. The Division has high level of expertise in processing of GM data for both marine and land customized for a typical data set. Division provides integrated Interpretation of Seismic, Gravity, Magnetic and other geo-scientific data. CAPABILITIES * API of onland Gravity & Magnetic (GM) and Magneto-Telluric (MT) data * Processing and Interpretation of marine GM data. * Integrated interpretation and Modeling of GM, MT, Seismic and other Geo-scientific data. * Development of application software for GM data. and Pre-stack elastic wave equation Modeling in heterogeneous earth. Technology Available * Micro Gravity Meter (CG-5), Proton Precession, Magnetometers, Susceptibility meter. * MT API system, first of its kind in ONGC along with modeling software. * DGPS and Total station. * 2D/3D GM Modeling Software. * Software for processing Marine GM data. * Seismic and GM IIWS. * MT API system, first of its kind in ONGC LOGGING GROUP Logging Group carries out field studies based upon well log data processing / interpretation and its integration with core and production data including evaluation of low resistivity, complex lithology and unconventional reservoirs. Petrophysical and Natural Gamma Ray Spectroscopic (NGS) studies on core samples provide necessary parameters (a, m, n, K, Vp, Vs clay type etc.) for data processing and validation of results. Analysis of Dipmeter / Image log data and core derived K, Th., U concentrations

help in geological modeling. The group contains three divisions namely Formation Evaluation, NGS Lab and Petrophysics Lab. Capabilities I. Comprehensive well Log data processing & Interpretation and its integration with core studies and production data. II. Evaluation of Low Resistivity, complex lithology and unconventional Reservoirs. III. Estimation, contouring and mapping of Average Reservoir Parameters such as porosity, water saturation, pay thickness. IV. Dipmeter /Image Log Data Processing and Interpretation for depositional environment and subsurface structural / stratigraphic features, sand geometry etc. V. Generation of Electro-facies for stratigraphic correlation. Processing and Interpretation of Well Log data of Foreign Basins. VI. Technical support to Deep Water, Gas Hydrate, Shale Gas and CBM projects GEOCHEMISTRY GROUP Capabilities of Geochemistry Group-I A. Surface Geochemical Exploration * Evaluation of prospectivity area * Prospect identification * Ranking of drilling prospects B. Microbial prospecting * Ranking and comparison of wild cat prospects * Hydrocarbon micro seepage * Measurement of new and offset prospects * Reservoir delineation * Bypassed pockets of oil reserves C. High Resolution Geochemical Techniques Isotope Geochemistry * Genetic characterization of natural gas

* Maturity of the source and gas * Type of organic matter * Gas-gas and gas-source correlation * Oil-oil and oil-source correlation * Delineation of geological boundaries (especially KT Boundary) Biomarker Geochemistry * Source input * Environment of deposition * Maturity * Oil-oil and oil-source correlation * Migration pathways * Age of oil/ source rock Capabilities of Geochemistry Group-II Source Rock Geochemistry * Source rock identification and characterization * Depositional environment * Kerogen kinetics * Thermal maturation modeling * Mapping of spatial and temporal distribution of source rocks * Petroleum system basin modeling * Charge estimation * Prioritization of prospects * Identification of organic matter type by maceral composition analysis. * Determination of thermal maturity of organic matter in coals/ shales. * Detection of intrusive effect in the study area * Characterization of CBM potential in coals.

Oil Geochemistry * Oil characterization * Oil-oil correlation * Oil-source correlation * Biodegradation of oil including evaluation of tar deposit * Characterization of wax and* asphaltene deposits to solve downhole problems. * Compartmentalisation of reservoir * Identification of pay zones (SWC) Hydrogeochemistry * Formation water characterisation * Hydrogeochemical mapping * Chemostratigraphic study of * biostratigraphically barren sequences * Trace element fingerprinting of crude oil

Study of the Electrical Sub -Station

Substation Layout:

A 33kV sub station is located in the KDIMPE campus that receives 33kV line via underground cable from Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited. This is first routed through Main Oil Circuit Breakers and then channelled through transformers to receive 415V (3 Phase)supply that is then supplied to the campus via a Circuit Breaker Installation and an Automatic Power Factor Controller Unit. There is also a Diesel Generator station as backup for use in power outages. A single line diagram of the complete circuit is shown below.

Fig: Single line diagram of the Substation

Generator House:
The Generator House consists of 4 diesel generator units. It also houses the necessary synchronisation panel for proper functioning of the 4 units simultaneously.

Fig: Layout of the Generator House

Specification of KTA-3067G Diesel Generator Set Unit: Make of engine: Cummins Model of engine: KTA3067G Sr. no. of engine: 25142302 Capacity: 880KW at 1500RPM

Power Factor
Introduction
The electrical energy is almost exclusively generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of alternating current. Therefore, the question of power factor immediately comes into picture. Most of the loads (e.g. induction motors, arc lamps) are inductive in nature and hence have low lagging power factor. The low power factor is highly undesirable as it causes an increase in current, resulting in additional losses of active power in all the elements of power system from power station generator down to the utilisation devices. In order to ensure most favourable conditions for a supply system from engineering and economic standpoint, it is important to have power factor as close to unity as possible.

Power Factor
The cosine of angle between voltage and current in an a.c. circuit is known as power factor. In an a.c. circuit, there is generally a phase difference between voltage and current. The term cos is called the power factor of the circuit. If the circuit is inductive, the current lags behind the voltage and the power factor is referred to as lagging. However, in a capacitive circuit, current leads the voltage and power factor is said to be leading. Consider an inductive circuit taking a lagging current I from supply voltage V; the angle of lag being . The phasor diagram of the circuit is shown in Fig. The circuit current I can be resolved into two perpendicular components, namely; (a) I cos in phase with V (b) I sin , 90o out of phase with V The component I cos is known as active or wattful component, whereas component I sin is called the reactive or wattless component. The reactive component is a measure of the power factor. If the reactive component is small, the phase angle is small and hence power factor cos will be high. Therefore, a circuit having small reactive current (i.e., I sin will have high power factor and vice -versa. It may be noted that value of power factor can never be more than unity. (i) It is a usual practice to attach the word lagging or leading with the numerical value of power factor to signify whether the current lags or leads the voltage. Thus if the circuit has a p.f. of 05 and the current lags the voltage, we generally write p.f. as 05 lagging.

(ii) Sometimes power factor is expressed as a percentage. Thus 08 lagging power factor may be expressed as 80% lagging.

Power Triangle
The analysis of power factor can also be made in terms of power drawn by the a.c. circuit. If each side of the current triangle oab of Fig. 6.1 is multiplied by voltage V, then we get the power triangle OAB shown in Fig. where OA = VI cos and represents the active power in watts or kW AB = VI sin and represents the reactive power in VAR or kVAR OB = VI and represents the apparent power in VA or kVA The following points may be noted form the power triangle: The following points may be noted form the power triangle: (i) The apparent power in an a.c. circuit has two components viz., active and reactive power at right angles to each other. 2 2 2 2 2 2 OB =OA + AB or (apparent power) = (active power) + (reactive power) or 2 2 2 (kVA) = (kW) + (kVAR) (ii) Power factor, cos Thus the power factor of a circuit may also be defined as the ratio of active power to the apparent power. This is a perfectly general definition and can be applied to all cases, whatever be the waveform. (iii) The lagging* reactive power is responsible for the low power factor. It is clear from the power triangle that smaller the reactive power component, the higher is the power factor of the circuit. kVAR = kVA sin =kW sin /cos kVAR = kW tan (iv) For leading currents, the power triangle becomes reversed. This fact provides a key to the power factor improvement. If a device taking leading reactive power (e.g. capacitor) is connected in parallel with the load, then the lagging reactive power of the load will be partly neutralised, thus improving the power factor of the load. (v) The power factor of a circuit can be defined in one of the following three ways: (a)Power factor = cos = cosine of angle between V and I (b)Power factor =R/Z = Resistance/Impedance

(c) Power factor = =Real Power/Apparent Power (vi) The lagging* reactive power is responsible for the low power factor. It is clear from the power triangle that smaller the reactive power component, the higher is the power factor of the circuit. (vii) For leading currents, the power triangle becomes reversed. This fact provides a key to the power factor improvement. If a device taking leading reactive power (e.g. capacitor) is connected in parallel with the load, then the lagging reactive power of the load will be partly neutralised, thus improving the power factor of the load. (viii) The reactive power is neither consumed in the circuit nor it does any useful work. It merely flows back and forth in both directions in the circuit. A wattmeter does not measure reactive power. Illustration. Let us illustrate the power relations in an a.c. circuit with an example. Suppose a circuit draws a current of 10 A at a voltage of 200 V and its p.f. is 08 lagging. Then, Apparent power = VI = 200 10 = 2000 VA Active power = VI cos = 200 10 08 = 1600 W Reactive power = VI sin = 200 10 06 = 1200 VAR The circuit receives an apparent power of 2000 VA and is able to convert only 1600 watts into active power. The reactive power is 1200 VAR and does no useful work. It merely flows into and out of the circuit periodically. In fact, reactive power is a liability on the source because the source has to supply the additional current (i.e., I sin ).

Disadvantages of Low Power Factor

The power factor plays an importance role in a.c. circuits since power consumed depends upon this factor. It is clear from above that for fixed power and voltage, the load current is inversely proportional to the power factor. Lower the power factor, higher is the load current and vice-versa. A power factor less than unity results in the following disadvantages: (i) Large kVA rating of equipment. The electrical machinery (e.g., alternators, transformers, switchgear) is always rated in *kVA. Now, kVA =kWcos . It is clear that kVA rating of the equipment is inversely proportional to power factor. The smaller the power factor, the larger is the kVA rating. Therefore, at low power factor, the kVA rating of the equipment has to be made more, making the equipment larger and expensive. (ii) Greater conductor size. To transmit or distribute a fixed amount of power at constant voltage, the conductor will have to carry more current at low power factor. This necessitates large conductor size. For example, take the case of a single phase a.c. motor having an input of 10 kW on full load, the terminal voltage being 250 V. At unity p.f., the input full load current would be 10,000/250 = 40 A. At 08 p.f; the kVA input would be 10/08 = 125 and the current input

(iii) (iv)

(v)

12,500/250 = 50 A. If the motor is worked at a low power factor of 08, the cross-sectional area of the supply cables and motor conductors would have to be based upon a current of 50 A instead of 40 A which would be required at unity power factor. Large copper losses. 2 The large current at low power factor causes more I R losses in all the elements of the supply system. This results in poor efficiency. Poor voltage regulation. The large current at low lagging power factor causes greater voltage drops in alternators, transformers, transmission lines and distributors. This results in the decreased voltage available at the supply end, thus impairing the performance of utilisation devices. In order to keep the receiving end voltage within permissible limits, extra equipment (i.e., voltage regulators) is required. Reduced handling capacity of system. The lagging power factor reduces the handling capacity of all the elements of the system. It is because the reactive component of current prevents the full utilisation of installed capacity.

The above discussion leads to the conclusion that low power factor is an objectionable feature in the supply system.

Causes of Low Power Factor

Low power factor is undesirable from economic point of view. Normally, the power factor of the whole load on the supply system is lower than 08. The following are the causes of low power factor: (i) Most of the a.c. motors are of induction type (1 and 3 induction motors) which have low lagging power factor. These motors work at a power factor which is extremely small on light load (02 to 03) and rises to 08 or 09 at full load. (ii) Arc lamps, electric discharge lamps and industrial heating furnaces operate at low lagging power factor. (iii) The load on the power system is varying; being high during morning and evening and low at other times. During low load period, supply voltage is increased which increases the magnetisation current. This results in the decreased power factor.

Power Factor Improvement

The low power factor is mainly due to the fact that most of the power loads are inductive and, therefore, take lagging currents. In order to improve the power factor, some device taking leading power should be connected in parallel with the load. One of such devices can be a capacitor. The capacitor draws a leading current and partly or completely neutralises the lagging reactive component of load current. This raises the power factor of the load.

Power Factor Improvement Equipment

Normally, the power factor of the whole load on a large generating station is in the region of 08 to 09. However, sometimes it is lower and in such cases it is generally desirable to take special steps to improve the power factor. This can be achieved by the following equipment: 1. Static capacitors. 2. Synchronous condenser. 3. Phase advancers.

1. Static capacitors:
The power factor can be improved by connecting capacitors in parallel with the equipment operating at lagging power factor. The capacitor (generally known as static capacitor) draws a leading current and partly or completely neutralises the lagging reactive component of load current. This raises the power factor of the load. For three-phase loads, the capacitors can be connected in delta or star as shown in Fig. 6.4. Static capacitors are invariably used for power factor improvement in factories.

Advantages: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

They have low losses. They require little maintenance as there are no rotating parts. They can be easily installed as they are light and require no foundation. They can work under ordinary atmospheric conditions.

Disadvantages (i) They have short service life ranging from 8 to 10 years. (ii) They are easily damaged if the voltage exceeds the rated value. (iii) Once the capacitors are damaged, their repair is uneconomical.

2.

Synchronous condenser:
A synchronous motor takes a leading current when over-excited and, therefore, behaves as a capacitor. An over-excited synchronous motor running on no load is known as synchronous condenser. When such a machine is connected in parallel with the supply, it takes a leading current which partly neutralises the lagging reactive component of the load. Thus the power factor is improved.

Fig 6.5 shows the power factor improvement by synchronous condenser method. The 3 load takes current IL at low lagging power factor cos L. The synchronous condenser takes a current Im which leads the voltage by an angle m*. The resultant current I is the phasor sum of Im and IL and lags behind the voltage by an angle . It is clear that is less than L so that cos is greater than cos L.Thus the power factor is increased from cos L to cos . Synchronous condensers are generally used at major bulk supply substations for power factor improvement.

Advantages (i) By varying the field excitation, the magnitude of current drawn by the motor can be changed by any amount. This helps in achieving stepless control of power factor. (ii) The motor windings have high thermal stability to short circuit currents. (iii) The faults can be removed easily. Disadvantages (i) There are considerable losses in the motor. (ii) The maintenance cost is high. (iii) It produces noise. (iv) Except in sizes above 500 kVA, the cost is greater than that of static capacitors of the same rating. (v) As a synchronous motor has no self-starting torque, therefore, auxiliary equipment has to be provided for this purpose. The reactive power taken by a synchronous motor depends upon two factors, the d.c. field excitation and the mechanical load delivered by the motor. Maximum leading power is taken by a synchronous motor with maximum excitation and zero load.

3.

Phase advancers:
Phase advancers are used to improve the power factor of induction motors. The low power factor of an induction motor is due to the fact that its stator winding o draws exciting current which lags behind the supply voltage by 90 . If the

exciting ampere turns can be provided from some other a.c. source, then the stator winding will be relieved of exciting current and the power factor of the motor can be improved. This job is accomplished by the phase advancer which is simply an a.c. exciter. The phase advancer is mounted on the same shaft as the main motor and is connected in the rotor circuit of the motor. It provides exciting ampere turns to the rotor circuit at slip frequency. By providing more ampere turns than required, the induction motor can be made to operate on leading power factor like an over-excited synchronous motor. Phase advancers have two principal advantages. Firstly, as the exciting ampere turns are supplied at slip frequency, therefore, lagging kVAR drawn by the motor are considerably reduced. Secondly, phase advancer can be conveniently used where the use of synchronous motors is inadmissible. However, the major disadvantage of phase advancers is that they are not economical for motors below 200 H.P.

APFC
APFC stands for Automatic Power Factor Controller. It is basically a capacitor bank that is monitored by a microcontroller, programmed to deliver a power factor to a set value. It eliminates the need of manual intervention in power factor control and manages varying delivery power factor efficiently. A typical APFC has the following specifications:

Rating The kVAr rating are based on the following Volts-415 Volts (+10%) Phase-3 Phase plus Earth + Neutral Frequency-50 Hz Temperature-45C Continuous Maximum Ambient Capacitors - (Supplies reactive current) Standard - IEC 831-1/2 *As capacitors are the major component of a Power Factor Correction System, many hours of testing and evaluation have been invested in their selection and physical mounting within the cubicle * Capacitors are highest quality German Manufacture with mineral oil, Dry or Gel impregnated types available, all in cylindrical Aluminum cans complete with overpressure disconnection device and discharge resistors (to meet AS3000). Capacitors are self-healing polypropylene film with maximum 65 Deg C case temperature rating. Rated current is 1.5 times maximum in the presence of 10% Overvoltage and Harmonics. Power Loss is <0.25 Watts per kVAr Standards-IEC 831 1+2/88, VDE 560-46+47 3/95 Overvoltages -+10% (8 hours daily) -+15% (30mins daily) -+20% (up to 5 mins) -+30% (up to 1 min)

Overcurrent -1.3In -1.5 In with 10% Over voltage, 15% over capacitance and harmonics included, continuous operation. Test Voltages - Terminal/ Terminal - 2.15 Ucn AC 2 Seconds - Terminal/ Casing - 4800 VAC, 2 Seconds Temperature - Category - -25/D ( max. 55 Deg C) To IEC 831 - Max Case Temp. 65 Deg C Inrush Current - Maximum 200 Times Rated Current Rated Capacitor Voltage - Ucn Detuned - 525 Volts Capacitors are mounted in a separately ventilated cubicle, away from reactors, contactors and any heat generating equipment. Contactors - (Switches individual capacitor steps via Reactive control Relay) Standards - IEC 947-4-1 - AS3947-3 Contactors designed especially for switching low inductive capacitive loads are used. These contactors are used for switching capacitors mentioned above and are protected against contact welding for a prospective current of 200 x I e . i.e. 200*72 Amps. Contactors have magnetically switched early make contacts and damping resistors. These reduce the inrush current to <70 x I e Contactor I e rating = 100 Amps Switch - Fuses - ( Protects and isolates Capacitor Steps ) Standards - IEC947-3 Fully shrouded fused isolators are used to isolate and protect either the Power Factor Correction system and/or the individual steps. These are bus bar mounted and contain DIN fuses suitably rated for protection of each capacitor step and connecting cables (125 Amp for 50kVAr and 63 Amp for 25kVAr steps). Switching ratings -Step Switch-Fuse - 160 Amp - Making Capacity - 40kA - Impulse Voltage - 8kV

Reactive Control Relay - (Monitors power factor and controls capacitor steps). The reactive control relay is mounted on the front door of the cubicle and monitors the incoming voltage and current from the main switchboard. Based on target power factor and actual switchboard power factor, it switches capacitor steps in or out of circuit ensuring that connection and reconnection times are met. Reactive Controller Features Microprocessor Based Digital Display of Power Factor, step Number operating and all setup information. Circular switching i.e. all capacitor steps are equal duty shared. Zero Voltage Tripping i.e. On mains failure, all steps are switched out and, upon mains restoration capacitors are switched in again only after the correct blocking delay High resistance to faults due to mains harmonics i.e. input circuits have a band pass filter. Alarm output and indication of (a) Failure to achieve target power factor. (b) Mains failure, capacitor failure detection and alarming (c) Temperature alarming and monitoring. (d) Harmonic levels (voltage and Current) (e) Voltage and Current levels (f) Display of Volts, Amps, Kw, KVA, KVAr, Harmonics, temperature, contactor switching and duration of contactor operation (g) All maximums data logged for future reference Options - serial output RS485 RS232 (profiBus and ModBus )Front Panel protection - IP 54 Harmonic Detuning Reactors - (Where fitted, Tunes Capacitor Bank below Harmonics) Standard - AS 1028 Harmonic detuning reactors are placed in circuit prior to capacitors to *detune* the capacitor bank to below harmonic frequencies e.g. 5th (250Hz) 7th (350Hz) 11th (550Hz) etc. which are usually caused by power electronic switching devices e.g. Variable speed drives, UPS Systems, Arc Furnaces and switch mode power supplies etc. Type-Dry Type, Air Cooled Tuned Frequency-189 Hz (7%) detuning Current Rating (Min)-70 Amps I1, 51 Amps I5, 86 Amps I total, 100A Flux Density-< 0.80Tesla Winding Temp rise-Not more than 40C Q factor-38 Insulation Class-Class H - 180C Dielectric Strength-3kV for 1 Minute to IEC 76/3 Core Type-High Permeability silicon Grain Oriented Laminated Core Losses-86Watts/50kVAr Step Mounting Wiring to reactors is via single flexible lugged cables, rated for the step protection. Cubicle Construction - (To house all components and provide environmental protection)

Standard - AS3439.1 - IP31 standard, IP54 Optional. Cubicle construction is sheet steel minimum thickness 2mm, powder coated X15 orange to AS2700 (any other colour to AS2700 powder coat available). Features 75mm heavy duty Galvanized Plinth Floor mounted. Screened vents to allow large amounts of cooling air to flow. Three(3) point locking on doors above 1200mm Gland plate, 3mm thick, non-magnetic fitted to roof of cubicle positioned over incoming connections. Bottom cable entry available Dustproof seals are mounted on all doors Testing and Commissioning Before dispatch, all power factor correction systems are tested as follows Insulation check 2,000 Volt for 15 Seconds ph-ph and phase to Earth All connections and joints checked Capacitance and wiring check of each step, readings recorded Reactive relay setup and test Full load current check of each step including harmonic checks Completion of test/commissioning report.

Case Study of APFC

The power supply to KDIMPE is 3800kVA at 0.85. The requirement is to increase the power factor to 0.99, using a capacitor bank type APFC, in order to save the penalty charges by the power corporation.

So, kW= kVA*p.f. = 3800*0.85 =3230 kW Cos 1=0.85 Cos 1=0.99

Leading kVAR taken by condenser bank= P(tan (cos-1 1)- tan (cos-1 2)) =3230(tan (cos-1 0.85)- tan (cos-1 0.99)) =1541.63 kVAR

Leading kVAR taken by each of three sets (delta connected)= 1541.63/3=513.88kVAR

Conclusion
APFC systems bring about huge efficiency in power supply systems and save costs arising due to penalty by the power supply company. Though they are initially expensive to install, they recover their costs within 12-18 months of optimal operations. Therefore they are recommended for institutions and customers with large power usages and varied appliances. Most modern APFC units are sleek, convenient and easy to operate; requiring no specialised workforce and automatically operate across varied power factors. Since they have no moving parts, their maintenance is also scarce and relatively cheap.