International Journal of JOURNAL Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 INTERNATIONAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 6340(Print), ISSN

N 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013) IAEME AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)

ISSN 0976 6340 (Print) ISSN 0976 6359 (Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013), pp. 85-93 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijmet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.7731 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJMET
IAEME

PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION STUDY OF JATROPHA BIODIESEL AND ITS BLENDS ON C.I. ENGINE
Rajan Kumar Department of Mechanical Engineering, BIT Sindri, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India Dr. Manoj K Mishra Department of Chemistry, BIT Sindri, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India Dr. Shyam K Singh Director, BIT Sindri, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

ABSTRACT This paper investigates fuel qualities of blends using jatropha biodiesel and diesel, and n-hexane solvent as additive. The blends used for this study were D100, JB10D90, JB20D80, JB30D70 and JB30D65HX5. Experimental tests were carried out to study physicochemical properties (Density, viscosity, flash point, calorific values, Acid number, pour point Cold Filter Plugging point and Cloud point), performance (Torque, Brake power, Brake thermal Efficiency, Brake specific fuel consumption, brake specific energy conversion, brake mean effective pressure, air fuel ratio and volumetric efficiency) and emission (Exhaust temperature and smoke) on C.I Engine with various blends. The physico-chemical properties of the blends show good resemblance with that of diesel. The performance results show that the exhaust gas temperature of the jatropha blended fuel samples are found to be higher, but the fuel sample(JB30D65HX5) with 5% hexane have the significantly lowest exhaust temperature among all the fuel samples. The smoke emission for the jatropha blended fuel samples are found to be slightly higher than the diesel up to the medium range of brake mean effective pressure (bmep). Keywords: Jatropha biodiesel, physicochemical properties, Performance, Emission Abbreviation: T = Torque, bsfc=brake specific fuel consumption, bsec= brake specific energy consumption, bmep=brake mean effective pressure
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1. INTRODUCTION Vegetable oils are among the various sources of energy fuels being considered as alternatives to fossil fuels. Soybean, sunflower, coconut and palm oils have been the main raw materials for biodiesel production. However, these oils are required in refined forms to obtain quality biodiesel and, in addition, they are foodstuffs. This makes production of biodiesel from these sources uneconomical. Non-edible plant oils such as found in jatropha curcas provide better alternatives. Vegetable oils could be used directly in diesel engines or blended with diesel, however, their high viscosity lead to problems in the engine. Inefficient oil - air mixing causes poor injector system performance which leads to incomplete combustion hence producing high smoke and causing ring sticking, filter plugging and engine deposits [1-4]. Since biodiesel is derived from vegetable oils or animal fats made up of esters, these vegetable oils are renewable biological sources. It has been reported that they emit substantially lower quantity of harmful pollutants compare to conventional diesel; Researchers also found that comparable engine performance with diesel was achieved at relatively lower emission. The merits of using biodiesel instead of conventional diesel are non-toxic; rate of biodegradation is much faster than conventional diesel [5-7]. Green house gases effects were least in case of biodiesel [8, 9]. The objective of this research work to investigate fuel qualities which were prepared from jatropha biodiesel and diesel, and also effect of n-hexane solvent as additive were studied on C.I Engine. 2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION Material and Methods Materials: The following materials and chemicals were used in the present study. Table 1: Details of the materials used Sl No. 1 2 3 Material Jatropha biodiesel Diesel n-Hexane Manufacturer Southern online Bio Technologies Limited, Hyderabad Local petrol station of Indian oil Local chemical store, manufactured by BDH Ltd.

Preparation of fuel Samples: The fuels used for the current investigation with their composition are given in table2 Table 2: Test Fuel Nomenclatures Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 Sample ID D100 JB10D90 JB20D80 JB30D70 JB30D65HX5 Composition (by vol %) 100% diesel fuel 10% Jatropha Biodiesel and90% diesel fuel 20% Jatropha Biodiesel and80% diesel fuel 30% Jatropha Biodiesel and70% diesel fuel 30% Jatropha Biodiesel, 65% diesel fuel and 5% Hexane
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013) IAEME

Methods Physico-chemical Studies: Diesel and biodiesel were mixed into a homogenous blend by magnetic stirring and prepared five fuel samples of different composition. The properties studied were the Density, viscosity, flash point, fire point, calorific values, Acid number, Pour point, Cold Filter Plugging point and cloud point. Standard methods (i.e. ASTM and I.P.) were used in the experiments. The Engine: A single -cylinder, four-stoke 5HP; diesel engine is selected for the study. The bore and the stoke lengths are 80mm and 110 mm respectively. The engine ran on four different load conditions at 20%, 40%, 50% and 70% (approx.) with at constant speed of 1500rpm. Performance Test: The following engine performance parameters were computed for above five fuel samples Torque, Brake power, Brake thermal Efficiency, Brake specific fuel consumption, brake specific energy conversion, brake mean effective pressure, air fuel ratio and volumetric efficiency. Emission Test: Exhaust temperature has been measured and also smoke is measured by AVL smoke meter Table 3: Physico-chemical analyses of different fuel samples
Sample ID/Properties Density (g/cm) at 35C Viscosity(cp) at 35C Flash point (oC) Calorific Values (MJ/Kg) Acid Number(Mg KOH/g) Pour Point (oC) Cold Filter Plugging point (oC) Cloud point (oC) JB 100 0.87 13.16 88 40.05 0.67 18 17 18 D100 0.80 10.71 61 45.35 0.03 -6 1 1 JB10D90 0.81 11.4 68 43.38 0.07 -5 ------JB20D80 0.82 12 70 42.16 0.13 -5 ---3 JB30D70 0.83 12.8 70 41.86 0.19 -4 1 ----

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fuel Analysis: Fuel density directly affects fuel performance, as some of the engine properties, such as cetane number, heating value and viscosity are strongly connected to density. From the result, it could be observed that the density of diesel 0.80 was in agreement with all blends samples. Viscosity affects injector lubrication and fuel atomization. Fuel atomization is also affected by fuel viscosity. Fuels with high viscosity tend to form larger droplets on injection which can cause poor combustion, increased exhaust smoke and emissions. The high viscosity of vegetable oils leads to problem in pumping and spray characteristics. The inefficient mixing of vegetable oils with air contributes to incomplete combustion. The viscosity of jatropha biodiesel is found to be highest and for diesel it is lowest. It is found that when jatropha is blended in diesel then there will be significantly decrease in viscosity Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and combustible materials. . The higher the flash point the safer the fuel and vice versa. The flash point of Biodiesel is higher than that of fossil diesel; therefore it could be said that Biodiesel is safer to handle than fossil diesel. Flash point is specified in biodiesel to serve as a restriction of the amount of alcohol in a biodiesel for safety measures in transportation and
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storage. It is also biodiesel quality related to fatty acid structure [10]. Blends of 20% biodiesel to 80% petro-diesel (B20) have been recommended by various researchers [11] Calorific Value, Heating Value or Heat of Combustion, is the amount of heating energy released by the combustion of a unit value of fuels. Higher the calorific value, higher the energy or heat released during combustion, lowers the fuel consumption. The calorific value of jatropha and its blends is between 40.05-43.38 MJ/kg which are almost similar to that of diesel, 45.35 MJ/kg. The acid value determination is used to quantify the presence of acid moieties in a biodiesel sample. The acid number of pure jatropha biodiesel is found to be highest and for diesel it is lowest. It is found that when jatropha is blended in diesel then there will be significantly decrease in acid number Cloud point and pour point are used For petroleum products and biodiesel fuels, cloud point and pour point of a petroleum product is an index of the lowest temperature of their utility for certain applications. Cold filter plugging point (CFPP) is the lowest temperature, expressed in 1C, at which a given volume of diesel type of fuel still passes through a standardized filtration device in a specified time when cooled under certain conditions. This test gives an estimate for the lowest temperature that a fuel will give trouble free flow in certain fuel systems. This is important as in cold temperate countries; a high cold filter plugging point will clog up vehicle engines more easily. The test is important in relation to the use of additives that allow spreading the usage of winter diesel at temperatures below the cloud point. The tests according to EN 590 show that a Cloud Point of +1 C can have a CFPP 10 C. Engine performance test A four stroke, direct injection, single cylinder diesel engine was employed for the present experimental study in order to investigate effects of the produced Fuel samples on its performance. The diesel fuel was used in the experimental study as reference fuel. Because it is important to emphasize that effect of the jatropha oil on the engine by comparing results obtained from the jatropha oil with those of the diesel fuel. The tests for all the fuel samples were performed under the same conditions for analyzing the performance and emissions of the fuels in four different levels of engine loads. The experiment was conducted using four jatropha blended fuel samples and commercial diesel fuel for evaluating several performance parameters such as torque (T), brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc), thermal efficiency (bt), brake specific fuel consumption(bsfc), brake specific energy consumption(bsec), volumetric efficiency and air-fuel ratio.
JB10D90 JB20D80 JB30D70 JB30D65HX5 D100

34 32 30

Brake thermal efficiency,%

28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Brake mean effective pressure(bmep),MPa

Fig 1: Variation of thermal efficiency with bmep

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013) IAEME

Figure.1 shows the variations of thermal efficiency with brake mean effective pressure(bmep).For all the fuels the thermal efficiency increases with the increase in bmep.All the jatropha blended fuel samples have slightly higher thermal efficiency under the lower to medium range of bmep,and the thermal efficiency of diesel fuel was found to be slightly higher at higher range of bmep.The peak thermal efficiency of JB10D90, JB20D90, JB30D70, JB30D65HX5 and D100 are found to be 30.94%, 31.3%, 32.15%, 30.23% and 32.89% respectively.
JB10D90 JB20D80 JB30D70 JB30D65HX5 D100

Brake specific fuel consumption(bsfc),kg/kW-h

0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

0.7

0.8

Brake mean effective pressure(bmep),MPa

Fig 2: Variation of brake specific fuel consumption with bmep Figure.2 shows the variations of brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) with brake mean effective pressure (bmep).It was observed that there was reduction of bsfc with the increase in bmep for all the fuel samples. The bsfc is a comparative parameter that shows how efficiently an engine is converting into work. For all the fuel samples tested, the bsfc are almost similar except the JB30D70HX5, which have slightly higher value.
Brake specific energy consumption(bsec),MJ/kW-h JB10D90 JB20D80 JB30D70 JB30D65HX5 D100

26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Brake mean effective pressure(bmep),MPa

Fig 3: Variation of brake specific energy consumption with bmep Figure.3 shows the variations of brake specific energy consumption (bsec) with brake mean effective pressure (bmep). Brake specific energy is another relevant parameter, which is independent of fuel, and it is used to compare the energy requirement for producing unit power in case of each test fuel. For all the fuels the bsec decreases with the increase in bmep.the rate of decrease of bsec for diesel is found to be higher and at the higher range of bmep it is almost similar than the other fuels. The bsec for diesel is found to be slightly higher for low to medium range of bmep.This may be attributed due to higher heating value of diesel fuel.
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49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Volumetric efficiency,%

JB10D90 JB20D80 JB30D70 JB30D65HX5 D100

Brake mean effective pressure(bmep),MPa

Fig 4: Variation of volumetric efficiency with bmep Figure.4 shows the variations of volumetric efficiency with brake mean effective pressure (bmep). For all the fuels, it was observed that the volumetric efficiency decreases with the increase in bmep.volumetric efficiency indicates the breathing ability of an engine. It was found that the volumetric efficiency of diesel fuel is higher for all range of bmep.

17 16 15 14 13

JB10D90 JB20D80 JB30D70 JB30D65HX5 D100

Air-fuel ratio

12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Brake mean effective pressure(bmep),MPa

Fig 5: Variation of Air-fuel ratio with bmep Figure.5 shows the variations of air-fuel ratio with brake mean effective pressure (bmep). It was observed that almost for all the fuel samples, air-fuel ratio decreases with the increase in bmep.This may be attributed that for the increase in bmep,more quantity of fuels are required to sustain the bmep.It was observed that the air fuel ratio for diesel is highest and 30% blended jatropha is lowest. This is because biodiesel contains oxygen and thus require less air for Stoichiometric combustion, so more fuel can be burned with same amount of air Exhaust test The emission caused by a fuel is very significant factor for choosing a fuel for the engine. Pollution has reached dangerous levels and curbing it is of utmost importance.

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013) IAEME
JB10D90 JB20D80 JB30D70 JB30D65HX5 D100

400 350

Exhaust temperature,K

300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Brake mean effective pressure(bmep),MPa

Fig 6: Variation of exhaust temperature with bmep Figure.6 shows the variations of exhaust temperature with brake mean effective pressure (bmep). For all the fuels tested it was observed that the exhaust temperature increases with the increase in bmep.High temperature in exhaust is not desirable, because they can cause higher energy transfer from the combustion chamber to the surroundings. High heat transfer decreases the thermal efficiency of the engine at finite value [13]. Among all the fuels tested the exhaust temperature of the jatropha blended fuel samples is found to be higher than the diesel except the sample with hexane.This confirm the work of Pramanik,in which higher exhaust temperature for jatropha fuel is reported[3]. Here it was noticed that the exhaust temperature of hexane blended jatropha sample wass lower for all range of bmep.Higher exhaust temperature may be the cause of NOx formation, so the little hexane in the blends of jatropha biodiesel can significantly reduce the exhaust temperature.
JB10D90 JB20D80 JB30D70 JB30D65HX5 D100

35 30 25

Smoke unit

20 15 10 5 0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Brake mean effective pressure(bmep),MPa

Fig 7: Variation of smoke unit with bmep

Figure.7 shows the variations of smoke emissions with brake mean effective pressure (bmep). Here it was observed that for lower range of bmep,the smoke emission of jatropha blended fuel samples were significantly lower than diesel, but it gradually increases with the increase in bmep, and at the higher range it become higher than diesel. This may be attributed that at higher bmep, there is improper mixing for jatropha blended fuel, which results in the form of carbon soot

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 3, May - June (2013) IAEME

4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION The observations made in the present work were the part of ongoing research work, in which the detailed analyses on the fuel properties of fuel samples along with the performance and emission characteristics are studied. The following conclusions can be drawn from this study: The entire test for characterization of jatropha biodiesel blends demonstrated that the density and viscosity of the pure jatropha biodiesel is found to be higher than diesel. But blending of jatropha in diesel made these properties lower and thus has a close agreement with diesel. The calorific value of pure jatropha biodiesel is found to be lower than diesel but blending of jatropha in diesel improve the calorific value and its become equivalent to diesel. The pour point, cloud point and cold filter plugging point also improve with the blending of jatropha biodiesel in diesel making jatropha biodiesel a candidate fuel for CI engine. No engine seizing, injector blocking was found during the entire operation of the engine running with different fuel samples. The thermal efficiency of of jatrropha blended fuel samples is slightly higher at lower to medium range of bmep. At higher range the thermal efficiency of diesel is slightly higher .The brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) of all the fuel samples are almost similar. The brake specific energy consumption (bsec) of the diesl is found to be little higher up to the medium range of bmep. For the higher range of bmep, the bsec of all the fuel samples are found to be similar. The volumetric efficiency of the diesel is found to be higher than the jatropha blended fuel samples. The exhaust gas temperature of the jatropha blended fuel samples are found tot be higher,but the fuel sample with 5% hexane have the significantly lowest exhaust temperature among all the fuel samples.The smoke emission for the jatropha blended fuel samples are found to be slightly higher than the diesel up to the medium range of bmep. REFERENCES 1. Aldo Okullo, A. K. Temu, P. Ogwok and J. W. Ntalikwa (2012), Physico-Chemical Properties of Biodiesel from Jatropha and Castor Oils, International Journal of Renewable Energy research, Vol.2, No.1, pp. 47-52. 2. Canoira Laureano, Galean Juan Garcia, Alacantara Ramon, Lapuerta Magin and Garcia Contereras Reyes (2009), Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAMES) from Castor oil: Production Process Assessment and Synergistic effects in its properties, Renewable Energy, pp. 1-10, 3. Pramanik K (2003), Properties and use of jatropha curcas oil and diesel fuel blends in compression ignition engine, Renewable Energy, vol. 28, pp. 239-248. 4. Knothe Gerhard and Steidley R. Kevin (2005), Kinematic Viscosity of Biodiesel Fuel components and related compounds. Influence of compound structure and comparison to petro-diesel fuel Components, Fuel, vol. 84, pp. 1059-1065. 5. Pandey. S, Sharma.A, Sahoo.P.K (2012), Experimental Investigation on the Performance and Emission Charactereristics of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Ethanol, International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, Vol. 4, Issue 2, pp. 341-353. 6. Alfuso S., Auriemma M., Police G. and. Prati M. V, (1993), The effect of methyl-ester of rapeseed oil on combustion and emissions of DI diesel engines, SAE Paper 932801.
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7. Peterson C. and Reece D., (1995), Emissions characteristics of ethyl and methyl ester of rapeseed oil compared with low sulfur diesel control fuel in a chassis dynamometer test of a pickup truck, Transactions of ASAE, Vol. 39, No.(3), pp.805-816. 8. Murugesan A, Umarani C, Subtamanian R and Nedunchezhian N, (2009), Bio-diesel as an alternate fuel for diesel engines a review, Renew Sustain Energy Rev, Vol.13, No. (3), pp 653-62. 9. alat M. and Balat H. A. (2008), Critical review of bio-diesel as a vehicular fuel,Energy Convers Manage, Vol.49, No.(10), pp 2727-41. 10. Knothe Gerhard (2006), Analyzing Biodiesel: Standards and other methods,JAOCS, vol. 83, pp. 823-833. 11. Demirbas Ayhan (2006), Biodiesel Production via non-catalytic SCF method and biodiesel fuel characteristics, Energy Conservation and Management, vol. 47, pp. 2271-2282. 12. V.Ganeshan, Internal combustion engines, Tata Mcgraw Hill, 2nd Edition. 13. Arpa O, Yumrutas R and Argunhan Z (2010), Experimental investigation of the effects of diesel- like fuel obtained from waste lubrication oil on engine performance and exhaust emission, Elsevier, Fuel processing Tecnology,vol.91,pp. 1241-1249. 14. Sanjay Patil, Effect of Injector Opening Pressure on Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of C.I. Engine Fuelled with Palm Oil Methyl Ester, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 233 - 241, ISSN Print: 0976 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 6359. 15. Mahesh P. Joshi and Dr. Abhay A. Pawar, Experimental Study of PerformanceEmission Characteristics of CI Engine Fuelled with Cotton Seed Oil Methyl Ester Biodiesel and Optimization of Engine Operating Parameters, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 4, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 185 202, ISSN Print: 0976 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 6359. 16. Prof. A.V.Mehta, M. G. Joshi, G. D. Patel and Saiyad M J. I., Jatropha Oil with Exhaust Heat Recovery System in 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 512 - 520, ISSN Print: 0976 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 6359.

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